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Fontes & Codages Fontes & codages Yannis Haralambous To cite this version: Yannis Haralambous. Fontes & codages. O’Reilly France, 2004, 2-84177-273-X. hal-02112931 HAL Id: hal-02112931 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02112931 Submitted on 27 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Fontes & codages yannis haralambous Fontes & codages Éditions O’REILLY 18 rue Séguier 75006 PARIS http://www.oreilly.fr Cambridge • Cologne • Farnham • Paris • Pékin • Sébastopol • Taïpeï • Tokyo Couverture conçue par Emma Colby et Hanna Dyer. Édition : Xavier Cazin. Les programmes figurant dans ce livre ont pour but d’illustrer les sujets traités. Il n’est donné aucune garantie quant à leur fonctionnement une fois compilés, assemblés ou interprétés dans le cadre d’une utilisation professionnelle ou commerciale. c Éditions O’Reilly, Paris, 2004 ISBN 2-84177-273-X Toute représentation ou reproduction, intégrale ou partielle, faite sans le consentement de l’au- teur, de ses ayants droit, ou ayants cause, est illicite (loi du 11 mars 1957, alinéa 1er de l’article 40). Cette représentation ou reproduction, par quelque procédé que ce soit, constituerait une contre- façon sanctionnée par les articles 425 et suivants du Code pénal. La loi du 11 mars 1957 autorise uniquement,aux termes des alinéas2et 3de l’article41,les copies ou reproductions strictement ré- servées à l’usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective d’une part et, d’autre part, les analyses et les courtes citations dans un but d’exemple et d’illustration. Ubi sunt qui ante nos in mundo fuere ? À la mémoire de mon père, Athanase-Diomède Haralambous Ce livre n’aurait jamais eu lieu sans l’aide d’un certain nombre de personnes que l’auteur voudrait remercier ici : – son épouse Tereza et sa fille Ernestine (« Papa, quand est-ce que tu vas terminer ton livre ? ») pour avoir vécu un enfer pendant un an ; – la Direction de l’ENST Bretagne, sa chef de département Annie Gravey et ses collègues pour avoir encouragé sa démarche et toléré les inconvénients d’une absence prolongée ; – son éditeur Xavier Cazin pour son professionnalisme, son enthousiasme et son amitié ; – Jacques André pour lui avoir fourni des tonnes de livres, articles, pointeurs, adresses, idées, conseils, suggestions, souvenirs, lubies,... ; – les relecteurs : encore une fois Jacques André, mais aussi Patrick Andries, Oscarine Bosquet, Michel Cacouros, Luc Devroye, Pierre Dumesnil, Tereza Haralambous, John Plaice, Pascal Ru- bini, François Yergeau, pour avoir relu et corrigé tout ou des parties du livre dans un temps record ; – l’infatigable George Williams pour ne pas avoir arrêté d’ajouter des fonctionnalités deman- dées par l’auteur à son logiciel FontForge ; – tous ceux qui l’ont soutenu en lui fournissant des informations ou des ressources : Ben Bauermeister, Gábor Bella, Tom Bishop, Thierry Bouche, John Collins, Richard Cook, Simon Daniels, Mark Davis, Lisa Devlin, Bon Hallissy, Ken’ichi Handa, Alan Hoenig, Bogusław Jackowski, Michael Jansson, Ronan Keryell, Alain LaBonté, David Lemon, Ken Lunde, Jim Lyles, Sergey Malkin, Sabine Millecamps (Harrie Potter), Lisa Moore, Tomohiko Morioka, Éric Muller, Paul Nelson, David Opstad, Christian Paput, Thomas Phinney, Just van Rossum, Emmanuël Souchier, Naoto Takahashi, Bob Thomas, Adam Twardoch, Jürgen Willrodt, Candy Lee Yiu ; – lesfonderiesquiluiontfournidesfontesoudeséchantillonspour ses exemples : Justin Howes, P22, Thierry Gouttenègre, Klemens Burkhardt, Hoefler Type Foundry, Typofonderie Porchez, Fountain Type ; – EmmaColbyetHannaDyerdes ÉditionsO’Reillypouravoirchoisi ce magnifique cerf comme animal de couverture, sans doute parce que son pelage rappelle les tables de codage et ses cornes les courbes de Bézier des fontes. Table des matières Introduction 1 Explorations.................................. 3 Lalettreetsesparties .......................... 3 Compositionauplomb ......................... 9 Compositioninformatique . 11 Lesformatsdefonte ........................... 14 Entre caractères et glyphes : la problématique dudocumentélectronique . 16 Synthèseetmoded’emploidel’ouvrage . 18 Commentlirecelivre .......................... 24 Nouscontacter ................................ 26 1 Avant Unicode 27 ASCII ..................................... 28 EBCDIC.................................... 30 ISO2022.................................... 33 ISO8859.................................... 35 ISO8859-1(Latin-1)etISO8859-15(Latin-9) . .. 35 ISO8859-2(Latin-2)etISO8859-16(Latin-10) . .. 37 ISO8859-3(Latin-3)etISO8859-9(Latin-5) . .. 38 ISO 8859-4 (Latin-4), ISO 8859-10 (Latin-6) etISO8859-13(Latin-7) . 39 ISO8859-5,6,7,8,11 .......................... 40 ISO8859-14(Latin-8) .......................... 41 Extrême-Orient ................................ 41 vii viii Table des matières PagesdecodeMicrosoft............................ 44 CodagesApple................................. 46 Lecourrierélectronique. 48 LeWeb..................................... 50 2 Caractères, glyphes, octets : Introduction à Unicode 53 Questions d’ordre philosophique : caractères et glyphes . ....... 54 Principesdedépart ........................... 58 Questions d’ordre technique : caractères et octets . ..... 62 Formesdecodagedecaractères . 64 Organisationglobaled’Unicode:plansetblocs . ... 69 LeBMP(Planmultilinguedebase) . 70 Lesplanssupérieurs ........................... 82 Lesécrituresprévuespourinsertion . 87 3 Propriétés associées aux caractères Unicode 91 Propriétésdebase............................... 92 Lenom.................................. 92 Leblocetlesystèmed’écriture . 93 L’ancienneté ............................... 94 Lacatégoriegénérale. 94 Autrespropriétésgénérales . 102 Lesespaces................................ 103 Lesalphabétiques ............................ 103 Lesnon-caractères . .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 103 Lesignorables .............................. 104 Àéviter ................................. 104 Leshorsordrelogique. 104 Leslettresàpointmou . 105 Lescaractèresmathématiques . 105 Lesguillemets .............................. 105 Lestirets ................................. 105 Lestraitsd’union ............................ 106 Ponctuationterminale. 106 Table des matières ix Diacritiques ............................... 106 Extenseurs ................................ 107 Gestiondesliaisons ........................... 107 LenomUnicode1etlecommentaireISO . 107 Propriétésrelativesàlacasse . 108 Lescapitales ............................... 108 Lesbas-de-casse.............................. 109 Les correspondances bas-de-casse/capitales/titrage simples ....... 109 Les correspondances bas-de-casse/capitales/titrage particulières. 109 Leplidecasse .............................. 110 Propriétésderendu .............................. 111 Écrituresarabeetsyriaque. 111 Gestiondescomplexesdegraphèmes . 113 Propriétésnumériques . 115 Identificateurs................................. 116 LireunblocUnicode ............................. 117 4 Normalisations, bidirectionnalité, caractères d’Extrême-Orient 123 Décompositionsetnormalisations . 123 Caractèrescombinatoires . 123 Compositionetdécomposition . 126 Formesdenormalisation . 127 Algorithmebidirectionnel . 129 Typographiedanslesdeuxdirections . 130 Unicodeetbidirectionnalité. 133 L’algorithme,étapeparétape . 137 Écrituresd’Extrême-Orient . 142 Idéogrammesd’originechinoise. 142 Écriture syllabique coréenne hangûl ................... 150 x Table des matières 5 Utilisation d’Unicode 155 OutilsinteractifsdesaisiedecaractèresUnicode . ..... 156 SousMacOSX .............................. 156 SousWindowsXP ............................ 157 SousXWindow ............................. 161 Claviersvirtuels ................................ 161 Notionsutilesautourdesclaviersvirtuels. .. 163 SousMacOSX .............................. 164 SousWindows.............................. 171 SousXWindow ............................. 177 Transcodagedetexte.............................. 179 L’outil recode ............................... 180 6 Gestion de fontes sur Macintosh 183 LasituationsousMacOS9 . 184 LasituationsousMacOSX . 188 Lesoutilsdegestiondefontes. 190 Outilsdevérificationetdemaintenance . 190 ATM :le«lisseur»defonte . 192 ATR:laclassificationdesfontesparfamille. 194 Lesgestionnairesdefontes. 196 Lesserveursdefontes . 201 Lesoutilsdeconversiondefontes. 202 Le logiciel TransType ........................... 203 Le logiciel dfontifier ........................... 204 FontFlasher,le«kobayashimaru»desfontes . 204 7 Gestion de fontes sous Windows 207 Lesoutilsdegestiondefontes. 210 L’extensiondepropriétésdefonte . 210 Outilsdevérificationetdemaintenance . 211 ATM :le«lisseur»defonte . 213 Gestionnairesdefontes . 214 Lesserveursdefontes . 216 Lesoutilsdeconversiondefontes. 217 Table des matières xi 8 Gestion de fontes sous X Window 219 ParticularitésdeXWindow . 219 DescriptionlogiquedefontesousX. 220 InstallationdefontessousX. 224 Installationdefontesbitmap . 226 Installation de fontes PostScript de type 1 ou TrueType . .. 227 OutilsdegestiondefontessousX. 228
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