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Yoğunlaştirilmiş Güneş Enerjisi (Csp) Uygulamalari Için

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Yoğunlaştirilmiş Güneş Enerjisi (Csp) Uygulamalari Için ii YOĞUNLAŞTIRILMIŞ GÜNEŞ ENERJİSİ (CSP) UYGULAMALARI İÇİN BOR KATKILI ERİYİK TUZLARIN TERMAL ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ Fatih Selim BAYRAKTAR Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Öğretim ve Sınav Yönetmeliği Uyarınca Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalında YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Olarak Hazırlanmıştır. Danışman: Prof. Dr. Ramazan KÖSE Ortak Danışman: Doç. Dr. Mükerrem ŞAHİN Ocak - 2020 iii KABUL VE ONAY SAYFASI iv ETİK İLKE VE KURALLARA UYGUNLUK BEYANI v YOĞUNLAŞTIRILMIŞ GÜNEŞ ENERJİSİ (CSP) UYGULAMALARI İÇİN BOR KATKILI ERİYİK TUZLARIN TERMAL ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ Fatih Selim BAYRAKTAR Makine Mühendisliği, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2020 Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Ramazan KÖSE Ortak Danışman: Doç. Dr. Mükerrem ŞAHİN ÖZET Enerji talebindeki artış ve elektrik üretimi için kullanılan fosil yakıtların rezervlerinin azalması günümüzde enerji açısından en büyük endişe kaynağıdır. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanılması bu sorunların üstesinden gelmek için en iyi seçenek olarak kabul edilebilmektedir. Güneş enerjisi, elektrik ve ısı üretmek için en önemli yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından biridir. Elektrik üretimi, deniz suyunu tuzdan arındırma, iklimlendirme ve sıcak su temini için güneş enerjili termal sistemler kullanılmaktadır. Güneş enerjisi sistemlerinde ısı transfer sürecinin iyileştirilmesi en önemli konulardan biridir. Bu ise kompakt tasarımlı sistemlerin daha iyi performans gösterebilmesi için gelişmiş termo-fiziksel özelliklere sahip çalışma akışkanları tasarlanarak ve üretilerek başarılabilir. Yoğunlaştırılmış güneş enerjisi (CSP) sistemlerinde en çok kullanılan akışkanlardan biri olan solar tuzun termal özelliklerini geliştirmek için yapılan bu tezde katkı malzemesi olarak amorf B2O3, camsı B2O3 ve hegzagonal bor nitrür kullanılmıştır. Solar tuz referans olarak kullanılmış ve %0,5, %1 ve %2 oranlarında katkı malzemeleri ayrı ayrı konularak erime noktası, kütle kaybı ve ısı kapasitesi analizleri yapılmıştır. En umut verici değerlere %2 hegzagonal bor nitrür içeren numunede ulaşılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bor, CSP, Erime Sıcaklığı, Kütle Kaybı, Özgül Isı Kapasitesi, Solar Tuz, Termal Analiz vi INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BORON ADDED MOLTEN SALTS FOR CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER (CSP) APPLICATIONS Fatih Selim BAYRAKTAR Mechanical Engineering, M. S. Thesis, 2020 Thesis Advisor: Prof. Dr. Ramazan KÖSE Thesis Co-Advisor: Assoc. Dr. Mükerrem ŞAHİN SUMMARY The increase in energy demands and depletion of fossil fuel for power generation are the major concern nowadays. Utilization of renewable energy sources can be regarded as one of the best options to tackle these issues. Solar energy is one of the most important renewable energy sources to produce electricity and heat. Many solar based thermal systems are used for generating electricity, water desalination, air-conditioning, and water heating. Enhancing heat transfer process in solar energy systems is one of the most important issues. This aim may be achieved by designing and producing working fluids with enhanced thermo-physical properties to achieve a better performance of these systems with compact designs. In this thesis, amorphous B2O3, glassy B2O3 and hexagonal boron nitride were used as additives to improve the thermal properties of solar salt, one of the most commonly used fluids in concentrated solar power (CSP) systems. Solar salt was used as a reference and melting point, mass loss and heat capacity analyzes were made by adding 0,5%, 1% and 2% additives separately. The most promising values were achieved with the sample containing %2 hexagonal boron nitride. Keywords: Boron, CSP, Mass Loss, Melting Temperature, Solar Salt, Specific Heat Capacity, Thermal Analysis vii TEŞEKKÜR Kariyerimin en önemli basamaklarından biri olan bu çalışmada yardımlarını eksik etmeyen danışmanlarım Prof. Dr. sayın Ramazan KÖSE ve Doç. Dr. sayın Mükerrem ŞAHİN’e teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Ayrıca desteklerini her daim yanımda hissettiğim aileme, zorluklarla karşılaştığımda cesaret veren arkadaşlarıma, deneylerin yapılışı sürecinde yardımcı olan tüm laborant ve eğitimcilere, malzeme temininde yardımcı olan firmalara ve personellerine ayrı ayrı teşekkür ederim. viii İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa ÖZET …………………………………………………................…………………………. v SUMMARY …………………………………….……...………...……...……...............…. vi ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ ……………………………………………………...................……… x ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ …………………………………………….......................…...…… xiii SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ …………………………….……….............… xv 1. GİRİŞ …………………………………………………...…………….........................…. 1 2. ENERJİ ............................................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Tükenir (Konvansiyonel) Enerji ................................................................................. 6 2.2. Tükenmez (Yenilenebilir) Enerji ............................................................................... 14 2.2.1. Rüzgâr enerjisi .................................................................................................. 16 2.2.2. Güneş enerjisi ................................................................................................... 19 2.2.3. Biyokütle enerjisi .............................................................................................. 22 2.2.4. Hidroelektrik enerji ........................................................................................... 24 2.2.5. Jeotermal enerji ................................................................................................. 26 2.2.6. Hidrojen enerjisi ................................................................................................ 30 2.2.7. Dalga enerjisi ..................................................................................................... 32 2.3. Dünyada Enerjinin Görünümü .................................................................................. 34 2.4. Türkiye’de Enerjinin Görünümü ................................................................................ 36 3. LİTERATÜR ARAŞTIRMASI …………………………...………....................…..…..... 39 3.1. CSP (Yoğunlaştırılmış Güneş Enerjisi) Sistemleri ………………………............…. 39 3.1.1. Doğrusal odaklı CSP sistemleri ………………………………....................…. 41 3.1.2. Nokta odaklı CSP sistemleri …………………….……….……........................ 48 3.2. HTF (Isı Taşıyıcı Akışkan) …………………………………............................….... 55 3.3. PCM (Faz Değiştiren Malzemeler) …………………….……................................... 57 3.4. MS (Eriyik Tuzlar) ……………………………………...…….........................….… 60 ix İÇİNDEKİLER (devam) Sayfa 4. MATERYAL VE METOT ……………………..................…………...………..…........ 63 4.1. Materyal …………………………………………….....……….................…….... 63 4.1.1. Bor ……………………………………………….............…......................... 63 4.1.2. Kullanılan malzemeler ……………………………….................…............... 80 4.1.3. Kullanılan cihazlar ………………………………..……............................… 86 4.2. Metot …………………………………………….……….....…….....................… 87 4.2.1. Akışkan hazırlama …………………………………..………....................…. 87 4.2.2. TGA (Termogravimetrik analiz) yöntemi ……………..........….................… 89 4.2.3. DSC (Diferansiyel taramalı kalorimetre) yöntemi ………..…................…... 90 5. DENEYLER ................................................................................................................... 92 5.1. Numunelerin Hazırlanması ...................................................................................... 93 5.2. Deneylerin Yapılışı .................................................................................................. 96 5.3. Deney Değerleri ...................................................................................................... 97 6. SONUÇLAR VE ÖNERİLER …………………………………..……..................…… 108 6.1. Sonuçlar ……………………………………………………….....……................. 108 6.2. Öneriler ……………………………………………….....……....................…...... 111 KAYNAKLAR DİZİNİ ………………………………….……………..…..............…........ 113 EKLER 1. Amorf Bor Oksit Grubunun Isı Kapasitesi Değerleri 2. Camsı Bor Oksit Grubunun Isı Kapasitesi Değerleri 3. Hegzagonal Bor Nitrür Grubunun Isı Kapasitesi Değerleri 4. Amorf Bor Oksit Isı Kapasitesi Karşılaştırması 5. Camsı Bor Oksit Grubunun Isı Kapasitesi Karşılaştırması 6. Hegzagonal Bor Nitrür Grubunun Isı Kapasitesi Karşılaştırması 7. Tüm Numunelerin Isı Kapasitesi Karşılaştırması ÖZGEÇMİŞ x ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ Şekil Sayfa 2.1. Kömür oluşum süreci ............................................................................................. 7 2.2. Küresel elektrik üretiminde yenilenebilir enerjinin payı ......…………………..... 15 2.3. Rüzgâr türbini çalışma şeması ............................................................................... 16 2.4. 100 metre yükseklikte rüzgâr hızı haritası ………………..………….........…..… 17 2.5. Bir PV sistemin tasarımı ........................................................................................ 20 2.6. Türkiye’nin DNI değerleri haritası ...........................………..……...................… 21 2.7. Hidroelektrik santralin çalışma şeması ................................................................. 25 2.8. İdeal bir jeotermal sistemin gösterimi ................................................................... 26 2.9. Türkiye'de jeotermal enerji alanları ....…………..…………....…...........…..…… 29 2.10. Hidrojen üretimi için en sık kullanılan yöntemler …….………………..…......… 31 2.11. Yakıt türüne göre küresel
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