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Renewable EnergySystems MSc Program Renewable EnergySourcesinTurkey:StatuesQuoand A Master'sThesissubmittedforthedegreeof Future Prospects Denis Üzelgecici,BSc “Master ofScience” Vienna, 14.11.2019 Dl. Dr.DemetSuna supervised by 01028620 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
I, Affidavit Vienna, 14.11.2019 DENIS ÜZELGECICI,BSC .thatIhavenotpriortothisdatesubmittedthetopicofMaster’sThesisorparts 2. thatIamthesoleauthorofpresentMaster’sThesis,"RENEWABLEENERGY 1. it inanyformforassessmentasanexaminationpaper,eitherAustriaorabroad. other illicitaidortool,and bound, andthatIhavenotusedanysourceortoolotherthanthosereferenced SOURCES INTURKEY:STATUESQUOANDFUTUREPROSPECTS",110pages, , herebydeclare ______Signature Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
been been made present included. are examples application past sources ergy through the future has been discussed. and generation. energy resources (RES) 4 enough for the existing energy needs in envir and energy Both multi-criteriaproblem.decision-making de of economic its hindering by country nomic growth.Foreign fossil fuel dependency due Abstract wind, wind, positive sourses, whose usage whose sourses, plications which has been renewed – the country should should country the selecting the most suitable renew As velopment 6 percent annually In In In In power generation, powerthe marke All In to and a country highly dependent this st teh first part the last part last the the next part next the its increasing energy consumption or the second part, the approv of ed and present use cases are discussed. hydropower, these issues will . F . and
ud or ne
of ha each renew y, gative aspects the results has been discussed. renew ve been analyzed. Turkey has a big potential for renew for potential big a Turkey analyzed.has been ve
it has been consider which renew of of of this thesis, this thesis a short explanation short a thesis this un ab t is ha be he in le t rapidly increasing globallincreasing rapidly il ve been been ve ev ener st total installed capaci be Therefore, 2023. the ab aluat ud evalu le of energy system, whichTurkesystem, in energy based are gy y, solar, wind, biomass, hydrogen, geothermal
it sources on it ed al gi
at has been examine the current situation has been examine clean, safe clean, examine been has and process has been looked for licensed ab v
foreign fossil fuel sources, Turkey experiences many probl ed de and en and le solely velopmen supported priori energy In sources. Turke t, developed
to in Turke In in increase their cont addition, electrici addition, renew parallel with anincreasing population in ty ad terms ty
go y’ to t. versely affects the sustainable i i by 2023. s electrici in Because Because vernment aims increase its cont its increase ab y, recent years due as
le and of of soon soon energy source; solar, biomass, geothermal,
presenting le
veliz it ty has been looked been has of ab as transmission system on ty this, t this, ri ed le possible. The prioritization The possible. demand mental goals need mentalgoals bution y, energy use cost cost to en current energy generation an increase the ratio ri vironment to he bution ov
new of renew to and y, energy (LCOE) has been has (LCOE) energy er ab is electrici a LCOE calculation hascalculation LCOE a of expected
view go le unlicensed proj and and electrici to energy sources, energy vernment guidelines. at ab all Turke de of t , , hydroelectric new le y friendly energy friendly y he ty velopment the new growing energy sources energy to and generation and past, presen past, be considered be to ty y’ and of increase by s electricis
as an rapid rapid eco- renew different demand outlook ec of of is t t ab ems the and not the en ap is ty le a t, - -
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scale. tials considering the share sectors transmission infrastructure In conclusion, in of total energy consumption by ensuring necessary economic growt energy production, it
is ne thought that a varie gative e in and Turke xt ernalities caused by fossil fuels
it has been also provide y.
ty
of renew ii
ab le an energy sources will obtain their deserv ov er view and endorsement of the h in de line with their poten- velopment of economies of energy ed of
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4 4 3 2 1 Cont State State 1.4 1.3 The Objectives 1.2 Motivation 1.1 Introduction The RES Pote RES The 3.2 3.1 Pe and Regulations 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 4.1 2.5 Hypothesis The The permitting process en 3.3 3.4 3.3.3 3.3.2 3.3.1 3.2.3 3.2.2 3.2.1 The permitting process 3.1.8 3.1.7 3.1.6 3.1.5 3.1.4 3.1.3 Evaluation 3.1.2 3.1.1 The regul The main characteristics The power marketwith disp Electrici Description .. Low 4.1.1 Solar RES Solar future the for Outlook of ts
Art
The The Drawbacks The The Benefits Ap Monitoring Application a Licensefor the for RES In Manageme Ac The signing The preparation Application Land Dispute P Environment Connection ty lan at Elec voicing ceptance prov Demand ......
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and
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31 19 22 23 23 29 27 19 20 22 28 28 21 31 13 31 28 25 29 27 24 24 19 10 17
1 4 7 4 1
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List List 7 6 5 List List Conclusion 5.3 5.2 Calculation 5.1 Comparison 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 of
Figures of Le for Data Input 4.5.6 4.5.5 4.5.4 4.5.3 4.5.2 4.5.1 Biomass, Biofuel 4.4.4 4.4.3 4.4.2 RES Geothermal 4.3.5 4.3.4 4.3.3 4.3.2 4.3.1 Hydro RES 4.2.4 4.2.3 4.2.2 4.2.1 4.1.5 4.1.4 4.1.3 4.1.2 4.4.1 Wind RES RES Wind Abbreviations and Symbols and Abbreviations veliz ed F Drawback Biogas Usage in Turkey Biodiesel Usage Bioethanol Use Technical The Pot F Drawback Geothermal Energy F The Drawback Big Hydroelectric Power P Small Hydroelectric Power P Small F Drawbacks Ener Wind Technical The Pot F Drawbacks Energy Solar Ph The The Technical Pot
ac ac ac ac ac of Cost ot torsAff torsAff torsAff torsAff torsAff RES RES . ov of
. . and
ol
Le of . . Le taic Solar taic
. . Electricity veliz Big Hydroelectric Power P and and and veliz
ec ec ec ec ec gy in and and . . .
ting the Growthtingthe ting the Growthtingthe ting the Growth tingthe Growth the ting . . ting the Growth the ting . Turkey
in in Biogas RES Complications Complications
ed
. . and ed . Complications Complications Turkey in Turkey
in . . . Cost Cost Cost Cost
en en en
Turkey . . Turkey ...... Complication
. . tial . tial in tial of
. .
. Turkey of Energy Technologies
of
. . . of of of Electrici
Electrici ...... Bioenergy Geothermal Wind Energy Wind lan
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. lan ...... ts of of of of of
...... Geothermal RESGeothermal Hydro RES Hydro Biogas RES Biogas
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ty ...... in . . . . .
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...... 91 95 93 79 33 60 48 38 50 49 34 52 45 65 67 67 76 55 73 75 77 41 59 57 82 59 79 67 66 49 41 41 39 84
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References References List of Tables v v 97 98
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
1.1 1 1.2 given the been studied. With studied. been economic growth, particularly in renewable energy technolo quantification public of Turkey public of have been investigated. successfully met successfully an Turkish renew- able energy sector sector energy able Turkishrenew- resources. This work will also demonstrate the value the demonstrate also will work This resources. wind, hydro, geohydro,wind, systems systems co geothermal The technical The capaci paramete th understanding for
esis The main objective of this workthisobjectivemain of The have to is a point The ns d d the p 4. 3. 2. 1.
The The study will initi
idering
Introduction How will the energy generation sect doesWhy Turkey use not apply the renewableof energy and what are th Where does What will ty is Motivation The andKey Objectives Research Questions aimed to find f lann and or rs pr have ren esent informati and th opr fv rnwbe nry ore ta rpeet t represent that sources energy renewable five compare ed 2023 str of po e e proces of ew hs thesis this energy potential of biomass in Turkey. Turkey’s potential energy production energy potential te th al by Turkey’s able en th nt re e
renewable energy sources. today’s rm e e pote ial will be analyzed be will ial ad all an se al y b y
y y provide a general over sw s as well as t at energy generation sector like(possibly) be in the future? er an main potential lie (in terms ee egies. T egies. on nt gy. A A leveligy. er technologyadvantagesstandards, of disadvant the and d biomass. Later, d is n ial f s s and resources. Energy topic of vital importance in of terms
to ca to t or lculatedfrom td te energy the study he he the f quest in he foc ze order technical iv d d cost of electrici us or in e e io will be develop? re terms ns which have b ne to pr to th th wable energy technologies. In 1 vi reduce predict predict ediction the future of renewablefuture the of ediction energy Turkeyin an ese e ex e ew addition, there there addition, on of d d
wh re of to co is fi of nan n ting
pics will be be will pics of th ndition ew renewable energies)? ic ty Turkey’s how promoting renewable promoting e e energy situation h parts h cial has been made in th able resou ee po gies used in electricity production have
much n me werp po in te nry dependence energy is Turkey. of nt nt di lan
of
an ioned th ial for rc scussed the electricity the can needs ts, urgent need es e e co an in e oa, id hydro, wind, solar, he be Wi untry havethe untry al
Of in d d el or ll l ren in th this e main e problems? Turkey, its forecast ow, importance der ec is
and th study, tricity from sola ew to ree ma ree ages to the Re- the ages to to green energy green able energies. have be a ob develop the on jective, the wh in foreign Turkey’s hi ere th parts is gh the tt es be er e s r t ,
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
1.3 1.4 survey survey research approach pends largely the projects. generating of cost electricity megawatt per betweehour wasused Standardizedmethodology the (LCOE) cies, Cost Energy tricity for future use. currentsituatiotheresearch. on Differentwere found studies quantitative studies, such as and IEA government resources, andint In e being developed helped library library system, academic secon the of informatio of range wideuniversity thea throughusing library Most report. the of arguments syst the support generation to electricity statistics on data collect to conducted was literature Turkey, in production energy of field the in policies and sector the proach proach based wi government plans focus to mi addition, extensive research Turkey A th new forms
Since the comparison of complex sectors of powercomparison of the sectorsgeneration Since complex of In h Ptnil E scin n uky a achieve Turkey was in section Potential RES The The The Regulations The power The Turkeyingeneration sector changes major face will in ssio descriptive research methodology was used for this study. To a analysissystematic ecito f Methodology of Description Hypothesis is ns designed ca , , de n use more use n pende on on of the literature long-term developments energy systems. energy generation. and to nc
and list the potential e e on foss
tri the permitting process for the RES section were based of to ed and its own renown its have a better overview Turkey’s
of to commercial journals, databases comparable projects analyze the developments of il on
government websites, fu mostthe common legal challenges el el power generation on fossil fuel energy. Conventional power im of ew ports
renewable energy sources able energy pote energyable and an policies, the research has been chosen 2 d d replacing some of legal aspects. and as d n renewable oversystems energy life of the the the development well as y ereig nomto fo existing from information retrieving by nt detailed i al and as n of RES and the potential of elec- elec- of potential the and RES of n , resu ,
n sources, such as the universitysuch the sources, asn obtain the data needed to analyze th Internet search engines. of e e published national newsletter. cannot be a case study and de- de- and study case a be cannot in i egrating withqualitativethem as to measure the total financialmeasure total to the lt ts Turkey. the near future. The current The future.near the of ing possible. The The bibliographicpossible. foss s el s rve o the of review a as well as renewable energy projects ay aa ee reviewed were data dary of in m ad international and ems renewable energy poli- il
th fu e re e eled eled power st on a qualitative du as ction descriptive of at CO2 ion ap ’s s - Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
future p gov c an lan er tly i tly ts, operated ts, nment. However, t
de nc ve re lo a pm se d d ents. Tur wi th foss th
key ’ s CO2 emissio CO2 s he il issue
fu e ls of , , co sustainable and i andsustainable mpensate for lost for mpensate ns . . Security 3 3 of nd supply ca ependent energy gener energy ependent p ac ities. However,ities.this is the most i most the mp or at ta i on pr nt point f point nt actice signifi- actice
is cru ci or al fo al
th e r Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
2.1 2 sw 2017) Demand is mo is Demand wi country, a trend that trend country,a co Do co 6% (before t (before 6% vi demand increase of 7% annually during hc ws 2 was which cons equivalent stratejik yonetimstratejik
ces produced with produced ces Turkeyb has nd ns dely used for he for used dely itchedfrom mest
Electrici um umption it State of Art Electricity in in Electricity Art of State Turkey io Electricity Demand and Power DemandElectricity and Generation ic to ewe 2 betweenption igfr summer for ning Product ( Product ty to he 7. demand n b one in 5 5 re wi fina ee Turkey has increased fr GW
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an n om netary wi ached the summe the urban conglomeraurban e e re te d 4. d fi ng econo ng in r peak r presented 175 TWh TWh 175 rst de a 5% 4 4 or 44 sp rc marketv (since200 at ca
ecif e: e: Teiasplanla is GW ion o
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ai ve th ak r- n y e s r l . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
at full capacity during that time. This time. during that atcapacity full iso it when energy much that produce to plant a for take will it hours many how specify 77 output Istati primary la Figure 1: PeakFigure demand1: stratejik yo oe p power of co away mo p GW) p GW) on coal lan rge rge ex coal ntribution .8
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ca the amount the e mark e is at bled by t ty l resources, while most ha most while resources, l
i an do on co d hard coal (8.5 GW); (8.5 coal hard d mi sour ); ns of et yr con hydro 5 nated by hy by nated to peak demand peak u , di mp he inv an at ce gr tions of liber i d has led to considerable overcapaconsiderable to led has d s s owth tion, 2 on es
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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
co Turkish Republic.ma The Ma by Energy Exch control authority. The The authority. control e di reserves. (Source: ENTSO-E, 2016 (Source: Elektrik Figure deter balancing mar spatch mpany le rke A Power Exchange (PX) correlation is a relational dynamic when a p a when dynamicrelational a is correlation (PX) Exchange Power A mi ts
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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
2.2 or Te nescin ihihs hw wee ead req demand corresponds to the MCP that hour.for where shows highlights intersection The hour. requests and generators of bids the aheadmarket,on based identificationwhichMarketPrice(MCP),Clearing the is of equal to the desired amount, also called the equilibrium price. The example in were separated.were EMRA was established and previously vertically integrated production and tr Follo 2003). (EMRA, industry energy the in competition citing reach wo Turkey market, the on based agreements bilateral of design the EML, ch di c sp re g. sp The Electricity The ecif an ated,
Market Clearing Price (MCP) is the price of a product or service wher service or product a of price the is (MCP) Price Clearing Market The The electricity market (Source: Day atch geIst ic The power market with and dispatch redispatch in Turkey
ho an of an ur avai d genera d bul ( is met. Network met. la
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m EM d d ar in re ket, L) of 2001establisheda of L) io function of liabili on n: n:
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e the quantity given is given quantity the e uld be the best way to way best the be uld ay l cost, a merit order isorder merit a cost, l , untildemand , in r ansmission divisions -a at Figure 3 shows the he ed ed by Energy Ex- om ad market i ca lly optlly in Turkey. of cl tha im ear- a t l Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
Figure ENTSO-E, 2016) from i of criter single ne re re of ng
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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
excess energy in the system, taking into account the net instruction volume. volume. instruction net the account into taking system, the in energy excess th from starting or system, the in shortage energy is there if regulate currentmarket r J to Figure 5: Re agr down mission system operato s a d 2 di di um ch an ” ue sp sp
al ee or ievingdemand-balanceat In Th TEIAS stands for Turkish standsfor TEIAS Electricity Transmission is and AS uary 21, 2017 p are
atch has atch has b l market p
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th spatchorde e differentkinds e ). an e down e The system marginal price(SMP) is calculated starting from the lowest bid pr bid lowest the from starting calculated is price(SMP) marginal system The ch ovch di ri 5; sp ee ar sen
ticipants ac n down to aro atch orders di th ul er di pth orders spatch es, to e brown colbrown e loa spatch r( an average of 3000MWh f 1 re di re )( di ng( r. MWh sented
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ned as system margisystemas ned mm f or th ro ce “ 9 or Code 0 Code shows as downshows as dfeet oe mentioned codes different e m 8:00 : Exist e meeting s meeting itm Wh en on fr ” t orde t
an om order), for avoifor order), pi to as tr d d peak demand le 18:00. F 18:00. 0:00 to 07:00. to 0:00 s The pi rs nning re nning an pi (0 a responsible for the Turkishresponsible forthe trans- di as sparency p re )( na spatc tr MWh), gi ro l prices l prices an e lowest bid price in case of case in price bid lowest e ve m 1 se sp he n, di rve reqrve a 9: d d ng ne ng th re if lat 00 00 ve or necessary, f e yellowcol e (S ncy p f der(2)(MWh l or MP) an MP) to in on ui tw Acc m, 2019) 23 powe um remen sampl a lat ork or :0 for
of ding 0 the0 dow co d r m,
ts th allocated or purchase or nstrain ( 2019) e dow e s ei ). e to “ ice to ice ho Cod The th day,
th w e ts n n e e s r Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
2.3 authority of Turkey. The proposed annual investment cost is ar budget corresponding andthe plans The budget. expenditure ital participants. In order to carry out duties, its TEIAS preparesinve detailed (Source: E Figure6: system participants to balance system load, manage congest resourcesshort-termin markets (dayahead intra and country, e of sets potenti functions are also covered by t s ytm oper system as a approach to revenue limitation re
The The transm th analyz
TEIAS is required to safely operate and expand its system according to th to according system its expand and operate safely to required is TEIAS As a systemaAs operator, TEIAS activelyis involved in in e country, e to The main characteristics of of characteristics main The Turkey
ch al . . ar na mr Ma ed In ges.(Source: bling long distance a
Turkey, p p in
is an li of th si sa at d d res
on hi ns o. s mnpl, h cmay s euae b ER wt a cost-based a with EMRA by regulated is company the monopoly, a As ion. is th study.state-ownedThe comp gh v gh grid is
e ma e Yonetme po it
Us is ol ns in compo tagetransmissi e ib demand th
of le for nl e b e he
transmis ig . (S po ac 1 i, se 54
bo wer transport,f ou k 2019) d n d bo kV th ce rce: ne ot si nter ne sy
on o Turkey’s Em on of w w investm stem, as nl
power systems, co charges, ne in ra y t
of tw lisans he 10
ork,interco th Western part. an or
ion, and maintain system security and reliability. il electricity transmission system transmission electricity
e 400 kV system, but impor but system, kV 400 e en 2016) exa lustra y TEIAS TEIAS y
day markets)dayrequests basedonmarket from Yonetmenligi, managing itsoperating costsbyreallocating ts mp in
te
recovered through use th le d d nn e e transmission i is in of nn
ections,thermal th hydr Figu ecting t Ki e sole ownersole e
2019) lovolt(kV re opo e reviewedregulatory e the by 6. Therefore, 6. he
wer generated stment plansand a cap-
di nf ), fferent reg is a unit a is of r e needs of market of needs e an as ta transmissi tructure, as wel nt transmissionnt of d hydr d transmissio bo in io th system of op ns
th electri owe on e Ea e of
as- th r st n plants e c s l
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
spective TW boring unit of energy equivalentenergy of unit 2016) kV transmissikV ma ity lines exceeds1.500M lines co theamount ofelectricity needed forthe entire cit T gia. gia. However,syste co distances with high transmission lines or submarine cables. (Source:EN Highinfers Voltage for Direct Current, a proven technology used to transmit electricity over l iso High High an n ntro la in an Tur The electric The To str h) idir et. ted 400 kV systems. The Power The systems.kV 400ted Exch adv d sha d Vo in ain ll th key co ed: The ed: electric power ex ly 201 ltage e East, inte East, e ts an un . That is,That . ’ s to s al within B ri tages tr 6. ., ng of spi of ng ies Di on 2010) Turkey ta rect Current(HVDC)back-to-backrect po l e l lines do of wer le ne es es bal
ms rco th ctrici alk nn t import t is W, e int e wi are not synch not are sy nn an re an
la ing resering th
anc s ty ho ections do exist ectionsdo rgely to te er i Bu m of Turkeyb of has m wevert one terawatt (1 TW) terawatt(1 one e su mp co gi lgaria( is on. Megawatt (MW) is used to measure the power of nn se o 5 TWh, 5 which c pp ve rt lf- ection po
ly he s among s re an rt ro tw an li
d e d tr an to ni o lines)o d d demand locally. The terawatt an wi
t t ze xp Ir an wi in sf th d d aq ort amoun ort er terms ge th th neighboring countriesneighboringSy th an th s a s ee e ENTSO-E e an wi 11 e ENTSO-E system incl systemENTSO-E e y, oney,megawatt equals onemillion watts.(Sou d int d an or n s n re d d Syria th Georth
of d d re limited due to dy to due limited of co yn
Gr sp er po electricity nverterslocated chronizedwith ts ac onded to 1.8% of toof1.8% ondedto eece wer sustai wer
tion with these with tion in gi an 2016 were 6.4 TWh 6.4were 2016 co a starteda (o d d untri ne line)sincene th su e e import from Iran are thro pp ne es d f d ly, while exch . . the The in na th cl 2014 conthrough or ho mi ud os e ENTSO-E through 40 through ENTSO-E e sy ri TSO-E secretariat, one ur (T c concernsc e grid freque grid e ta a, e to e stems Se l consumptil Ir rm ho ptem an, Wh th an al capacial ur. (Source: IEA, e border. e HVDC ca an a power plant or ) is a composite Ir d 1.4 TWh, re- TWh, 1.4 d n th n be ge aq an r 2010. 2010. r Th wi nc an er d ne d on th nei tro ty efo y stabil- y d d (278.4
ll 2 of Ge tw re 00 able th ong ug rc gh or be or- 4) e: 0 h k e e - ,
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
se Figure 7: Su mai commonly cause r sev lines lines account the frequency grid. Totalch between planned and actual electricity generation in a control area on the Gre la inert syste generators at differentpowerp at generators opera th s el s t as well as gen rge i cretariat, e dem e er Ano er ec nl ia m, al hund an at to y d y e nd until an ion ion au th rs d Area Control Error (A Error Control Area d an ust ue
er characteristic er d d co to
d forces d 2004) is mm
Bu ri he th to mat nst re a major concern. ( al lo e e f
t lgaria sometimes ex d d megawa ch er an he ic re
ad an an an tly monitortly gener use of st of use quency TE s s are ges d winter peak winter d d om IAS to utilizea to IAS at in tt
co an s s du co ion ion control (AGC) dema of incidi d d ee ntrol via
Tur sh ri an l a l So lan ng arp d are v are d key CE nd ng rc urce: E ce ts, th an furnaces. A furnaces. . These . load ch Teeoe keig ufcet s sufficient keeping Therefore, . ch ) ) an ’ s s eds 900 MW e e melting p au in d d religi in la an po ge
t er res rge amountfreque rge of Tu om ges NT wer in y rkey. The Area Control Error (ACE) is the difference the is (ACE) Error Control Area The rkey. power flowsinter the on se po atic gener SO-E s in ou is sy nsiti a system f nse load which s s h stem is that is stem rc 12 ro ol fur ve in
to cess, a an ec id
less than
retariat, 2004) to ges a ch ay off-peak demands, 2016 ( na at avai i an ces, which on or re re af ges regulating t control (AGC) a widely la fect balanced by over it blereserve nc has has in 30 th y the load. These rapid load. These the seconds, part co e e power flows di re re ntrolr co stributed la pi q tively ui nn he nn re gener re in power output ectors n reser ing es power into grid, taking ct
th e s. s. la al rv e up/down e in rge load deviationsload rge l ENTSO-E rotating In ic e. e. A on of
u So th an electric at la Turkey betw int e e country.T ve urce: ENTSO- i cc rly w on
er or an capaci co of ch di he d di
nn n an mu gl fl n rection po ec ges in ges exible y, th ltipl ty
tio we ee he ese th of n n E y e e r , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
2.4 1. ener ity mark th lcrct gnrto t a lat 0 ecn b 22. Sp 2023. by percent 30 least at to generation electricity fi Figure 2019) k reg by investors. is 6094, technology6094, vi of et rst ting 5346Law No.
ded to ten years e energy sector. The primary objective is to increase the sha the increase to is objective primary The e energy sector. In , , 201 ul Additionally, local content bonuses are offered to encourage l • • •
The The ma Investments
its gy la a 5 GW5 capacity 20 34 GWcapacity w w to The regulatory frameworkThe regulatory for renewable energy investment (RE) 8: 9) vi et ry on GWcapacity re T
si . . envir newable energy facilities that were ur
in In re on wi ta k req In n or rgets have b for2023, is th t ew or h h Electrici on in de ui able energy was enacted, as shown he de sp
ment and re r r to achieve this, s re tariff le ecif r r of n in ment to of ew of solar 2010, which e ic hydro wind th able energy techno nc F ty ee to e government of Turkey has ee
our ve Ma n set: in reach d-In Tariffswere (FiT) introduced. ls (quoted particu rket Ref ag e e investment, th pr ig ese la nific ovided f or r r F in ta ms ee an US do rgets lo an d-In Tariff levels were conside t t reforms have b gi co or d d es remained limited betw th m 13
is La mo lla e e gov mi
to ws rs in re attractive feed ss suppo
, , 2 Fi to ioned befo er se 00 avoid exch gu nment t t sev 1-2017 (Source: Turkey E re 8. ( rt ee
re er ec re of renewable energy sources forsources energy renewable of re n undert of n al targetsfor ocal valueocal creation. (Source: IEA, So re ific ew Ac Turkey decided 31 Decem u an able generation cor all rc in ge rate ri , t y, e: Turkey Electrici di tariffs. Un tariffs. ake ee ngly,haveFiTs b re he n 2005 n si d d n fo be th
sk ot nc e e r r 2020 for a period ll ) ) s attr re o e e 2005, to an wi de n ho le amend in ew ng d d 2010, as the ac r r t ctr wn the electric- ti able pa he ici re ty ve in wh Law No. ee ty
newable enoug Ma Table th
n pro-n en en Ma e e ex- r rt ke th r- of t, h e Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
YEKDEM has b YEKDEMhas m World, TableFeed1: 2016) o The retail compretail The select fo p moved pr 201 regime; however, since 2015 (Fi nl la ll en i ce n o y fr y In 3) t t aims to m wi s s (i 2013, EMRA,announced2013, t
ann
in ng year (which om ns al 2013) the p mo te m ually ad st enti
an as of in uf ak in ee an t, t, most wind trading tariffs after Law 6094 Lawafter tariffs acturers which are subje acturerswhichare e e renewable energy resou Oc n establn re ies a ies ly under t to al ss be so igned by igned on r, is yi whe hed underhed Turkey e
th ld an he e mark e s s balancing req gu d d hydro investors had origina th F he iT re 9), when er t er EM renewal regime. (Source:Ren he RA haveRA b et , , y will y in an ct 2011 rc to this mech this to d free d of es es mo ’ wh s s ui op renewable energy mechsupport do
14 (Sour rements) ee ole er mest
re n required n at of sa at e e balancingreq ce le p un tr ic : Ren : active for energy investors
an an ri der der ew or ces dropped bel ism. Re d natio d prefer able Ener ll th ew to y e day-a e op purchase t able Ener able ted to o na di ui ne rect sale l en l rements). ji wable energywable Sources he er ad marketre ad pe ji ow he yplc. T policy.gy
r So at p
ac Fi ur e e an ro in Wi c T T un or ce duced electricityduced a Livable World ism le wi th high mar high th di s s der the mar ve in th YEKDEM in ng to (Y ls, vestorsma gi he a Livabl a E me th Gov KDE ey ey hav th in e Fie er
M). th ke ke e n- T y e e t t . , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
So energy technology. energy Figure malFIT, wh co eurd o e te i pwr lns M. Gener MW. 1 plants power big the get to required capa lice offe bo securing grid connection entit connection grid securing mlmnain s hy atd f waited they implementation as designed to provide usable solar energy through photovoltai through energy solar usableprovide to designed a Livable World, 2013) investment di ce cust scount ns nst urces tt ole ns A F A According to Turkey's market regulation, installed power generation licen generation power installed regulation, market Turkey's to According Su rs len om ci ing fee ing an economically ing procedure. The procedure. ing sa pp ty ec ee 9:
t t while t ta of 1 1 MW of le p in lementaryincent k for k in d-InTariff (FI th Averagewho xe a Livable World, 2013) the t the e brown e t isline up ri s s e an ce fr until now fell under this xe d t d la he re mpt r he om ge w asury ca
r so r In ho ann io 2009 n advance n fr vi t ns.(Source: les able. T) le he la ual l ual an s al iv is is a regulatory framework designed to stimulate ongoing investment in investments. r This al f au d le d e e es set for set es ig he to
e market e ic pr cti u A photovoltaic system, as well as a PV system, is a power system power a is system, PV a as well as system, photovoltaic A 2017. While 2017.
ense fee f fee ense wi re le as ice has b on men 9; t 9; ndpower plant e fees for 10 years10 for fees e om or regi Re ute PV further he t ts al newable E pr he because me
l “ ee ye i or un ce re F n redu ll for grid connecti grid for
ne s s licensed re fi th ee ow line rst 8 years 8 rst an wable energy gener energy wable e e d-In Tariffsd-In FI is d the FI the d ne 15 ce of d an sy T T for biomass, geo rji Sour
t d d over ue is s d hydro d power p te af he
th
m gi at ter to li e biom e T, me of i the fact that bidde that fact the on mi pr th 2009-2017 (Source: Re ce co wi
op ” c de ice resources e e year. ted num ted s s .( mmi thout having tohaving undergo thout on er in Source: Re Source: cs. as
a Livable World, 2013) at in As a consequence, s FIT,s ssioni at ion; grid ion; cr partic i ae wih woul which eases on th la be ntFIT e investm ng r r wi th rm of ne ul h mxmm i maximum a th e b e ; 9 ; al, WPP capa ar has become a major major a become has ar co wable Ener 9% lu rs an nn e linee , initi , en d the red linered the d
ecti ci di se from EMRA is EMRA from se t incl t ty sco ne an , on al all
is wable E wable unt for t forunt th d HPPd has b mo d th
pri ji th y focused ud n de en ae their make Sour e e e e geo e st e an 85 an e or nd ns al i ty l so ne ce t is u he la th all an ri
s ins yed rji rji th er- li- la on ng ed % d e e r
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
ki ho Turkey, 3.48 ct/kW 3.48 out out over nextthe 10 years. (Source: Use capacity of 500 MW photovoltaic modules per year, and research and de of a project to build a solar power plant in Karapynar, Turkey, 2017 sp riod peri n governmentowned maybe demaybe in mech in favor of size size e xe ot lo ce the the ur (1 h) of time.of h) (1 ur T mp • • • • • have balancing responsibil R Although t The2017 tenderf In wa ntiviz od
of of ED an eight years the of operations to theto cost right of of easement, usage right For firstthe years ten investment the of and operation period Simplified project preparation andprocedures acquisition land Network connection priorities Lower license fees (only 1 their investment costs (imported solar panels are not with Renewable energy investments shall be exempt from customs v andtariff 2017, anew hedge anew 2017, tt fi Thepost-2020. fact that tions:(Source:
fe ot s, a int was ism, -hour(k rst tworst tende th th A tende A re ed e market p fi e e inve e ne ned as R as ned re h. oa man local in are still major barrie major still are wables This compares to USD 10 USDcompares to This tariffs he rs Wh st s
m in ri up la ) ) ED ce. (Sour en he in ro 2017 are 2017 of or rs Us is po n uf
du t, whicht, sh d th wind tender resulted in a highly competitivetenderwindresulted inhighly a electric a unit of energy equ energy of unit a 10years (in m ) is) A. R Within
acturing rt th e ht s categ is that e e di ced of has schemeincreased inve mo e 1 e as
transmis sc del for del signed ce GW it in u in 0% y, i : : Re ss or re line with line of Karap al ion. (Sou nc ne
of r ED de ne l rs reases ov si wable energy generators, w allo to en licensing fees) re r r that c that an or wable Ener on A, aA, a single priv eals the newables, ew to zd s h as ized ı w w for econ .3 y of
na ch rn epne dw f down expenses bring co be gener able ct/kWh tr rce la Tur ar r so r untries, an ut rge generrge al er ges, : :
investments Re key smission la to al 16 system cost l
r PV R r ji one ki one 2016) and ig newable E ’
om s s So un l suitable hly and do Fi at at rent. urces in a Livable World, 2013) Re der ies of sc st at e con e T T cover 15-20 years) ion mest
ED ment annual license fee exemption for the first i lo ch n on ew th watt (1 k (1 watt arges, 2016) A, won withU as capaci ne ic e YEKDEMregi e so sh able Energy Desig Energy able sets
al in rji rji a Sources Livablein World, 2013) a plant will be built with a minimum rtium through tenders. Beyond an an ort. These re These ort. in the incentive scope) e, inv ho ren th d renewablestrategy. d energy Th d d weakens in ty participa e e s, ans, 85% discount isapplied or W) Turkish PublRepublic. ew of ei of re es eeals gener renewables of powere of n tors benef able energy energy ablegener ew velopment will be carried SD th be nry gener energy able an er wind or so orwind er te me 6. th i la ty d d unce
in e e cost ar te to te 99 p alue added tax for
nat an t it ri c he xp fr d ed Area ed ce of U of ce t/ Y ended fo ended th rt is om kW EK ainty 40% belo40% e sho e gu
h. ad at DE la ment in in ment at SD partAs i (R r (1 GW(1 r ditio on on i rt M, do ic on
EDA r at pe- pe-
th one an an in ion th na w e d d e e ) l Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
required to meet econ and future the for Outlook 2.5 34 mo drive t an p capaci concentrate Publi to environmen an has has b Republic of turkey p for a for this global trend will likelywill trendglobal this e geothe balance, raise import dependenceimport balance,raise ity local resources. These include both fossils (predo fossils both include Theseresources. local F of ff la ur divers grow as i grow as Severaltre d d d
iciency gains y animportanty rethan double is GW In Ac REDA (Renewable Energy Designated Area) tenders have demonstrated that there isgrea The The p ther drivers are
ad om 5.5%. (So dd at a key elementkey a ee c its its cording ty he rm ditio at tr itio
ics. (Source: Tu n a
of ac t if
as co “ to it al ying hydro, 20 GW 2023 dd na ting new inv new ting u t t foc
na nstruction nd t. de an th ed since 2015 l nd ur
on l drivers are becoming a la ustri to s s will p d d e e th ce: IEA, an s that have shaped t haveshaped that s us vi rge hy rge rvdn eeg sources energy providing
an Tur e power mix while pri while powermix e th th ro sion
d d cost decreases expected for th on al y remaining y e e en e Min e th ri le of e e key iza
me la e e ga rk ”, of to in dr
es y a be th er 2016) Turkey ti ey ’ s s and hy
talamount invested s market. T market. s creating new creating o p o mo mi on tm e government strategy for the long-term adequacylong-term the governmentfor strategy e is gy gy demand ne
ro of Elec in try nis co
la ent re wind fi an le as we
re ts of renof ts wi n ntinue,st will as tr of tr ts d u d ’ n s s government has in nd y, 2019) dr ic po ew
Energy
is nuclear,lignite ity rb o o technologies s an decreasi eta fr tential an able energy technology than ll he an an
in d create d Ma , , e pp he ew d d 5
d sod po izati Turkey by 2023 is estima po or sp IE arent. Demandarent. rket, ablesf wera generation an it ecially w wer sec wer GW la iz on A, d N d ng om r r PV i in ing domestic productidomestic ing
an 2019) e mle fr Inter for implies co
ro , and in and , wi
of or th
xp at 17 mpetition with non-mpetitionwith econ d hy ng interestnginvestors from solar. F solar. nd a to e se ur
an ta ns an he d mi ir las
r r t several t targets f ro al Resources, al an nds d. d. Of qu tallat n it comes to d r d in na t de t ). The increase The ). cre d d so t om al ntly lignite) lignite) ntly enew on to he ity, clim asing al io ca fi nd e Turkey la c devel ic past decade are expected to continueto expected are decade past igtcnlg ot il i will costs technologyling ci ns de. The privateThe sec de. xp r r (10% , developing , able energy powerableenergy stat al f al . Gl . erience a major shift. The potentia erience ashift. major ga in ig te na at ob s importsmay s foss ’ ad ures exp ures s s elec th d tod aro be an op on e e tio ally, moregener di e to e po an or ch d d 25%, m puts a special emph special a puts of il na ng
d r d wersec an tr
re en fu ren ta Eeg Age Energy l ici la n ge th el capa wie rtcig t protecting while t en l amountl ec ew in rge rge hydroelectric dams ty e distribution e ew ew ac mi t growth t betw bringing renbringing un mar ables: Thables: of to co able energy able to tigation ables (so ables electrici d d USD rs ci di rding to r will continuewill r to ke ty. With ty.furthe fuels. fuels. goaThe sr io t t will at of upt s (Source: ns. i inves nc nc on es 11 an la ty th e include e re 0 0 bill y th capacity co r, wind r, d socio- d ew
sy ee e trad e as as su e e IEA), an ca ntinu tm stem. n 4% n able is on is i pp pac- ng d d io t po- t po- en he ly. n l it y e e s r t , l l , ,
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
M tential mo ar re economically viable/attractive for co ket, Table Official2: power to
2019) reduce
th e e cost of so se la ctor r r an pr d d wind generation ojections / Base C rp or ate co 18
ns in umers as Turkey.This will m e as s in um Turkey. (So ptio ns (Sour ur ak ce: ce e e th : IEA, 2016) Tur es e e technologie key E le ctr icity s Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
3.1 3 Af 2012) The 3.1.1 end. Theend. process is made of up 8 steps for the application. in
Figure suppo In this section, the permitting process of power plants will be explained from the ter 2. 1.
follo
Regulations and Permitting Process for RES for Process Permitting and Regulations
th The The original version The application form for the production connection depending lease of the property the of lease Official Gazette No.28782,201 h emtigpoeso h niesd application process unlicensed The ofthe permitting e e adjustment Application wi 10 rt
ng of : : Process a an a
documents pp l ic
pp of ati U roval process for
are on nl or ic
in mu a notarized copy r ensed Electricity P eq question st be uired co
3) for mp
and un a
le su licensed a te maybe a copy copy a maybe cc of
an es the original property deed. ro 19 sf d d ducti ul
ca
appl pp n n on lications (Sourc ot ica
be in tion: (Source: Official of
th mo the title deed. title the e e E dified or re le ctricity, on
e: the RES. (Source: E ne If al vi necessary, the initial r l d sed sed If ji the Enstitusu, 2019) oc
Gaze af um ter su land start to the en tt e ts
belongs No.28 bm provide ission 22 9 d . , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
aswell as applications submitted to the ProvincialSpecial Author 3.1.2 to the for members.requiredthree is least majority atThe of mission be hn none b n ltr hn h 5h a o te olwn mnh all month, following assessment the of day 5th the than later no by announce, then Th approval. for report explanatory full a with authorization express
On the 5thday On each of month, distributorthe willreceive all officiall rejected. be 6. 4. 3. 5. • • • Applications are submitted to the distributor once a month and wil monthand a once distributor the to submitted are Applications The decisions taken by the commission in the pre-assessment phase pre-assessment the in commission the by taken decisions The
valid.
substation standards criteria are followed. and/or The results requireme regulatory rules, standard relevant technical guidelines and compliance with relevant guidelines. with accordance in out carried is assessment connection its of independently rated is application Each feeder lowpowerplants.vo Forand high high as classified are Applications A consumption invoice and the withdrawal If The lease agreement with list The technical characteristics bee has land ”This words the including way, this in used be to right the indicati certificate a provide must you forest, a or authority public a to cation cation mentioned Industrial Zone Authorities construction a of power plant”. the desired location Evaluation In on and in on this forecasting process, applications containing incorre its its official scoreboard and/or online. h tasiso sbtto standards substation transmission the the websites
all of relevant supporting documents must the technical evaluation are known
is of
in distributors.
an of of industrial zone with a distribution license, the complete appli- the power plant presented authorized signatures.
and distribution companies. 20 of bank application fees.
to be
all and submitted simultaneously
and o lw otg, h distribution the voltage, low for in published published a single diagram. ities. n sse uae Technical usage. system and vote on a specific application specific vote a on ct e competent authority shall authority competent e y announced applications, or l be evaluated by a com- com- evaluateda be by l missing documents will are subject to explicit to subject are in ltage, the distributionltage, the eiin bfr the before decisions ng that the land has land the that ng official scoreboards n app n roved for the for roved to the above nts,
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
3.1.3 fo ll Candidates o • • • • • • • • • • wi
extend the 1 of availableTEIAS. from technicaltheheld at be thenvaluatio will application The o221 201 No.29221, official scoreboards and/or Delays due by PowerPlant the Pro with comply thatPlants ProjectsProduction All approvals, approvals, certifications, etc. required. template. is agreementis connection acknowledgment the The of letter In Connection the for Letter tance Within Alternative liais Approved evaluated bylist. prioritythe applications arethat notlinked the to connection criteriacenter a priorit of list the to according completed evaluations are The center.connection evaluationverifiedareconditions the where step, accordin technical the After evaluation, connection potential the proposal for the first application remains invalid. Oth relevantdistributor. the by proposed conditions and terms the application the wr mayin declareacceptanceoffer his the of claimant makes changes instatement. his In 30 days of ng docume acceptance some cases, The preparation and preparation The the authorities 30 wh days and to o o nt 80 required certificates, permits re s, s, as well as system rejected applications will of it -days submissiondeadline. (Source: Official Gazette No.2 4) cei of on the affiliation contract, consent
is
the formal announcement or ve necessary
pr agencies approved a letter oposals proposed ap on of to proval the websites confirm get TEIAS entries according Agreement”. an d d usage agreement of by at projects by be ion ion distributors the Department 21 announced announced of and of
wi the Distributors. If the candidate does not receivenot does candidate the confirmationIf acceptance, the applicant will receive a authorizations are not consider ll have 180 d to
his application remains invalid. ar s: on
repot of the distributor, the holder of e e considered a positive response applications are placed in a prioritya in placed are applications the 20th day of nlevel until further isinformation to g to the connection pointconnection the g to the and ay Energy. (Source: Official Gazette the specified connection center. iting and agree to comply with comply to agree and iting s s to complete sued by the distributors as a as distributors the by sued e. h tcncl eut of technical results The ies. ject Regulation published Regulation ject re acceptedre without being rie h alternativethe erwise, of 8809, 201 each month an d submit d the ed a reason to 3)
”Accep on if the the - Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
ouet o time, on documents enter the system and use the system within 30 days o el 3.1.5 3.1.4 mo concerned. di an di im an mo th ch th The The protection Art ec st st e harmonics e e e us S Applicantssubmittingproposalsproject 180within arged acc d d d the st the d um nitoring nitoring t ic • • The The g ys tr ri ri co
le 17.3 le ic
but buti tems with an i an with tems resulation e the for granted be will extensions such guaranteethat no case, Distributor the may extend the offer period to months.up 3 to requiredanyotherumentation with p together submitted mustbe In the case of unexpected delays caused by external third parties or or applicant’s parties control, third external by delays caused unexpected of case the In approval distribut the to installation the connects that project liaison The distributors. at the time of application. During the last fivelast daysthe 1 Duringapplication. the of time of the at applicant will ministry. ua co nt ity Plant construction agreements of signing The l grounding requi or mmun ro ro
on ma at must have appropriatecommunan l. monitoringRemote unding or comp an of us he rket. (S di t d control. The system ownermustsystem control. The d of sy acti an ic of ng to t he of relevantthe ministry ationreq s
d d any co te th the distributor of ve be th ou m set e network conetwork e ns
mmu . Eachremotemonitoring . th
he officially announced e total err total e an rce: Of th talled capacitalled e plante a y il lose will ey d reactive d power, he must he ti re pp ui nication ng men re l fi ic
s s at t cial ments able laws. mu or ts
nn an to for other electrical i Gazette he
ob st be of on ty grant renewals depends d d ection. These paramete These ection. connection p of tain a document confirming this fact. The certification doc- doc- certification The fact. this confirming document a tain
th th
of co or th a re e harmonics. e cost The in rgt o in n official an sign to right e more than 11 kW 11 than more nt e intro e judicial authorities with the authorization
No.28 th ac ro mo on e e power facto cor l systel the official billboards te ic du da 22 22 an ationi mo oi ction 9, nc
d d pr ms nt
nitoringsystem, co e f submission. 2012) ovide ns musts detect wi of n nf days will be asked to sign an agreementtoan sign toasked be willdays of tallat tro t th distributionthe r r, he
as
un l th
mu th on p tructure to e tructureto sy rs e necessary eq necessary e io licensed electricilicensed lan e current, e
s st be p be st the number of sh ns te t t must this datathis m mustm able be 80 o of If ul ntire period of 3 months. The months. 3 of period ntire th -days period, the status of the -daysof status the period, co to c and d d th an ro p and sta and p ntr is al e start e fi perly designed for remot for designed perly dida th / size so include so na roject documents.roject this In t t ac o sse rqie the requires system ion or wi e e voltage, of co ble remote monitorinremoteble t However, there can be sy ui te
th on an applications received wi mmunicationbe will st pment for pment ty s do not submit their of atr byn the beyond factors
th d d its specifications. the websites rt em groundingem and h h distributor the th gener generat e e limits set out si to meet gn th to th e me e als from als operate the e fr e at i or th on th eq pow is. an in e min- e uency, of
s fo s Th the th th er in g e e e e r ,
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
the the event propertynetwork, and bution life protect to even trying when operation that exceeds the allowedowner the wis the level.exceeds If that operation protection plan, the owner must make a formal request the companythe at regular intervals. The salescompany can inspect the plant atany time. The recorded data independently approvals prtn stain ni slto cn e on. However, found. be can solution situationsa untiloperating agreement. chronizationtakeFordevices place. amounts, higher r the tration 3.1.7 power a generatorssynchronouswith For If a production plant is operated parallel to the grid, the v 3.1.6 cation as t ascation purchase locationsby th b di made a made for non-hydrofor p co as st e e The The protection, connection During During commissioning and approval, the metering system nn is, The plant The should providenot power powerthe thatto grid The The operator When set When pr ri ected p
but oject p th cc by Management and Acceptance approval e e o or or of an in sales managers he
th ca a power shortage. The isolated power plant di accordance with the regulatory requirements lan d d th ro cons ti er measures the energy produced ng n de sa ng e e po of ts, lan le di to the sector. of sa th te up um stributioncomp
ts of the plant th l. e e constructi rmine a producti a
energy by two-wayby transmenergy e e to pt If co
t connected be io he rres n and th implementation poi e is po and commissioningthe fin obliged nt, twont, me on nding on al locations of A other elements one timeyea is facili an copy this of recorded data remains with the owner.
y. The posit The y. to di to
ty rective. Energyrective.meters must placedin be e hi disconnect the system from the power grid as
gh voltage wi u of of ri th a low- a th
a s ng devi ng up in th 23 is io uit of the p r.
e e meters sion with sion to and
ns (Source: Official Gazette N the plant are checked able measuring sys 0 k, aall omsinn wt syn- with commissioning parallel kW, 500 is of ce vo approval twoFor years. la of to
s are a are s th nt itself. Thent itself. ltage co ltage the network can supply the consumables and the distributor and obtain the necessary oltage fluctuation must not exceed 3.3%. hes to changeto hes equirementsliaisonthe in specified are e posit e to is th instbe the news release. inspected prior ss e distribut e could disconnect it fromitdistri- disconnectthe could against short-circuit currents short-circuit againstin or at of nn ig io o iecn slto include solution a can time no metering systems ned. One ection, located at t at located ection, nedpiecesmust includedin be all hi al ed. T ed. te l other types gh must be madeavailable to and th m io vo e n sys n he is of recorded periodically. plant’spowerlevel ltage co
o. to constructi to them measuresthem 30431, 201 be sealing te m as co in of nn is on ily mp he completed. mandatory low voltag ect an and ac on
leted, the sa 8) io cessibl perio me lo- me ho regis-
ns ar url th or d e e y e e Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
3.2 Turkish Central Bank on the date on which the energy is su Turkishwhichis energy on the date Central the on Bank be met: be gories. (Source: Official 3.1.8 If energy are calculated distrib the and plant production interface the between the Ac the energy input The The energy production and consumption data is received every hour • • • • • • • • The payment will be made in Turkishpaymentin The made determinedwill be and be willLira
cording
for for the consumption for thefor distribution grantedlicense a license:Distribution legalentitya to with Transportgrantedentitylegal license a a havlicense: to Car producer a group license: license granted itsfor own use. manufacturerCar licensea license: granteden legal a to production the privileged for EMRAlicense by A license: Production facturers the amount calculated distribSettlementthe CentrepaysFinancialMarket The month. MarketFinancialthe Settlementsentto Cent and calculated eac manufacturers for unlicensed to paid be to amount total The The distributor determines the amount for for the transmission subsidiaries can not reach 2 of share total Theplant. generation planned or existing any in under the Renewable Energy Sources Act. h emtigpoeso iesd application process oflicensed The permitting Invoicing and payment to t he Electri is greater than the energy consumed, this data by
Gazette comparing the data of of of ci electricity. electricity. its partners. ty
No.30431, Ma 0%
r ke
of in t t Licensing Turkey accordance.
2018) of on excess energy depending ’s
24 total energy input total installed capacity.
Or to der, th a legal entity that generates energy primarily pplied. er to sse.Ecsie amountsof Excessive system. ution ing a resistance of more than 36 k 36 than more of resistanceing a tity that generates energy primarily tityenergy generates that e e are seven
ution company,utionmanu- payswhich a resistance of more than 36 kV 36 than more of resistancea re for the first six days of eachdays of six first the for re is and Th recorded daily e by the exchangethethe of by rate total energy consumption. a private company and its privateandcompany a by the switches located at on followingmustconditions iln pro wl b will period billing h the resources paid daily di and sale o sale and fferent l and ic ense f monthly. electricity ca te- V e Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
energy 3.2.1 2018) Figure tenders. a co area has b has area TEIA has has The The a pp The fo • • • The fo The lic mp co
ap
S. An application form consumers. responsible entity legal a to granted license a license: Retail Wholesale a license: license granted an
mp
11 plic ty
lete In Application for a License for the RES the for License a for Application t t ll : p In
leted re o ll es ca Lice an ee wi o gener an cei . (Source: Official wi t acquires t acquires t se n allocated. T allocated. n ng documents a d successfuld a ve ns ng al s wheres ing s s a l t Fi al he pp
, , a gure 11 describes a general li generaldescribes a 11 gure pr necessa roval from ocess pp th he l ere ic necessary foresnecessary he pp
at d
re Gazette ia ry io is y are tested are y l ic req gram mo ns ns a docume at th ion ion what e e D ui re re
red f for than one successful bid, a bid, successful one than No.30431, ep sent directly
nt ar a or ut s s tment of Energy to ac tr
h to in EM a legal entity responsible for the resale or y, land y, co time, he/she requests t do in iz rding
RA l 201 25 ed ce
nsinginclthatprocess appl 8)
ic or to an ense ense a
to der
d b d EM ica
th to tions (S ui e an RA once t pp ir get a license for each of t l di technicalspecificat d d Natural Resources. lications, wh ng perm ng co ou ntest rce: Official he o h sl f electricityto of sale the for he it EIA available capa s. is ud ic he In h h must be inclu esa an ld
th d d
. Once the win the . Once Gazette e e co re io fin ceives a li ntest to bid fo bid ntestto ns ns of he al phase, thephase, al electricity. an
ci ren No.30431 ty d sent to sent d
de ew in ce on d d for able nse ne , e r r . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
power plant project, must be approved by EMRA. The final de deliverythe for investment,timetable thethe oftions, w Sub license applications. license omte ad fiily none o te MA est. h ER App EMRA amountguarantee The the the determinesof website.certificate eac for EMRA the on announced officially and committee sch on time or the legal entity is withdrawn, the application is deemed are returnedare to the applicant. e • • • • • • • • For production licenses, automatic producer licenses andautomati licenses producer For automatic licenses, production All required documents must be submitted documentsmust requiredbe All mi du
confirmation letter. confirmation more more than 10% production unit A A legal person yearapprovedlast or out carried audits accountindependent an by initia entity, the legal the of capital true the indicating Documents The documents related A certificate certifying that the accounts a statute with mostthe recent changes approved Commercialby the a certificate a commitment declaration Officer, the members ExecutiveOfficer Chief the for, months 6 last the for records located and Tradeapproval Registry entitylegalrev the latest ofits with a declaration regarding the current zoning status tion of the plant,the of tion able from EMRA, ss le for ttmn rma uhrzd administrativeauthorityau authorized an statementfrom urne lte; plctos umte fr h pouto a production the for Applications submitted letter;guarantee io how they are directly ns be evaluatedbywill th in e e a sensitive zone re of is c or approval newly formed, the registration statement must of di in shares. a ng an
an settlementwhether plant,stating declaration the fora project investment Delivery Schedule, a 1/25.000 scaled map sh of industrial of the missing docume the Board of to
or the production facility are all as indirectly related responsible persons described EM or RA 10 Anotherdays.within d 10 of free trade zone. Directors in of the ac 26 the auditors have checked the absence nt c
or s. If the missingIf the documents are not submitted s. En to and ding their share proportions of vironmental Impact Assessment Regulation, on the individuals holding legal persons with the settlement, articles hichtechnicalthedescribes the of details behalf as to h the o the MW follows; Information form download- cision will be by made a licens- installed capacityinstalled generation for of isions, a list of the shareholders the of list a isions, ff as be the legal entity thorizing the installation of a of installation the thorizing icial
, the Deputy Chief ExecutiveChiefDeputy the , “ submitted. not filed c producer group applica- group producer c tvt wl as rqie a require also will ctivity EM ay ant or a tax office; If the If office; tax anta or Registry Office s a s blne he o the of sheet balance l RA list list RA re and ” and all documents of planned into planned oa Committee roval association with prices. owing the loca- of documents of the site is site the criminal
in th g e . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
3.2.3 3.2.2 45 rejected,theletter will besent within 10busines tem, as well as tem, well as Th cation guarantee letter. o th p wi a th ad m th th Af mean that mean o p pp nl lan nl lan en e avai e e req e e e a Once thin 10 busin ditio d e e lice is Candidates terrecei y a mo a y • The In l y t d t t Auth t ic
pp ay ts, the necessary measures must be performed in acco in performed measures necessary be ts, must the re
in at investmentstotal the availableof 20% is license the for exchan stock the of name the companybear must a of shares All 2.000.000 TL for sa
ac at an s. All applications All approvedmustBoEMRAbethe s. by ui na vi oe lication
least 15% least th ns les service area. la Monitoring and and EvaluationMonitoring Approval ev io EM co ew process ew remen d publishes d ble capacible s n s l documents may be requested from e e ns for a winda turbine e aluationof di r or pt ca da th fe RA has receiveda has RA f ot ity ic
se es es e l e of nce with Re wh at ch is es ts
of ca to th ic th i If rejected, of TEIAS of on s s days, t o o have s v ense has b has ense an
EM r of e sys e
e p e th ri io ty
the transfer the ge. If ge. es out a out es of e e l is la th
ay it of RA
ic t on its website. its on co te th e connecti e th ment, io
ense ense has b th m us m ub he gu
mp e e e e n wi th th e substati e wh po of mitted appl an l thin 10 working d e e a at e a e ee lete te the wer pp th ole d d ag ion No 270 n approved.n Rejec pp chnicalanalysis pp e notati e ap roval from o rovalfrom e data, will be s be will data, e ic re ir sa an or lication will also be rej on lic of at provedEMby perso ee
th le l pr purchase d will be be will d io between t an on e e r n a e he ic ns se
t d t ig
If on en pp to turbine is necessary so that t that so necessary isturbine na nted f wi ht a
49 th oe se co of roved, t l r ll rejected. be
e capaci e of , , 1.000.000 s n s pp ig th th nn se th ay of th 11.0 or hts. er countries,t er lications will be i e e le of ot nt to nt e cor e the distribution the distribution the for area license, 27 s. Otherw s. e p e sdays indicating thereasons fortherefusal with ect a ect
RA th en te wind turbineswind f
he
mo 9. ga la In d a d e samee st t t
ty fol 2008, ca re nt l entities. EM to l wi di
ic pp sp of n be connec be n TEIAS lo an ec fy the the fy nd turbine nd ense appl TL
RA ondinga l wi th If, is ted by t ic d d th e, the appl f e p e at ng d th after t
or at rd wi e e Electrici io he ard of Directors.applicationardofthe If is planned for the production license, production the for planned e transportand/ e wi lan ion, retail l an thin ns maya ns or oc
nf re nd tur he ce with ic or t e t pp t um ormed he quest will be be will quest te th at EM he
wi 45 xc au licati d d te ions f e a e en ic ic distribut th each wind turbine a turbine wind each th eeds that eeds days.se TEIAS ty to th he en ch RA ation bi ts pp pp th ge. The minimumcapital The ge. Monitoring t or an on mus planned locati planned ne se nical he or e e presc
lic Adm eal ization applization d d will have s s 200.000 TL for eac begins. Thisd begins. wind syste or at is t wi or ev co ion ion that b accept be be submitted. or issi of co dist thin 10 d 10 thin aluations, severa ri ns for v for m.
an mp bed bed le th on idered inv d d so an
e substation e ri Autho In le to buti nd ic th er d d Manage- ted within ted this case this pay 1% of ga es on at la e chang e if s s ay r r powe io t meet t oe ication l forms. on
EM of ri s, but s, ns s not s pp
ty. al sy the If . R id li- h s- A a e r s . l . , , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
3.3 legal entities must request economic, cultural and human health consequences, both beneficial both consequences, health human and cultural economic, proposed or developmentproject on the environment, taking into accoun re firming a positive assessment under the Regulation ”PositiveEnvironmental fication. If the documents referred to in this article are submitted with unforeseen budget problem sufficiently,done not modified,be to projectneed can the 3.3.2 3.3.1 secondary application is require general land must quired An Transmissionconcealedthe of one poweare of lines issues • • • •
niomna Ipc Assmn (I) ste rcs f sesn te like the assessing of process the is (EIA) Assessment Impact Environmental Upon presentation of these documents, the licenses will be issue presentation be Upon will licenses the documents, these of -based issues. For issues.-based environm theapplication of results the EIA,the of
environmental impact assessment
be If The signing The guarantee certificate The payment receipt the the installation assessment should also at ntle aaiyadtetp ftxsrqetdb EMRA. installed capacity and the type textsof requested by The DrawbacksProcess a in Permission the location the end Connection to Transmission to Connection Lines EnvironmentalFactor either positive either EI if i eurd However,transmissino if required. is A th e transmissi of of a competition for the production a TEIAS agreement for a contribution to renewable ener of the installation requires or Impact an on announce that of s. Environmental Impact Assessment within the balance lines are u are lines
in d. cludes cludes a reduced amount, depending
Assessment”
is nd of one ‘an er 15 k 15 er the used license. be environmental assessmentimpact
of will have 300 days to submit documentation con- documentation submit to days have300 will an presented. 28 the limiting factors environmental impact assessment, the results of m.
s. on However,for of
to wind energy. line
assess the environmental Relevantimpact. which delaysadditionalleadcan to and is rplant establishments.isplanning If avai la di ble in s d within 90 days of the noti- the days of 90 within d on ta and adverse. adverse. and the approval process due to 30 pr in days,90 projects with a n the type ce i ental impactassessment days or t the interrelatedt the socio- s greater than 15 k 15 thangreater s gy, which was reached to of im is of notification. not plementation,a resources, the y mato a of impact ly An required’. EIA EIA m, is n a
’t
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
3.4 change. The territory of the country is mainly divided into: up the and procedure the status, ownership the on Depending process. 3.3.3 procedure. the of submission timely the for responsible fully is applicant the additional documents, the process may take longer. To the detriment of andment Urban Development. Evaluation applications are submitted by companies recognized by the Ministry theof Are twoare main sources supportof for RES projects. exprop or purchase the until time short a for rented be can property landwill expropriationthe andrequirementpublic for interest,of the f h eeg sre ad etrto o eeg cnevto potenti conservation energy of restoration and survey energy the of area, Type 2B Forest,Type2B area, ca of procedures, new new steps
At industrial enterprises; projects prepared to implement the measu theimplement to prepared projectsenterprises; industrial At nn Land ownership is the basis of all applications and has a significan a has and applications all of basis the is ownership Land Most If the project falls into the public-private partnership category, it will b will it category, partnership public-private the into fallsproject the If lan • • • •
p a or authorities If months. 6 least at lasts usually procedure This as
ot
Private Agricultural Fore State land , , Protected Are d req d The Benefits in a Permission Process aPermission The in Benefits be exprop be of Land Dispute t st ca ui he
land th n help de re obtaininga re land procedural issues conce e re
ri a
land ated f re
as la on is
y
, , Agricu a average 10 or th ty e e entire p o fi pe th eld permit from permit eld
er uses. This has led er uses. of lt
ural L st a au ro te rn thorities involved ce -ow an forests ss. ds, Meadows ne d land that has lost has that land d th 29 or e appropriate local appropriate e ag
to ri a major debate a major over its cultural land subd in an t d d Forest he approval process. th e e Ar au ch plcto drn te EIA the during application riation is completed. There completed. is riation usually take less time. Thetime. usuallyless take eas eas thorities. aracteristics res identified in the study the in identifiedres eeat oa authorities local relevant t impact on the licensing the on impact t the reasons for the delay, iv l r cle efficiency called are al e easier to comply withcomply to easier e id of bi haig request hearing ublic ed ed into N Type 2 fu As ture use. All ture use. In e most a most of xp B. a forest bu forest a at ected, thes Environ- Environ- The latte io na pp l Par ty rov pe al k e s r t Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
elimi improvement projects (VAPs). V projects(VAPs). improvement s Indust th 2019) by the co af p ca General Direct General at the end fo po E up as ne ter an i an ter rm ey ey have p ti mm toe r e or stpone t t five years.Volunt A A po on on period, rj published na i vo rt itment ri Ge Is te energy wastage, losses for al enterprises requesting VAP suppo luntary Agreement le nd n ri of er re
ustrialenterprise hasbeen Genel t al th pared for to he an or xt Dir proje e reduce t reduce agreem on n te appl the end d mayd n ate apply ate
Mudurlugu, ec t he to ee website ae T rate. cts th en r r Agreement supports are given to enterpri he ot e compe that will be be will that t period. The t le period. energy densienergy apply for to re
he
th 2019) fers to an agreement made by ic of e General D General e General Direct at an AP an t i he ies on d d ine is preparedis
Direct mo period, in co
im re than one term. (Source: Enerji Isl ff ty ac n ga iciencies by an averagean by tr p c or l entities willing or ir le rt a an cte ector ateGener men shall s da or 30 d d a may not d accord in nce ate mayate n te order to i to order
at in b etrrss o t for enterprises by d wi e e ub i nd in th m al di Oc ustrial enterprises.VAP support . The General Directora . of it ng to t ngto th to t ot at le at pp e e p to to mp a m ber ev ber yfrmr ta one term. (Source: ly than for more ri he pp th he lementt nc ak as
ly se e e General Direc Di referenceenergydensi t ten t e e voluntary agreements iples , , s s that er rec po y yearusingy t stpone to an pe he rate Ge fu rcent d d procedures publi necessa he l fil er r nry efficiency. energy ir l the or i i Genel in extend ne te to ir
ral the may n th ry he commitment rate e e measures to Mu appl th th s ree yearree wi durlu ot ty pr wi e a e pr ic a th of thof oje th ovide atio pp pp sh th th gu, cts e ly, li- d n e e e s s Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
4.1 4 syste plants. water hot and greenhouses, heating supplies, water domestic hot houses, heated is This system. the in pipes the in water the heat rays sorbed a are rays solar systems, these In technology.Collectors” “Solar a 4.1.1 Technologies, 2012) po at so at a tained by co t.
co The most commonly used technology for obtaining solar energy at low temper low at energy solar obtaining for technology used commonly most The
nd
al So Apart fr untry like Sweden, la ms ., The RES Potential in Turkey in Potential RES The
s, la 2019) Solar RES Solar r r wa Figure 12: r co r Low Solar and HighTemperature Heating are well used co te ll
om ectors. This ectors. ll ll r r ectorsa ecting tr so eatment systems, product dr la Lo
r r co th
w w Temperature Plate Co re
in e e sun So used ll wh
is ec co a cooke lar fo ere suere to un ’s llo rs, the rays in tries such as t wed by 9-10 m nn an in rs rm y days a y countries,y e
r tools are bo al so wl-shaped structures. la re he mi r r e yi ll scar USA, Jap ectors (Source: Patience & Pam ng systems ll ne th ion
31 rgy systems a at a at sp ce
M , , eci ho re 2 all
an WI planed t watert
y T an , , Fr h Japan h in d d so
an co In re ca ce, It untries
to la th also Theseutilized. contain; so bsorbed in the collectors, the ab the collectors, the inbsorbed n be take a take r r c ese stoves, f an al oo d d y, Greece ob ke cl Tu water; is used for heating for used is water; tained at -4 ose to t to ose dv rs rkey.( . . (Source: supplies for industrial for supplies an ph tage oo ilon, 201 an he d d So d Israel. Even d Israel. ca of e u atures is called is atures rc qu n be cooked, ◦ h ha ob- heat the Th
C e: ator. These ator. 9) e an Ma rm
d 70 70 d uth al Su ne ◦ la
in C n r r -
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
which have an t ty parabol tures tures co s plants to generate electricity. re per Schulze io te d d water pe pe cei ll n, whichn, am energy at By utilizing so By concentratingBy The The syste In ectors,fr ve rs o water hot ures, of of parabol r energy pro ,
ic up an 201 ca
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hi st nee st te ce Sou ctly re chnology gh temper rays collectorsthe inin parabolic a troughcollector, hightemp ntral la he pe ig cei rc r r energy pote sun h h temperatures1400 up to in rature Con de e: S ve re i d energy d r co r nd ’s ceiving type (de ch rays is ust ulze,201 at ns
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n be achieved n be po e; parabole; d steam. The obtainedwater The steam. or d sys wer gener ns te rc ist m, by obtaining e: Tew, 201 na of , , India, P th a tower a ec ic ods a ods at trough co tr wi ing p ic th energy produc- e e sent re 6) ak focused so la u
ca istan and Kenya nts. se rr hi to d d yi ll gh tem- ec ng the ng power in to this era- era- la ce rs r : , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
difficult have not do that areas awaysettlementsin far from and are that systems, measurements electricitycommunicationnationalinclude These grid. statio tronic support circuits accumulators,c combinedwith battery are modules cell solar 4.1.2 power p intoelectricity. m in is (Source: General an ef an energyr created at the ends of the cell. T work on the basis of photoelectric principles, that is, whe is in co th is mi megawatts. each toparallel or series in linked be canmodules circu obtained fr obtained
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silicon wassilicondiscovered at in needed. Depending needed. of bl ty ca
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is to is he th n be n be used ased to up to ased generated d
e e co th all co fa ns, rural radio, radio and telephone and radio radio, rural ns, be nl ns e e ce intoce el el or hargevariouscontrollerselec- and ll co in ig used nowadays especially , ll re ec
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ce of t of 33 ms ect r r ce to tricalen d by the by cell d ic %. on electr at using parabolic bowlparabolic using ly he on ll . On On . ions the application, the s s a In co a sur th order to order i re Be th e e help p of ll er ic , th se ectors u ectors e e w ll Lab ll 2 rh al energyal with gy. Solar cells fa 00 e e other hand, mi ea ce or is 6) co te , kin t or an l he nd in d nc se me at g s areas of d th d n,the so uctor re lana te or d. Ind. fluid ans. the ase am ie la is y s r r
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
d in relation many to other countries. Accordingto data from the State Meteorology Affairs 4.1.3 so However,u its similar things canpowered be by solarenergy. weatherobservationearthquakes and systems, security and alarm forestwaterpumps,domestic homes, remote in refrigerators a addition,electrical In lightingsystems. outdoor or indoor and, When t Japan th world. (Sourc poweraccountsolar plants, they andlargea for share85% of to the of success important achieved have States United the and Japan Germany, in the zone with highestthe solar capacity, will be the leaders in this matter. ur Ne e Turkey, due to its geographical position in terms of solar energy potentia la The The p at r radiati r
i on is th he Solar Energy in in Energy Solar Turkey USA36%, the
ro rad, Fr erlands, of cap sun duction on e: ac sa becauseof the m Figure Photovoltaic14: So sh IEA PVPS, 201 ities ge has b has ge ine of an of an electr
ce so is d d warm ee 12.5%, la an r r cell i n limited due to due limited n ic d d i ty 9) It by up an al It is noteworthy that Germany and Japan, which are not included an ns
y my in y developedy so d the t is all la a r r cell p ed ro te la sh in un nsity measured r r Ce are the world are exa th d 1%. As can be seen from the data, it is shown that shown is it data, the from seen be can As 1%. d lan e high installationcosts high e ll co of (Sourc 34 ts untriesa developed
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co in mi p untries such as C watchtowers, lighthouses, firstaid, in ned; la most ces where su whereces ppliances such as TVs, radios, TVs, as such ppliances devices, medical devices and devices medical devices, th 96 tal installedtal the capacityin e e sha an of 6-1982 a
d d th es in the production of production the in es l, is in a good position th e e developed re e lackof e
of nl hi Germany ig na, India,na, re ht avai is co restricted. la co ntinuou ble from untri is Sp 36%, ain es s . , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
Anatolia Region,followed Mediterraneanby the Coast. ues arefollowingshown ues the in Table. 2012) The so per Turkeyday).per has a high so th ing (daily to e General e Directorate utilizingofdata Ren The The regional distribution of to a stu a Table 3: ta l of dy la
7. co r r energy pote 2 hou So nd la ucted t ucted r r energy p rs ) The average ). to he nt re la ial ot r r energy potential of, a Turkey’s is of e an averagean nt Turkey ial Turkey’s in average annual radiation solar and sunshine duration val- ta T l he is ur g ew k iv an at biggest potential for solar energy is the South East South the is energy solar for potential biggest ey ableEnergy General Direc en 35 ing intensity was 1,3 (Source: nual su nual
in
th pp e e ns rox ta Tur hine ble im k be ey ately du ’ low. s s Energy Outlook, 2018) ration 11 11 0 0 d kwh/m2-year (3.6 in ay to Turkey s. r at
(S e (Y e o ur EG c of e: 2640
M Tu ). rkyilmaz kw Ac ho h/ co M ur rd 2 s - , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
Table Outl th there is a high solar capacity. H ro energy pote energy valuesenergy a more re he Foundation Publications, 2 gi e e lo at Ac As canAs be seen from figure below,the especially Mediterranean in the and Southe ons, water heaters ac gi ing oo 4: cal cording tocording t k ua Turkey wi , 2018) Af l pote l th new le fairs havefairs been nt ial ’ nt s s Re of th ial Turkey e of e ga gi of onal cc l reg ca Turkey. fi ura n oper ci ul Dis al websi al is te 00 ta at expected ly tribution king solar energy m energy solarking 6) io . . res a As at er In ns. Ef e e at e, water heaters are u
te ad forts have also been made
ful of dition, since 1992, since dition, to of Y l capacity for 70% ul
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e y ua S ye as Environment lly less tha less lly ast Anatolia ta ar u te Me te ri . . la ng sola ng In r water r other te o- n r r Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
to to mo to in 100. (Source:100.Turkey Environment Foundation Publica produced 3755 T a in generationMW. capacity5 toup of 2020s.Si the in againgrowingstart co re Turkey. Ac recent years.The 1550 MW 2000MWh. T re ns used s In In Photovoltaic (PV) growth is expected to be slow in 2019 due 2019 in slow be to expected is growth Photovoltaic(PV) tl d. umption y used f used y Figure
th e field e in
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of is th pwr plan power r al energy produced by so of Turkey possible turkey has b th e south e e e num gi Wh ons,but 37 re to 17
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30 f r r ts th 00 tions, 2006) T ee in an of a e map e th 0T n d m d Mwh ced these re ey a ey gi Wh (S m ven. The ven.b an fl ource: re
an an th ann at plate so plate at y compy also u fi e more t more e uf d rms to funding problems, but it will it butproblems, funding to la ual power generat actu th r r co YG he e e red col an se is lu majority re M, 2019) ll k d in d otherparts e e color iesoperating e d he la ct no in r co r color turns fr turns color ors ors wn Turkey. or ll is from 1700MW to is of ectors. The ectors. to fr prima so be om io la n. In in 1400MWh r r co mo
ry 06 PV 2016 this fiel this of om energy re tha Turke ll re ec blu ar to a r h n d e e y s Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
vantages. 4.1.4 by af lem lem eeoe sufficientldeveloped research institutes b h working the b this and date, to up experiencesgained the studiesand the of mentation conduct necessary legal arrangements will increase the utilization rate ee ter ter 2014 However there are manyarethere However advantageoussol use of the of aspects solar cells used Table Turkey has a significant solar energy potential. However The The establishment n risen is
the lack Drawbacks and Complications and Drawbacks of TableSo 5: 5, It these activities make the point reached th to s
is ere hassignific abeen aro and ho not easy of ws that i that ws operation un operating parties parties operating in and d d 5GW la automobiles y. of r r Power Gener
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an ns use compared iversities working in ta independent top coordination committee of 2018. ll solar powered vehicles ed so ed of is an a specific plan specific a la very low compared at on t t r PV was PV r i ri on this issue issue this to seat
liquid in on Turkey th solar energy, mi e deploymente insof 38 and in nimal until 201until nimal
solar energy systems insufficient. and (S and in gas fuels. For gas fuels. example; The power generated ource: So the absence to rga aogtepbi institutions, public the among program rvdn information providing vehicles using Another fossil prob-fuel. , applications in this area have not been and of la
the unreliablethe so r r ar energy,ar disad- some are there 4. lar po ta of The rise The wer on lled PV.This deployment ha energy. sunlight. solar energy for the imple- in Turkey, 2019 oard bringing oard together
st and ar and te uncoordinated d d aig the making in 2014 an d s Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
preventionof a mo th te where where there 4.1.5 has 2016) n employmen avoidingfossilofusefuels,the greenhouse emgas necessi s osbe o eeae nry rm hs ore t ih ad n cloudy on and night at source this from energy generate to possible a ur dv cc ot chnolo e absence of of absence e So umulators.However, si fa st
• • • occur as a result a as occur • • • In Solar cells are reliable and durable. The use of solar cell solar use of The durable. and reliable are cells Solar One One an b
la ces a ces ee
im low cycle efficiency. common Solar energy is highest in tropicalsub-tropical and regions.Howeve Some materials used Energy storage Solar power plants can be ugly quite in the landscape and theytake daylight. There are fluctuations in performance accordingweather to conditions a initialThe investment gener tages i r energy r ta n Factors GrowthAffectingthe RES ofSolar PV por of gi
tes tes li re s ae niomna adv environmental have es t tt t ta he le al nee is nc th an nt envi
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no po progress obstacles to t to obstacles lude e e s th in d d is de electricity Because grid. there ll the northern countries with mild e e proble pr to one to ution d to collect this en this collect to d r ovides social th xic ag ro is of e e absence of e e of
nmental required ga on solar
of th ms s emissions, s
nc th water resources. resources.water th e in is is en he e e obtained e e mo the production po
high. th issue. (Source: Sch utilizati co pr of st environmentst an e e wer p wer in un oblems, gl waste products du hi the absence d d econ gh costs te er lan red th an on so gy. It is also an intermittent energy source, since it is not is it since source, energy intermittent angy. also is It e reduction of power grid transmission lines, transmission grid power of reduction e om ts. Using solar energy helps protect the environmentheprotect helpsenergy solar Using ts. ae compared tages la in
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solar cells are likely la cc ad 39 ul
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na be as fo as e e cost ener l toxic. ty r, consumption ismost up tr
ee of of llo a large area due to ibu as Ti situatio This days. ho of to so CO2 e n nd the amountnd the of ws.; (Source: Uyar gy so the main system. te at use la ore. Th sources. s s s te la r en r mp ga r r en ig mi So of n s s e er te ss if er solar cell la gy. Larg mi ic d d ions d gy, r an an is energy ss usin of tly th d d io t by t
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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
systems, each house Thus, tr (Source: Uyar • • • • • • • • There are m are There
Since there is no transportation problem, solar energy can be easily obtaine A They not are subject to energy crises, Having They are Solar power systems are reliable dependence, No external An Abundance of solar energy potential in an simple technology can be used, s mi an ss , an 2016) ion energy costs transport and los inexpensive source an inexhaustible y reasons that make use of so that of reasons use y make ca n pr ovide for its own energy needs and clean energy source, if the initial investment cost and virtually maintenance free, 40 ma se la
s s will be eliminated. (Source: Ar r energy necessary. energy r ny parts of the world, wi th th is e e so not considered, la r r cells i Th er e are some of tho of some are e ns t all d ifnecessary. sl ed ed an, 2017) on its roof. se ; Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
4.2 st 4.2.2 Public 4.2.1 93 at 30 l wind t wind variationwind of al prope tod ins this is uncertai b co 201 alt transferredt to second a int regular at forth and back passes flow electron of direction the which pr un that are soon used to meet the electricity requirement. requirement. electricity the meet to used soon are that th D A remote and watchtowers fire lanterns, unchanged. alarms, railway stations, weather remains movement of direction overall the but time, over is ee all l regionsl ion ovided The wind atlas wind The Electrici n hed in 20 in hed 000 MW 000 ernating current id %. (Source: Schul ta ay
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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
Turkey Figure1 Energy th which Easte 4. re m abovem at ground, to be an th hi hi obligations of all individuals and legal entities involved in electricity,markofexport andimportsales, retailwholesale and re Wi wind ener put forwardput w was adopted on May 10, 2005. The pur 5m/s gher wind speed that t that speed windgher ghwind speed butstill l n al e e e e potential for attractive wind d the red col red the d th this th ew In h Eetiiy akt a (M) ple t te production the to applies (EML) Law Market Electricity The ac ized rn Figure 16, t 16,Figure t able energysourcesable all ua
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Energy Outlook, 201 Figure17: TurkeyPowerWind P Energy Meteorology, capaci by GWh for TurkeyDeve for Energy GWhWind was b has b has in till 2016to15517.1GW in was produced. A G produced. was watt i ns Oc t talled capacitalled th he In Av Th ho e Law was i was Law e to ee ro Figure 17, t Figure17, se p ailable Wind Energy Inst ty e distributione wind of farms by region isconsistent with the potential shown in REPA. Izmir,
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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
l Bal ce th treatment systems based on clean technologies. As res a solutions serving the inte local systemmarket and a surrounding countrie is (EMRA) Authority Regulatory Market Energy The th te cause W of MW re t 300 300 capa E oo he ne chni ceived, the competit e e e ived fromassociate k, b ı Asses pr rgy Outl rgy kesir, competit
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a all nsrecei ty th a to a th re TE cto f ocation
of co I in lo 5, AS inves ncen watt 06 o capa for 2016 all a ta ve
44 pp on ocated op l powerl d d by EM tr roxima tm or ho 21-23 J 21-23 inion, ys a te wh ur to t to ur ents er d d ( ul i, to ic
Fi of Af te t t RA an rjcs (Fi projects an h an of 10,300 MW. 10,300 gure 17). s using portable desalination and water un ly 42,000MW yon, he d d f t ci d d growth or e 2017 by 2017 e electrici he th y wh ty, capacity as e process e Istanbul inspecti oit dge applic degree sociate (S ic rtr f eeal energy renewable of grator ource: h h ty gu in , op to be produ be to is
on As e 18).( re al Ay ’s th
of en locati di prolongation to 2017 to prolongation a r a conductedby dı e e sec appl Tu rec n au es rkey an te on ction met ction ic ul to So d d d d at
t, r. ’ of u s s Energy Out- to Kı
ions were re- For rc ce th 3,000 MW YE r e: T e: d. d. Around e e kla at 71 o was ion th GM EM ho reli ar reli ur 0 MW 0 e e 710 key d d for R on A, ’ e s .
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
Outl 4.2.3 l investment environment in terms of Figure 18: Wind PowerWind Figure 18: I t The brown The col resources area tender, feasibili th Mediterr 34.57% for sources, oo io e B e There There ns to be be to ns k, In The work oo
2018) la Figure 18, a graph k, ck Sea, ck ty
Drawbacks and Complications and Drawbacks th an 2018) is
of uncertainty
th e path to be followed be to path e re ean Sea, ean
pr of e e ceived
or Ma oje the Siemens-Tu¨rkerl th repr e light green s green light e rm cts in th may be a es ra 2018. Unce 2018. is e dark green s green dark e en in
region. to of ns ts the future localize the production
th talled Capacitytalled (as 0.69% f 0.69% e e af di fected. ho stribution sh rt ws 8. ws o pr er or aintymay ul ho -Kaly ojec
of d be be d In th ws 39. ws 3%
e southe e or th
ts of on for e e su de cl un total i arified as so as arified j r r 88 of po oi de to th 45 pp J % for for % nt venture group, se as r l suppo ul e e of
ort ort sys ns te ic pr y 2017)Regiony (Source: ce the Siemens company, which also sells ense rn t n oblems for banks oblems for all th tr
An rt e Aegean e ed ed al te on inves an atolia,t m. An po as possibas d d co This co wer by re atolia, tm ns wh ents ba he an truction proces ich w gr d d th le ns th gi e pu e . ( ee in on on titu e e se So n on
pr ye d d co Tu is rp urc t te oje ll on he
lor shows 2.85%fo gi ow col ow le s s an unpre rkey e: ve ct
re re is
Tu fina
n se ne 1 ne ’ s Energys Out- in s s 3. rkey or wa wable energy an percentage nc 71% for for 71% represen ble energy d d e and theand e ’s di ap E to ctabl ne plica- the rgy th ts e e r . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
i an worldmar sh co pr com credits, which will have a negative impact on the developmentdomestic of a industry. competitions tion leadtheinvestorsturbine supply willcomponents to fr chain creates high costs.coop chain stronger highTherefore, creates plants supply to theto production of wind equipment with higher costs. requirements of domestic production are subject to too many rules, nv oje nn o d d estment. (Source: • • • Wind Wind Efforts should be made to overcome these issues. In areathe renewable of energy resources area; Efforts Efforts should plant(WPP) power wind in given quotations price negative that thought is It ul po la
ecti ct d be simpl d be shall be wholly owned by Technology the Providing Firm. can of In thi of technologyof transfer the of understandingno is There or the of produced inTurkey yet. manufacturingcomp and) of (design domestic for target no is There mi and nents development process s the final product (new design, software, methods, materials, parts, terms ch on nation multiaxialresin, be po i. t hud e oe ta i te akt s o lre nuh a enough large not is market the if that noted be should It ain.
ke to s studs obtained wer towers,wer t, technology to a local institution or company. take necessary measures in that is, to c to is,that of the su the if technical specifications there ied,transactions sho an be Tu d nu d made as rk pp a result ey wi ly ts re ’ s , tower , to ng ch
ate eqate Energy
ho co s, ain wing ma wing uld be be uld mplete the necessary permits of br ca ui Research bo aids, aids, vacuum b
pmentlo nn Outl lts, to ul ot mo assess the problems experienced. d be incre be d ook be made by a single comp single a by made be in fl ni a
ng , an to and
ca 2018) is red carefully, the r es d d intermedia liz
46 no Development studies. an at ag as
article regarding the intellectual property rights er
ion ion d s d gi ed ation opportunitiesation ng consumables) pe an an (S cial fasteners) et fasteners) cial d sub-i d d d risks ourc te materi and e: ul Turkey nd sh es approvals related o ust regarding pe domestic production can lead ul an al d d be ry s incl y, In transfer of the rightthe use of of transfer ’ wi s Energy Outl Energy s
br this case, the technology sh an om abroad‘’Exim” withom th some fastene c. component as an o ud y And And onents which are not are which onents ul sessed by simu ches. Therefore, ches. br d tbe o i the if or stable, nd e ( e d be created be d eak rm gl capacity alloca- capacity gi ass its ven that ven to in oo wind power an the s the s, fi etc.) that etc.) be k d d l , rs 2018). r, ic ( in
up la en so wi fi tin
be th th m pl ses n g g e y e e r Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
different periods, short term developmentenergy.wind of evaluation Monitoring, repor and el unlicensedthewhonatural establishthatpersons fact the powe procurement processes, m processes,procurement Energy uct ment security,resource technological development innoand ev to t case dar m co work io ectricity energy they sell distribution to companies. an me aluation, untries. T n, n, s. • • • ds Many pe Particular attention should be given to detailed monitoring, e monitoring, detailed to givenParticular be attentionshould t order in legislation fiscal arrangementsin Necessary made be should Studies The ex The uf (Source: Turkey
of ac and costs. in the project or share may of income) change impact, noise, distance social social (knowledgeenergy,factors psycho-socialwind about physical comprehensive information period, a for Denmark in applied been has it as area, this In campaigns). sh document as actu
small-strong WP Outl ce ur o ul capacity development p e t e is re ta d be prepared be d po on ook hi and ting op rs sho rs he nc s s scope wer p wind energywind and le work , publ e, estimation,e, energy etc
institutional factors (participatory planning, local ownership, 201 th pr environmental factors (power plant e e con ul oducers in oducers lan 8) ’ s ic d be prov be d of
En re t t desi in work includes; work fi Ps
er sp al dence of an gy l areas related . Test . an onse duringt onse gn an d a database s database a d and
of uf Outl , l d d th id turbines, ecological site characters.) acturing, tests, qu tests,acturing, and ic th ed with suppo with ed e e The long term.policies implemented an ense a and ook th e social e co d certid the benefits e e untry sho untry , local ownership ne
(S 201 pp w w p he ource: Turkey .) to fi 8) Therefore an inventoryan Therefore lication ac E ho cation programsthat wind energy (tur ro
cep IA uld be created for t for created be uld du ul rt processes 47 ta of d be be d ct f al or
nc
reducing emissions should an an i ty the the public’s view theof
e e d d d d th pr (a and
vation,develop- rural production, domestic ’ of an ob s s Energy Outl th e registration e certain proportion ovided wind powerwind p e e turbine qu d certi d taining necessary pe turbine sizes, power plant design, visual of pr bi wind powerwind pl oximity,and benefits trend, general ne ne design, en ting should be carried out to cover to out carried be should ting wi fi r plantssurpluscannot collect the co he cat th t th valuation and reporting on the on reporting valuationand rre of study areas.study oo io al he those w those of sp n, wind measu wind n, in k, 2018) it lan t s y. Therefore,y. local turbin ond the reports; employment, he up ts of o solve the problem of solveproblem the o project. gi an qu sho po to local people public participation, n rm ts, as applied as ts, be ho eer rt internatio al ul they need they issio i clearly defined, (S p the provisiono the ty d be be d ing ource: Turkey la
of n ns re ca their prod- their ca to ments andments , lculat co rried outrried do s do na to nstruc- l st share in in io
EU uc an th ns ’ h e e s - f , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
and a have positive impact on climate change. the production of electricity will ensure that air and water resources mental impact of this resource. The very low amount of carbon released to th can be usedcan be in different fields such as agriculture and livestock. ployment tion. (Source: Turkey ba 4.2.4 sho wind wi an impacts was co is an to as l as Turkey wind energy w an gny h nme f mlye n h sec the employees number in Agency,of the exports. an
t e e wind energy market F la ll n ll y size y d d re d 5 w 5 d important role role important ul Wind turbines are muchareturbines e Wind One One energysystems; Wind Since the he ro it nces. (S Since wind energy di lati tl
d m an economic p ot is stat e as th as e
rect or indirect beneindirect or rect ’ also s a domest a ve o or Factors GrowthAffectingthe ofWind RES of an Energy nl ly s ly in k-yearsa the most significant causes for the rapid development is
d d ou y be a ple a be y be areas reducing unemploymentreducingareas most rates. The tics ca land re im rce:
or measur nd n be usedindivid be n e mon e
ple Outl of ldwide uc Tu ic where wind power plants are established can also
re th re ’ te to in s rkey ook
e Un e as d d ga ed th En increasing foreign capital inflows inflows capital foreign increasing
so oi se is in is ing de ing s from s . (Source: , ined for eachfor inedMW nt gr ’ urce, it urce, er
s included t 201
1998 by ca
io ows. P ows. up gy Energy pr of fi lculated as 90- n; 17 work-years are gained for ev work-years for 17 gained are n; 8)
ts oduction, mainteoduction,
vi Outl ve an as
ew, electricity generation fr of th l ier to be be to ier d d is ua op ro t
Tu e sta e oo Outlook, th
he op in duction costs have b la lly ment,but rk k, e e D the green the energy under group the Kyoto Protocol, rgely inde rgely policies erate. Wind t Wind erate.
ey or rt 201 an ’
s of in di
ish Wind T 8) Energy
10 construction to the transiti the to construction of gop. T groups. 2018) sp
power i 0 0 Acc thousand. osed osed al nan im to pe so will so 48 s xetdt rah900 y 2020. reach 960000 by expected to r is pl
nd Outloo ce, oper ce,
emen ur of ent ns ur
bines are modu are bines he af co bine Man talled. talled. numThe ee ter use than other en other than use ter
te k, of co n n reduced by
at by om
d. world energy markets. The technologymarkets.The energyworld tr 201 mmi ion, ibu creating co Fi wind power i or 8) er nancial te mprehensivestu di ssioning
an uf of In y 1 MW 1 y to ng to actur wind energy d d addition, the be th so remain cleaner healthierand la an used Itfor other purposes. e e th up
r, an on er be on of pr environment for energy for environment be m can e e Eur of s s Associ the environment during to 50% d non-fina d
r provide s nc windturbines to e wind powerprodu wind of se c re er pe rvation op om ases s gy systems. the gy As is dy op land ean Wind Energ at the low environ- mercial produc- mercial in
of le employedle b an ion. 15 years. This 15 years. ig nc ig employmen can uf of nificantem- nificantly as ial e ial economi actu it Ac can ca (S cor ff re o n takn ect ur di pl d in d ce ce: s n ay d g e y y c t Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
4.3 sensus micro h tr TableClass 6: Turkey, t built.(Source: Outl from 4.3.1 power (Sou c m mu is us as an an as on used. Acc used. ic en Hydroelectric power p ag ch
P Huge HEP Huge tinue to be used as befoasused tinue be to ook rc ts e area e
flo ow e: Turkey la Hydro RES Hydro in th al on , yd wi r Small and Big Hydroelectric Power Hydroelectric and Big Small Plan er P
he ter this area havearea this started ge 201 ey ey produce. Hyd this issue inter ng roelectric power p UN IndustrialUN r environmental r imp is na or lan
8) water
i Uzlu, if ti ding to this to ding nc Ps
’ ts icati s ve
re , ( Energy energy sour energy bo
SH
as into 2 on th duth 00
ing dayday.ingby (Source: Kaya& EP of HydroelectricP
8) electri
na la P) Outl
ri n ro De
tionally.D cl is ng the construction phase re ts la power assification, a HEPPs ook
ci are vel
” nts. However,nts. af h ty. (Source: Turkey ce to yd ac ter t ter op ,
cl , e , increa 201 t than t roelectricpower p mentOr ass or he sp if 8) hydr if ferent institutions power p ecially
ied se SH ow . . ga ac oe er P EP th Al nization cording le e e gener in tho Ps, SHEPPs laterPs,SHEPPs ctricity(HEPP) refe lan lan 49 rural areas whereo noareas rural
Environment ug ts
re ts have h SHEPPs are n are SHEPPs h lan by Installed P divi Ko all to an (U ts ts i c, 2014) c, SHE y
d d ns NI ca
de ac ca co af t n set different upper limits for DO cep all d into 4 ma 4 into d pable mp ter ter
ed power potenti Fo ) made bymade ) te le th ca un d definition for ted e begin e of rs ow me intome t dation gener ot to PP th er (Sou a e s are an increasian are s in ir th ne
th of life Pu g at e e conversion th water retention have w energy source, thei source,energy w e e ro he ing bl rc er er cl u an icatio age e: al as ps up po
Sm d been d . There . Tu si
nd in werp
fi to ns rkey all Hydroelec- cationsys terms a 10 MW 10 ,
an 2006) ’ di ng s s Energy of is lan mi d inve d sm no con- energy ly u ni and ts of
an ”. ar th te se In st tl m d ed. e a e r - Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
rainfall water. Appr Tur mainte al 4.3.2 institution re elec Currentlyins group. si watersu source. potential jecting ., ca aches Theenergy producedby SHEPPsutilizing water power va
In Compared to Compared 2012) key l tr
re ic powerp ic the evaluations the rela ’ (S nan an n Figure 1 s s precipitation varies, greatly is la Small Hydroelectric PowerHydroelectric Small Plants Si pp ew
o is 643 mm 643 kes or seas d d constructi s. nce SHEnce ur ce ly, estim able (So ox ce: Turkey Environment Foundation Publ ta an fi im ur lled SHEPPs lled 9: s d d repa re lan hi ately50% ce: Turkey Hydroelectr at la sourcegroup, ng, tourism ng, 3, PP ed ed at rge-scale LH rge-scale ts th when
on s do n do s in ir ro costs, a to phase, 10 ug te ta 0 0 GW . (Source:
h streams it of d ot E l hydr l in comes tocomes nv to this wateristhis ic requi
an th th ironment Power Ge sh energy, EP wh d employment. d The ey ey e w e or oe Ps, ile SHEPPs are included are SHEPPs ile re ca t-term for construction, flo ac lectric or an much time n be made with small regio SH cording th ld m ld d d rivers. T la
Fo e average e amo ne rge hydroelecrge E Ka mi un PPs ration (Sou po ee da ya & t t xed intoxed wer productiwer to in have many a 40 50 tion se Turkey he an GW
Ko as
rest feeds g d gener d Publicatio re c, c, 2014) on ic rc th are a reliable a are un tr of at e: Turkey an e atmosphereevaby e ic poweric p
t io th
on d d region. of ri all ns, 2006) T e world e dv money per y moneyper es depending in
ns y in od antages such as less financiantages less suchas the new and new the ro la na , the w the
protection, d undwate 2006) ’ rge investments rge during s s Energy Outlook, 2018) l lan fin ’s In en an ts a or
nc Tu are evaluatedare d d er he ld va ld ial resources rkey, r. cl gy n gy ea share on (Source: Gokde ean r to r re por
ri th ri
ee es between5-10% es th n nk re e rainfall e p ew 50 ds. TotalSHEP ation,w e e average of ne ing 1 billi 1 able resourceable small hydro- wableenerg an in an d t on hi d d privat th he ng po an at le
mi e pro- e m3
, les , ta tern cl nua 35 r r bl as- o et % P e y e s s f l . . . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
m3. Ac m3. ca scarcecountries. Countries witha pote se from water poor countries.Co poor water b a ca mo e m p in th ag as mo lu al an SHEPP have SHEPP increased lf-sufficient; Countries with a pote e assessment e pita per yearwater areper pita r n be s be n es it e e is rainfall fr st rainfallst te In In The development The . (Source: Turkey Environment Foundation y SHEPP p SHEPP y ng ies rn 30 Figure Turkey, g co th Black Sea cost pu 0 in ee e e mm rding to internatio to rding m n co Figure Turkey20: Rainfall on an untries to have water shor is fr 20
y regio y ro
om lan on of th om , t , ss per streams e map e
he s have s b
th 50 8 e e map f map 00 of 0m ns co small hydrsmall ca mm . . However,da to st st th rp m, ns pitawa in ic ee an e e an le idering t idering or
h, to 1 recent yearsenvironmentalto due internatifactors, th na ce n built by govby built n d riversco d that an d to d T e e col an l assessments,l nter 50 d d has t ur d te th key 0mm, t co or opo r a pote r nt of e e e he blue s untries ial between ’ Turkey has a less rainf Turkeyless a has ta s rainfall has b has rainfall s wer p wer he nt gro Ma as ges ial of less than 1000 m3 per hi t t te he p of nt er wi , , ho gh in (S lan color purple s pr Turkey as ul wi nmentage ial at ial ng t ws a rainfall from 500 co est est rainfall ourc d have d b i Pu he thpotentialbetw ts or 51 untries withuntries po 30 future. ( i bl in
ty e: th p ic 00 00 m3 Turkey began has been given been has
ul e beginninge Tu at ee ati ee ca io nc rkey n given.T n on ns, 2 n used while e while used n n be be n in ies, t ies, So ho an Turkey over
’ s s Energy Ou an urce: ws rainfall d d 1000 m3 are co mo al 00 se he d clim d l than l ee en withen 6) re than 10 than re private sector of he Go n 10 000 10n in 2000 In mm col to kdem 1 at recent years, due ca th
90 e change effects, Turkeychangeeffects,is e la all pitayear each a
of e rest e xp or to tl th rge HE rge 2
ook, 201 is . . mo 800mm, erie gr e color blue. Thenort color blue.e ir in estimated 00 et. m3 ee re than 1500m Ta ns nc of 0 m3 m3 0 n shows a rainfal a shows n
al an an ide
PP o ing energy short-energy ing rsu th ., na 8) d lo d d 3000 d 2012) s. s. Inv e coun e re s. s.Since l tre l th
of d d e e color dark ca to to to water pe water re at be be l es be water t thought tr ies, an ies, mu he m3 tm y. The m. 30 th
nici- ent ar
en 0 As 0 h d e r s l , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
4.3.3 Exc Publications, se a s a of be be co 2000 a 2000 an License into a il e es be will in p pr befo reeti pwr p power droelectric largely by local companies. local companies. by largely pla power and dams few the of one is which Plant, Power Hydroelectric establi ca ob haveb has has become increasingly become dependent avoid avoid expansion lan t an un an en n be built be n otecti It d t d l ig ig ha U As Turkey has he s ts, it ts, re n
at in ns
nl he ho nge ifi
E
ee sh or of th io Figu ic pp idered as an a on c process of ob of process Big Hydroelectric Power Big Hydroelectric Plants uld be noted be uld co le n completed completed n
reduce this dependence, Turkey should use more economically oper ment ns. Theref an en e e construction ” is to lications were receilicationswere
ta ctricity
nt has necessary of t i t d se of
bli re in ay 2006) ro ecolo nc d d with Regulati the use
21, d 21, a of , , sh b lla co al rease th ee small sh ed ble manner was transferredto wasmanner ble l l kinds mmercial commo e n e Ma n
gi or or
ue created. (Sou ca la in ve te um r of e, t e, th in to
ke nts. The best example of this is the construction of the Atat the of construction the is this of example best The nts. ta m l v to in r time comparedtime r to an rage year. natural gas of micro
at capaat all ining ber t t Law N he varying precipitationl al this this of
an d me d th ow very g ues private sect possibilities f In rivers y ese p of on ve fi Turkey, the th projects to be re be to projects of di ci an Regar d d eld eld e e rc
ty um-sizedpower p lan o. th d sm d th e: Turkey ‘’HEPP factors for hy for factors
e e re in di in roughout t roughout 46 oo ts an t ty. di electricity production from thermal power plants t
is al 28 d resea d he gi or d d ng Electricity
l al In on, co on,
HE re
Licen or st la lowed. O is is this case, la
reams is also st around 159 mo tcnlg i technology E
PP constructionPP rge HEPPsrge on nv rc fe he ns h, condu ironment 52 re energy coming ev w years. w ( al se th dr count iderati ized by ized interested el ”
lan th th in e priv e o gener o obtai s s e e te
er Pr (s ts. th th wi no oduction Electricity ry on cmn yea coming e ch ct an
5. e e r It at ne Fo nf se, i So . Itmicrois clear . that th w w envi T is muchis e
nology e sector. As a result,sector. a e As at d have d re of rastructurecan usethat installed hy- ig d by d un u e privatesec e an he i
rc rr ht to use in on in th da d rainf d ro ep e: TurkeyEnvironment Foundatio
s Turkey. in e n e varyco “W tion uc th nmental assessments, ensur ar from outside Turkey. an ee e agreementt e h power h plants. Many ater Use R able lo la
d investment necessary f as ds Public all ti rs ier to b ierto ve th ); ); ns of We es When . As to ly low le e e m
ss in i th r r
de at nts in the world, built world, the in nts of Ma able able hydraulic capacity. es es may occu this re this wi e peoplee ions, rably year by yearas yearby rably
an Ma uil ig thin rk y rivers y ht Agreement an ” d d et rc ur th
ga 2006) , , SH d smallHEPPs d ta h 2011, aroun2011, h ga e HPP Licens HPP e th ned t ned th l ürk Dam and Dam ürk blis an rd, 2016 can2016 rd, of e framewor e ere has b EPPs,whic In
he r. d d th
hi in he
fi order to pr country e e region n Turke nan HE g ojects or e s ” uc ee the cia th v PP n h h n d k e e y e l Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
iue 1 Average capaci Figure 21: averagef 2016 factor has b electrici from p Af 2010 to 201 as ter2014t sed In Tur (S th Figu key ourc th e 1990s e ty ro e e long generation ’ s s sha m 2006 to 201 to 2006m re ee e: 4. he
Turkey Elec T n f 21 was a sl re he na te , , as s al
rm low of HPP capa turalgas electri average ho an in ig 2008 n t wn d as a result result a as d ht increaseht t but tr 6. ci icity an T ty ty ci he wi f ty fact he d since d generation be average capaciaverage th ac Pr long telong low t oduction 37 or or
th
in of of th was t e e long te 2010. There was2010. w hydr e year e 2000 rm he ro in HPP capaci av an he ng policiesng hydr op d d Tr er lowest ty rm 53 ower p age
opo fa an av
ct is smission Statistics, 2016) im wer production was a er or
in 32 age f la ty po of hy of an 2014 an n ,5 from 2006 to 2016. to 2006 fromcapacity ,5HPP The was still undert rted coal has increhas coalrted d this reduced capacireduced this d ts o or
th an There 32,5.was a rise dr wi er er d d d o th po th ro un wer p wer e e long-term average, 2006- p p der 20. of HPP capaci lan he ro und 60% long ts as
ingly b ingly an ty to 16% to d the the long-ter d te rm in ty in ee 2010 whic
average. fa
1980. Bu 1980. n used fo usedn c to in r r fro 2014 m m h r t . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
2017 Figure ity hy constructi 1330 MW 1330 dr of The biggestHyd The opowerp (S 2405 M 2405 ource:Turkey 22 : : on an Tur which have d 703 MW as s as MW 703 d W. lan key T t t ’ an he s elec s ’ ro s s Energy Outlook, 201 d Altinkaya d hydr fo powerpower plant ll tr mo o icity i icity wi re than 250 MW capacity. ho ng b ng wninTable 2 ns ig t all gesthy ed capacied op owerp in 8) dr T
op 3. ur T owerplan ty lan key 54 of developmentof he t t
re wi is a
th th re an inst an e A e ts 12 12 a ta re mo tu¨ Kar rk all re hydrore an hydropower p ed powercapacied akay d producti d a hya po dr werp o po on la werp lan betw ty nt
ts of wi currently in la ee 1800 MW 1800 th a capac-a th n n 1985- n t. Keba n ,
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
mi 4.3.4 l Table 7: However,inte as the removal the as h the installedthe power and production figures are exaggerated and inacc th th planni pr void le oo yd ad e e water to e current e state Streams; feeds groundwafeeds Streams; ojects have b ner k, In roelectric s s to inefficient use of water of
2018) many HEPP projects, al ng in s that s The DrawbackThe and Complication Hy ’, te which
gra d th ro po rv te it e e pe ee
of po
entionsinte that d d planni wer p di n water fr of is wer p ssol op im
an in an th le li le plemen lan e e ve ri lan ng s from where it passes it where from s t t vi verbasin, climatic features di om on ng ng near . . ts withmorets than 250 MW spe te In it a river, adver
te th
r r is an p ns d an e source,t e
ar st rr wi d d economic losse able co able d sur d ticu ated that the water values are not correct, the flood calcu upt th th inadequate enginee e river. Turkey e river. rapidly incre la th fa r, failure to optimize producti nd e flow e ce waters.ce prov streamEach se he ition ly affect withdrawal from
of th 55 of s. water or changewateror t rough to the or the to rough HEPP inve HEPP
(S al an ourc l living thi in d d op ri so e: ng
er Tu on an ation(Source:Tur st th rkey have n ments, has b ments,has ng d a e ground, e or as ga s s fr ’ ing investments re he s s Energy Outl nisms living nisms on
hy om urate. For urate. reason, this the direction ot id betw dr es life by tr by life es been stubeen microor ology, ine ee ee th n successive HEPP ke n ne n e co e of oo in y di ga ’s
th
ed. k, 2018) in ffi an ns gl n an E is e water, e hy cient ected. Man ected. ne truction sp d aro d ms living in ‘ Wate or dr rgy Out-
lations, o ting an un po rs d d de- su w d it d of he th er c
h d a y e s . , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
the responsibilitythe the of investors, but also public facilitiesmay that env h low efficie al th lat a l th pr th reinfor pr is things in the things region.(in environmental co la procedures, exa Meeti ahr hn rvnig t rm t evrnetl mat T impact. environmental its from it preventing than rather implemen immediate the encourages reports, and processes relevant the to authority the has which Urbanization, and Environment of Ministry The in is is Structures b ife as yd obtained fr ye pr ong t ong e trans e e e e th ob ob ion af ion th p ir ir mi in-based Waterrisky. highlystructuresare ar theaddition,structuresIn dam In In There are m are There op roelectric r and und and r oje e e e re e lem for the local people le onment benefits re
the constructi the ng ev ning t ning ening m. or he ce ct served is insufficientservedis for aluation s s held te le der to e to der designedwithoutco fe d concrete d
river, In nc v r r r r sh an th he al
of of ca y ad an o an t units t po
e implem e om er pr water usager t area n prepare reports by, copy ul i in mp dit d in d he th gro d d wh an te oje d be han be d
of ns ns quarries th e re e io
nt acts. (Source: ro y deficiencies y t te u un e e cts ul n, an he re ial should be be shouldial on re ic ad for So of pr grated, as a result decisionsresult a grated,as ta gu d r d taining w taining
h h t th s social, econom d the the d sh t
urce: Turkey oje en ncy of l tr he e use use e he at oc o dl ta hydroelectricpowerp uctures ct ul ion Ministryrema th ks that de that ks pe fi ed op tion of manytionof HEPPs. Thissomet in area ig d be be d pr rms, w e e construction ma togethe ns ened ened the co h op of on oje ts Tu all th iderationf expl le to an
ca an th ct rk s, in e e re of ho d erro d nce ’ in as ey e rele e co d
s s E de th mi an th t os la forest areas. Excavation r, he a th ’ ntinuation e private e sector,clim s fi d fors d ic e r e ng year ne y ll ives ne re not separanot
nedfr e e Inspection-Ev En regi ed ed
th an rgy Outlook, 2018) an as
iv cessary, as rs in or er e flow e erb al d d p e e in
d ecological d sustainabili si for show o showfor on in gy l an ong ong of gn stoneq om s. if as
as ch
wa e water.e
th do d d 56 Outloo (S ed to lan te me a re a ins asins of in an wi e prepar e of sh an ourc n
te te
er ts, many trees are cut downto cut are many trees ts, wa ot th th d gravel d requiredf ly o r fr r d often wi often d pr y for, water intake ua ul al wan , , e ecologi e k, th e: pr an te is nly al d be made by de madeby be d epare E if om r
In
ods Tu ojects whose social costs arewhose socialojects costs ri 201
t r, uation Com th d EIA assessmentsEIA d ic at t. . . One so es causeses t HEPPs wasHEPPs regu-relatedtheaddedto at rkey an point (Sou ey were ey indepe ion 8) in im e e me d the explosions disp explosions the d
a very ch th ca IA es me es he ’ of s s Energy Ou of cases, rc out evenseeing out of an l syste l
re eoe t refore, t of e: Sch ri
ges th he problemscreate concerning ports
ty ve vi mi he an sh e e (continuity E rb or ew, an m. th ssion (IDK) meetings held destructi mo an e not the structures the not e under s s ort period te ul IA eds road constructionroadwhic fa an e amounte d d d Moreover,co r d d for structu ze, 201 he nd an st significantst proble rep mi lling under capaciunder lling d d complete t tl ain f h project the of tation Publ ro sh an d small capacismall d ent fromeachent o oo audit and decide on decide and audit ning t ning ugh or o d d v k, 2018) ul 5) on th ts. ic d be conducted be d of of ts al op
e e la
of he Participation of In time , will be a big will , be leys is nat pr ce en en unde hi
cumu re partic th oject area oject he gh th ns s s s ro ur e sur e wi e livin e relate er tha er ide adsfo uc l li al rw ty al th la th ul h h as ty and so ri fa ater tiv ou ms fe ar, er in n c n h d g g a e e r ) ) t , . .
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
electrici ho that hel be be determined well and the project should be designed in harmony with the e environment. the on impact lowthisrealizeto order In impact, & & 4.3.5 Outl rura m a structures has b structureshas of D Th 12.05.201 on th SHEPPs. Indust SHEPPs. of in smallhydroelectric p sh ti from re fi
alk an the electrici scientific, te Turkey now e e Sesen, Sesen, The most important advantage to be gained by the use of SHEPPs is that t that is SHEPPs of use the advantage by importantgained most be The to o lding area power p power is c, pr So SHEPPs Sm Most ul au oo l y is a pos a is technical ir & Sesen, 2011) They
th are d be ensured that HEPP inveHEPP that ensured be d ot me dit k, se all hydroelectricall ps e beginning of t ected. (Source: Da ty
Factors GrowthAffectingthe ofHydro RES
gmen as 2011) 2011) 2018) sh of to be relea be to 5, prevent t of , , wh
where o lan
th do th ul it an ts
e investment e cost
i an ch ty re t inves t ic e water held in SHEPPs in held water e d obser ve not causenot d d
ee h a h
ri ached of nical to d d ethical req
th co al b n th t be tr he e tu e re n he di e e inve se lan increased tm tr ui hard ve an sabled by t by sabled s th he ibutionto d d rb po lding work an en t ts will be built be will ts d enginee d oc e e last sta in
he ine ine pr th lk werp st s t t ie to to fe ir criteria for e gasesthatcauset e ment was p is oje ty ui al rred from di
& Sesen, 2011) ac at th
so re ct sch in lan cess po e atmosphere. e of up to men he case of a th ge th pr ri llution arge point h ts re st e lowest levellowest e Regulati ng r . It . e i e an ovide econ p yd quired for ments are m mentsare ts la nc d d roelectric powerp roelectric la th , , th wi th is eq y an imp an y ca an is rease ced planned that e e co e e pro in e e natio th domestth kept ui nn d d t re di of he in on ns an ot men te sa course t in the hands at th he be su om truction on the Superv onthe It d livingthe spaces 57 in ction na st domestic production. The e production.domestic The or is a is e e m mo ad gr an s
e ts ic bene l tant r, uc ic po e e
d very l very d ee pp sp an an supe public facilities of in h a way that it will flow betweenflow will it waythat a h cl wer line. nhouse he he al lied fr d t d uf publ ro ean
an co l la publ of re acture le of fi he
d d o mp n private sect t t to rural areas by preventing losses
ca t an it in ts p ic om he pe tl used by fossil consists li
ro is ic meeting t meeting ga d envi d an e foreign e in an ma r the location of the SHEPP should SHEPP the location the of i interest. of t te on s effectduring geners the at d social resources, he the near the rv ce with t with ce water t cti of ion ion phases, as well as
ch nat ision on of t on ro i Water onissued Structures he ne or nm io
of of living thi he s s of (S or na re ur
community inte en do he fu energy demandsenergy sources are needed in needed are sources ource: Turkey fu l system. ga bi tallyf mi mest ture.( th rules els. (Sour nvironment. nes f xt nizations. Howevernizations. hey haveno almost hey e e water n er i, ic na ng micro ri or So expen to th endly energy endly l dependenc l s s power p (S re D urce: be followe be e e in our ce fu an
th th th ’ an : : D s s E at l fi d d water di re ce e e e water e e watere i ll d even on sc tur sts. It sts. alk ne : : men of la alk ien- of of rg
nt es ir ir i d e y s r t . , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
a recovered t of irrigation of th ca s forestation ake uc re ey a ey n be be e n lower than h as energyas h The The econ These p These s betws re es xp in ee ta an erienced becau lan a maxia om nyears. 2-5 da bli d ts la im an ms, dri sh ic l are also u also are rge hydroelectric d flood protect flood d proving ed. They a ed. They ife mu of th nk m ing water networks In of th es se se
ten years.ten constructionTheperi eaes ad e e p fu
re th dition, SHEPPdition, l for for l domest lan ey a ey th io po ts ts eticqu n, im n, th wer p re is e su e very high compared to other p not ic pr al resour lan pp oving environmental ityof de an ts. Expen ts. ly ca pendent d d i of th 58 n be es be n ce rr dri eenvironment(Source:Ozde igation s s
an nk di d a d on ta ing ing tures for bli ca re
th an nals. n sh e e outsi od ot d po d ed to generatetoelectrici ed ag
affec of (S th ricu
ta th ource: e e establi de ble waterinble lan e SHEP e te lt . They have positi have . They ur d by the energy c energy the by d ts. Initial ts. inve e, supportinge, Oz sh demir et. Ps mi ment
is ret. ret. th quite sho quite of e re e al ty SHEPPs ar st ., al 2011) at gi ment cost fi ., ve ri on where on s 20 hi th ses tha ses effect rt 11 ng,af- e exit e and ) e s s t Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
4.4 point mi 4.4.1 vations fr wi energy hopper hopper output ca n fluct it nat ot e n generatedbe from wa The The areas th new te new th llion ur mi
Electrici af Table ua s.
al gas, it is also an impor fectedby weatherch ts (Sourc Geothermal RES Geothermal
t in is io The TechnicalThe Potential in su
om residential ns 8:
cl ty it ch Uses of geo of e: osed able to be es
is nologiesdeve Enis, utilizati foss up produ th to 1 of sy e il
rm
heat Ge fuels. Its fuels. s
2019) te 50 ce al en on oth ms in
d d fr ◦ of geo C. C. ta te g. (Source:g. E
an er is er
blished rs with temperatures lo om Wi mal En zer ges gy, s ping day by day,daypingby elec ta pr th a system devel geothe th nt energy source in ter o. an ice ig ermal energy a
d u d n of an er Di is ifi gy Geothermal d d devel low enough rect use rect se ni c rm an
Ac s, rs al fluid
t t heat and electrical energy 2
cording to Tem in 00
op th 3) of ed ed as small power p e long terlong e 59
op re geo wi up tr
to gi ed ed th a temperature
icity to
ve th co in ms 80 ermal n mpete recent years ca in
m, of pe ◦
TableBy using 2.6. te n be produced fr produced be n C u
rat th an in e e env wi si ur d has in has d
ng low th th coalth e e e worldis e Val lan ir of ca onm ca ue ( ts 200 de lled bi n be Geoobtained. ga w th pende en So ses with low eva it e rm h h 5-10 MW t t as ◦ u om
th na C rc al e: Enis, 2003) e e or
nc th ry th po ch eq more. However more. e e em cyc e fr e e fluid e nolo werp ui om valent le is , , e po gi si
lan th cal i wi le po w on th ctr er e p e th lo th ts ratio of e v nn rm , , and icity al 4.9 ri it u o- is c a w n e e l , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
fa ap 4.4.2 geo MWe. (Source:E m w its its tecton a ca lat Suc: Turkey(Source: known this pote t et. An geo he 805 M 805 pumpappl an nrae o 5020 MWe 1500-2000 to increase de eeain a co was generation new field re field new al MWe or re stest g stest en co lcu Turkey has great impor great has Turkey pr ve at d d megawatts the ed it a The The to measured plants power in isThermal for input power Turkey,geo this with th th
ld ad to nr lo untry al ox t t ing,1.005M lo la
e ermal i ermal an lia. (Source: , 201 ., is y rea pments. I imately an rm As Wt ted as t is a Geothermal Energy in Turkeyin Energy Geothermal d 30% d ro ni d d enough ic a conclusion a ppr al energy pote ta
wi s, in ic structure. ch l i ex se 5)
ca at ns residentialhe n ox 2003) ns
ed 103 ed pl arch and drilling works. The total i total The works.drilling archand g he Geoth 650 io ted t of im t all co or ’ nt TU n. s actual avai all Wt En
to th
at at untry ial 6 TWh is s is TWh 6 ial e Energy Outlook, 2018) I 2018) Outlook, Energy ns in
MWe. ed ed capacity rm Me d EnergyInst cover 1 is, e the e ely 14.000 MWe and TurkeyMWeandr 14.000 ely i
7. in on te Alpine-Him the i power cap er de
It al re 3 3 MWe. Meanwhile, gawatts electri the 20
a rsucs a resources mal nt of r e t b 60 W ni recently. T until MWe be 600 red to in th an rm (S ank 03
ial the world the th ta ermal rm fe ou 4% fed st field d at la ) al energy requienergyal nc e inves e rs is
s s fifth i rc ble te al ng est
of to t e e of e: Tu ac it sp wi ui , 6 , geo in Turkey electrical po ute foreute im it ri table for elec fortable ter h new th ch he ie 12 in tm te rk ng u ng ated at between 31,500 th c( s s in niques. 2 input energy required. T
nt M al ud ey th ents madeents ms ac e MWe)refers to geothe ay ial rm ’ e world e ae otnig o t for continuing are ies s se re Wt cording to se
n eths hg pote high a has belt an of Energy
, 1 , oty fo mostly is al power p re es that this f this that es
di th ge able to meet meet to able in .5 ment nf cvre co scoveries e e total i ,8 rm green M ot o tr in 60 80 MWt rm
he i Wt al enal in Outlook, ca ter ns an
in ank at
rm th l energy l re talled capacitytalled
d d lan he in ho ms o ad est and ion e e o un er c ns al energy due to its geologi its to due energy al th th s 4th s fr en use he use ts at ig gy. T gy. of resource richn d d t e electrici e ng ermal energy need ui of all t yearsTurkish t Republic be has in Turkey has exc u megawatts(MWt i
ns 5% ng 201 in re oing t dr t
to ed capaci ed th ide an in etr, northwestern western, . When theWhen .
he
60,000 M ca of e e technical capaci at 8) he yi
d 19 TWh 19 d he ri th geo its total electricaltotalenergyits n be inc be n ing, 380 M 380 ing, pr
ng ng eie pote revised im e world e technical ty nt he ojects a of an th ates output capabilityof a f ial
th ty t e pr d 42, 8 M 8 42, d he rm cur e
of re Wt, oje ir or of powerp es is re t ali we a ac gohra energy geothermal ee ). current se ct s. s he s. 4809 MW Wt given po cording Turkey re (Source: Ateso ns uit ded the v
d to 2000 MW2000 to d ig
Tu wi
po t technolog nt nt te htaverage ty t in able f able Wt all rkey, becauseit nt h capacity a th ial is e is ial has b we
ca la in th ed ed ialelectrici of
is n r l location l Figure 2 an erma ’ to used in heat used in ts s or p po al an t lan ee 2017 data.2017 e d o th d ue capaci xp wer in the th d d co nl n proven, ir eoreti l ts is re ected to ected xp of e e p ine hasine me ec ce facility
gu y quire- is e ca 100 ec t 3. ntral lan wi 230 ty the lla lcu- an . an us te
ca Of is th ty of is r e. 0 t, d d d i l
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
capaci si (Sourc Figure 2 2020. geothe for geo for i 2018. The 2018. dri num Most geo in b ns ee nc i talled Ac More than More In In ns n e e be co Figu
th t cording ty th e: all rm r r a th nst e year201 e as wellas as 3:
e Table e Tu ed capaci ed th e po dv al
rm re an Ge e rkey werincr has anced notably po rm 2 t t since al othe ll 3, to wer p wer 30 ing n ing al p po ’s
th t be E companies continue he rm wer planwer 5. e e geo ty th lan low showst low ne th i The lan F um as well as well as al Power P e num e rgy ts e e year 201 ig th t i t be a ea ure 23 bel 23 ure Outl er re ns r has b has r se un ns t. be malp power
talled capacitalled Bi d s d increase smallwas Therea talled capacitytalled til 201 oo r r na he lan ig of k, 5. th ry nific construction we
ee
t t Inst e n e 2018) ow Power P 5. i n ll
an Af um fr s drilled. The number The drilled. s nc th all tly
ter 2015 t om lan ty ber eir expl reased l reased ed Power (Source: Turkey
so 2007 till todaytill 2007 t i t wh lan is of that ns e ile t ile t. From t. 2 wells drilled. The n The drilled.wells of xp t 61 or all it he geothermal ected he
at th tl ed power has b drilling n e from 1984 till 2011. till 1984 from e ion e i e
or ns an 00 an to t in ge line p line ge
all d drilling works f 7 until today th gr th i ed powered rea has of ns ow ere was a i wasa ere um po
talled th in be wer p wer ee e wells e dri t ’ re s s r r has b um n he En sentst gi po coming years for 2019 and2019 yearscomingfor lan ber ve e weruntil 20 nc rg n. The blue ts er ee y O re of or Af from 2013 until 2017.until 2013 from he ll e e has b n stable ase t ed has b has ed geo ch ut ter 2011 ter n he l um ed to 1 edto oo in we th
k, 2018) ee th ber ermal 11 ll co n an i e e ee s drilled ha drilled s . . 2011After 22 l th in of um n e drillin e 0MWe in inst drilling co pr n s nc nstan oject re ho all ase w e s. d g s s s t
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
a 2 a Simav 162 Table Geo 9: re re 32 available. numThe high temperature fieldstemperature high In
◦ C, Man C, Turkey ◦ C, C, I is it th ˙ a-S
zmir-Seferihi is ermal
kno al ihli-Go¨be wn, aro Dis be trict Heating S r r of un sa an kl geo r r 153 i 182 i d d 1 d s d th 00 uit ermal ◦ C, Man 0 0 geo ◦ able f able , C¸ C, anakk ys th fi tem or e is e ld electrici rm a-S s with temperwith s in al 62 al wells al Turk eTuzla 174 ih
li-Ca ty ey product wi (Source: Turk fe th rbey rbey 1 hot water at ◦ C, Ay C, ures io 50 n. These are; are; Thesen. dın
ab ◦ C ey ove 40ove an Ay -S ’ s s Energy Outlook, 201 d d al d mi ı avatl n- ne Yıl ◦ C ı ral water resources 171 ma is Aydın 170. 170. 11 zk ◦ C, Ku¨tahya-C, o¨y is 1 -Germe
of 42
th
nc ◦ 8) C, es i
k e Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
opening an et. heating 0.1%. (Sourc MW I i Do cial sen ih fi in suitablee for ities will contributewill ities springs annually.Increasing the number a c Cesme, Gonen, Kizilcahamam and Kozakli all haveKizilcahamamCesme, Gonen, allKozakliand additi In areas. largespa and sources electrici por hotel a capaci ˙ ns re re zm eld containing l western
d Turkey d i, ku talled capaci talled a al., heated by geo In When we l Es Spa tourism in Turkeyin fast-growingtourism a tha Spa is said sector.is It Turkeya has In te Yalova-Armutlu Edremit, Sara Edremit,
se ir of d d z in Turkey 1 tabli
-Bal¸cova d d 2015)
to
Ey se 964 electrici Balikes ty syste to in ty of 18 ; ; f with lu¨lUniversityMedi 550 MWe
this g this sh 6 p of Turkey be or An e: ’ s share s
la ms ed Enis, 16.2 M le in example, while t ook rge lan at bi ctrici ty is 2
ir ty in in po olia. mo ro . (Sou th na 1 00
ts, which are s at the producti
ho Go
Denizli Sara Denizli
of 36 up a up Go¨nen, te yk e
ry ng 20 wh ty to our country’sourearningto 6, rm of in tels by la 20.4 M 20.4
nt nen.
o¨y,Big W. system ◦ T ga producti 03 21.85 MW geothe geothe places such rc C, I C, th iallysuitable f en en the development re al energy. (Source: Atesogullari et. he e: Turkey n for the first ti first the for n (Sourc ) e hi e
suitable for direct use as heat asheat directuseforsuitable ˙ a
Ag zm Simav, pp ad gh yi W. s. a ir-Dikili ca rm in a he (Source: Ateso ng a ic¸ on est geo est ho re yk e:
l F l
In in total carb al energy avai energy al on
Enis, 2003) Currently nt capacint an o¨y,T
wn Kirsehir, E as is ac 1987, 2 42 nv
of d Yoz d establi spa ulty Hospitalulty 000 or in ironment km che th is ur electricity gen Table 2 me 1 rm e and of key , , it rm ga 30 ho mi
of ty th on was first used foreign visitors (assuming better accommodation facil- K al to use heating from geotheheatingfrom use to sh t (Sar t ’s
t t water pipeline ı circuit Besides,services. these thermal water cal materi
al poteal significant Balcova, incomehealth tourism.Afyon,in e e al ◦ z of po
gu C. C. TheDenizli- ed at 20 MWpowerat 20 ed p di
ı
fi l si po lc .9 la Foundation these si these ox wer lla rst 63 ah bl they reached aro wer plant generatedplant wer te ı ide (CO2) producti ri ri et. kaya ama e f e an
s s nt ge pr is d Campus) , S , Campus) d or ial for me for ial o er done. (Source: Ate oducti al ). m, th al consumpti te ation
s s from geo in in ., e
al In s s in Afyonk
rm 201 indust
Publ ., is these locations, houses and buil and houses locations, these Tur residential heating in 2015) on Kı
al power p power al in 10 5) C¸e¸sme zıl capaci ica key; There a di Turkey 0 MWe.capaci 0 This
t four million people visit the hot the visit people million four t ar um temperum de ri un tio th ahi on al pro al lan re andıkl d 97.25 M ns e on , sa
ty rm fie 75 in t t Izmir.(Source:Atesogulla , rm w
an r, was is la 20
so .5 al sources ce ld
ge or sche n d d these a sites I al energy utilizatienergyal ˙ ı, 06 gu s s t, ss as wellas ssgener as mi z ldwide Ko neral are k are neral mi re in built in at lla on, ) llion k llion
geo operat W. T u du r(Bal¸cova za ri et. re in ur Adapazarı ledtoproduce kl 161 There are pitc Go¨nen is in key,geothe th in ı, 21 000 ton al
Wh 1984, has has 1984, ty ermal
Di io th ., he will be in- be will no n, 201 e e c yadin, S yadin,
re
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at m ntra rm
in re- ng s, in er 13 al an 12 ri d a
g a s
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l l
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
(Source: Enis, et. energy. (Source: Atesogullari effectively.t With t has applications, tourism-spa thermal and heating on emphasis In in for m for deve in the most significant most the in reservoirs, wells and surface equipment during production a managementand Technicalissues. lowincludetemperatu problems resources,own geothermal energy potential. diversifyingvestmentsand tourismit areas, spa usage in its Recently,investors w investment savings be temperature sites ticu m r th pr m 201 ig en en 2 2 e sta e ovinces, Turkey
realized through the efforts efforts the through realized h al., Turkey’s The The a sect state The Adequate disclosure causes benefit from geother from benefitcauses disclosure Adequate 5) la 00 00 ts t t t t lo rly attractirly
an in will gr be an
pmen 2015) 7, t 7, 7, is; to regulate t regulate to is; 7, te harmony with in y years. Af years. y d Lo d . . F im (D he th 21 or
in
t, rise in the use of geothermal energy in recent years, though not of private se enizli-K is ca 04 04 acres
production, protectiproduction, 2019) exa eteml nry rjcs Projects projects. energy geothermal the Lawthe energy sector which energysector ga will er l Administrl an ve ship he mp or ted by legi in to investorsto due te
development electricity of energgeothermal from production
the heating ızıl r r in ho le; In I In le; re of of th ct Turkey has withdrawn from geothe fromwithdrawn Turkey has asons for not developing geothermal energy rapidly in rapidly developingenergy not geothermalfor asons th on dere), had neverhadhea these resour green or e Geo e he e environmen e Geothe at has star has ˙
procedures et. sl zmir, Man zmir, i on ation th ho
th al of ere is a CO2 factory ( of use area e ., Sp local administrationslocal rm rm
on residential areas, greenhouses 201 an te to ecial Provincialecial al Resou ce al Resour al
d d d local of its advits 5) rd s s is to t. naturalgeo resources, an
an
a, Denizli, a,
s of wi In in d p d ho d tra d geothe
th a capaci impor ad po an w great interestgreat w rc ri ce dition, with t withdition, es es nc l tage ns 64 it s ici iples regar iples an fer
an rm ta wi Aydı an Ad in d N d ma nce N d of al energy havebe energy al th s s w el ty and mi r an inst l energy in Turkey,in energy l technical, are financial at n, A n, as
ec of ig at in nistrations or ural Mineral Wate plctos novn te use involving the applications well hts, economic evaluation 20 trici ur the the king together with rm he di ˘gr will be possible to makeof use to more possible be will al Mineral Waters Law was enacte was LawWaters Mineral al in 7. ng nd environmental problems. One of ı entrythis of intoforce al en al th ty all , S¸ , as fu inve 4 4 MWt gen e ed capacity of 120,000 tons pe and th ture. ture. a clear geothermal policy from policygeothermal clear a anl rm e effici e er ). he potential to be used more used be potentialto he re sources, calcite deposition calcite sources, re st er al ıur
(Source: Ate gy, wh in ment ati is gu an Ge some industrial areas can fa hea on n , Bal, d d othe en to sufficient, and with an nat in . . ( rs ic t t te w geo h it has investedin has it h So se , , which was enacte th ı rm d d kes ur Tur arch,expl an e e Central urce: Ate wi al al energy al y,increasing so th ir t t y is insufficent is y thgeo an
mi to e gu an rm invest d abandon- d la neral waterneral lla d Ku¨tahya d w, l w, al energyal ri et. ri th so Go or e is of gu ic at rm vern- par- th ens low lla ion al in ei r a r l d d ., e year. r - i , . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
s ergy resources, some envisome resources, ergy lems. (S appli 4.4.3 senic, senic, le energy sourceenergy fluid cau problems if not itis used properly. mind that geothermal energy asaenergyrenewable, environmentally-friendly andeco pl controlsin shouldand be precautions necessary the obtain, to energy of have resulted in negative NPV with actual tariffs Other studies, such as conceptual planning of the expansion of the a in resulted them of one not and studied were Many tariffs. heat rate fixed look don't They established). already (some systems heating district for by po th de uc t e g e Althoughgeo epening lluted di he h as tem as h An In In As for the economy of district heating systems, Kaygan (2008) conducted a conducted (2008) Kaygan systems, heating district of economy the for As The The c ca ro ssol
bor cases
today’s o tion. (Source: undwa ca ou th Drawback and Complications ad se on vi an n o rce: Badruk, er disaer mi ng s s of , , lith tinuous cycle d d nl pe co ne wh
world where the need for energy th sa te th y be transp rrosion, decay, on r it e e water lay at r r th lt e e e iu dv
re co la site bec site ed by ed ure ermalenergy mi m, am ye antagerel
ntains, causing water th Ba ne
r r adversely
an e e ne 201 r dru th al d noi d of mo or au s s e use e 9) er ro k,
th ce ted in
se . P .
n nmentalpr 2019) at e e water ssa
ia se ca is th its transportatiits ed up re
not fully renewable of is , , lci e e ry in af cautions s an to recognizedanas environment to this water.this la
pre fi fects
th yers,t causing
c d d 10 th in at e e geothermal fluid in e use e
0 0 km. (Source: Badruk, 2019) ca ion, th ob th ad an utions are n e e
e watere retention capaci le un ho d d so an di ms of derground la tion, che tion, uld be t d pollutesd on is geoth In may occu il increasing energy 65
over long addition, withdrawaladdition, of po . (Source: he
llu and er water to become polluted become waterto ake ot tion. (Sou mi mal energy mal may cause uncompensated environmental taken du th n for envi nomickeptsource. energy should It be in a at aeil uha mer as such materialswaste cal r. ca ye Tu e sure For environmental example, pr di n n cause serious environmental rs rk s ta of ey fa rc nc all
’ th s ce water when d ty e: Badr ro ri
Balçova district heating system, es is l is es is is y f ace in order to use geothermal use to order in ace e e geo Energy ng t
that it that nment of and ri
th en he im th becoming more expensive e sure uk dl profitable with real low real with profitable
th e use Outlook, all ited. T ited. rm y resource,geo is , , 2019) e water supplied fro watersupplied e y f necessary useto thi profitable business. profitable fa al energy ri of ce an endly geothe od stochastic study stochastic is geo an d t d
carded be 201 ay d led he , , geothe th 8) is
e so ad obtai
rm cu th il s s ob ry bein al en- erma to pr ca rm rm lem , ar- , th ne ob- use m a a d g e s s l l l Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
ro d higher 4.4.4 sources. Although t sources. an low energy s energy an fore, retu bein used th 201 af a powerp le Environ re if as ter ter e fluid to fluid e lo Geothe d prev d d d ferent not high The The unit cost Geothe Geothe In 5) 20 tms mo times 2000 t op gi rn g wi co
th al
todays geothe todays cal events.cal freed
er of th nd en nd nre bene untries so e energy e Factors Affectingthe ment lan
ho at ap en
an th rm to ing cost rm rm uld be usedproperly be uld plic
ts tingenvi
e e used geothe from other th obtain ele obtain an al energy use er
are 1600 times 1600 are Fo al energy al energyal e und e at gy. d especially zero un ion
is It te
power obtained dation of It
an chnological s. is he ro er efficientvery is a energy fi e (Sourc rm an energy that energy an d ti ground nmental pr initial i le re ct ng f th is is
al power p power al ctrici
plant rical energy at energy rical Pub rm carbon a domestic energy source that d sourcethatdomesticenergy a a e e is ro la
e: co of al fl ca licatio ck geo m ty Schulze, s. hi
big impor als ns ntinuoussou and n be u be n (Sou obtained from geothe of gh ui in tallation cost in o extends o Gr ob
d d to
an er than er ce or ns politic lan di le th rc owth ofGeothermal RES y cost ntral heating systems. ox , se is de
ms e: Turkey
ts e th 2 2015) n rm d d d e ide 00 ba r n r ta e e re hi s ot al an nc 6) l nry are protec energy al uc in gh temper gh
affec ot of se rc de th d, the yield fromyield the d,
se
e e geo h as h mi to be harmful be toto
e e d e ser e th vo in of r
of vo on E so ss e resourcee used e tion. (So ter
66 te po th nv energy that energy th ir by back pressu io ur geothe d bychdaily d vi e
wer p ironment ms e gr e s hn geo than ns rm ce ce life of geothe of life ce at . It It . of decreasing rm al ures. ee ur la po nhouseeffect rm al al energy ce: Schulze, ca n oe ts Ca werp
n be be used n as direct heat energy, l en al Fo s n s In th u is rbon th an un te si e source e
n ot ad th e environment. e That ng geo rm internatiod from ns
ot geableweather eve dation lan er requirehigh technolo re d e u affec y C2 NOx, CO2, gy, di rm it must be facili is th rm ts. ts. Natural re
ion, t ion, 201 ox che e e co that t l p al al energy.al th an
id is Pu te 5) ermal energy in e e emissions d ns ap he d by d bl
la ac cre u he ica er er than other energy n
mp re ts id econom tions, asingby sh maining hot watermaininghot . rain. rain. ga ti (S ta (S or na on s p s SO ted. Returnin ted. ource: Sch ourc t- nt
cr l
2006) of la te is in x e x s as s Ge is n ic foss rm to say,to th gy ev co e: is ts
othe retu hi mi
. . There- es while al haveat me in al
Tu g il uatin ss h, - so fuel fi rm ul rn rkey io te it
re th la ze is n is o- a d g g e e s s r l , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
4.5 production are generally divided into three main groups; convertedR be intoglucose. can or glucosecontain enough that 4.5.2 generation 4.5.1 an list list energy techno Biom is therefore B an io
Biom Bioethanol 20 d d o d d 2014 are as s • • •
ga The The technology Ac is
0 MW 0
well established today.However, the production as th Lignocellulosic raw materials (for example straw, wood Raw materials containing starch (for example wheat, corn Raw materials containing sucrose (for example s, cording to TEIAS 2017 year-end2017dataTEIAS to cording Table Turkey 10: Biomass ims,BouladBoa RES BiofuelBiomass, and Biogas s fuels include s include fuels s er waste m as The TechnicalThe Bioenergy of Potential Bioethanol Use in Use in Bioethanol Turkey Bi th s omass, Wasteomass, Heat
is is ey ey do n an
gener 2, is lo d d 79 produced from raw materials containing sugars (such gi ho ann 6 es at ot .6 of all wn an e
cause greenhouse gas emissio bioethanol production from the first ual producti ual GW ri y used in d many solid, liqu al uc Table 10. (Source: Turkey s s that h. (Source: Turk h as h to
an pr ca bi Pr ovide heat, produce fuel d Py d use envi odiesel on oducti
is ro 2 lytic O lytic ey id 95 an on ro
’ an s ,5 nmental d bio d Status
En 10 th d gaseous fuels il e total i total e
er .6 PowerP 67 et gy GW
’ ns
s s Energy Outlook, 2018) h (S
po an Outlook, . . su ource: Turkey h; Bi of ol. These ol. lluti ns gar beet, sorghum
omass produced bioethanol from the third group has not In lan t an and all on
d d generate electricity.In co ts
ed capacityed al and 201 a second group is 634.2 MW 634.2 is ntrast t ntrast t re er
and 8) grass) fu used within the scope na aw materials used in bioethanol in used materialsaw ’
els a els s s Energy Ou ti barley) ve he as to foss re
sucrose, starch, cellulose) of in to and environmentally inmate powerp Turkey the years tal i tal of an sug raw materi il ns d d tl
fu ook, 2018) t ann ar all els are obtained cane) la du ed capaci ed ual el ual n stri ts of
als in bi al ec Turke of , ,
in om ur tricity 201 ty the b as of an 3 y s . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
production, the mainly primary sources are listed below, fe 2018) after Bioethanol, whBioethanol, Co b Therefore, bioeth Therefore, some bi in co However, bioeth materials lignocellulosic sources will be re ee re oeth sources (except res (except sources Turkey. Theseprod ns ns • • • • • In Bioethan Figure 24 the production qu productionthe 24 Figure n nt r nt
iderably umption Tax 2025. (Source: Turkey
fu other lignocellulosic materials (grass, vegetable was andcorn cobs wheat potato sugar beet Turkey, the production ch an ll at an y a ol ios. ios. is ges to t ” ch
. . and ca ol In mo ieved be Le lled
ca ic fa residues and g an re e h h n be used as an as used be n all he an ct (S “ ol ca second gener , when , production the process y e residues ol, wh ol, xp CT) p n be be n ca id ng in uc ro ensive ues) a ues) Turkey, use ine at ts is ductionfr ’ ad a s ic ca th
pp h is h Energy ded up to at 10% at to up ded mu of n e e technology an re hi lied o bioethanol al
gher d up ch ch al an mo at so be used to used producediffe be so al mu so used so i
om tities
on to t mo Outlook, s nl er tl mi ch cheaper than cereals.
bioeth y
5% y c y nati th re economical be to xing r of ese agrese om
2% ca ve an differentagric in is
n be mixed be n monly p monly to t an 201 made from sugar beets, d d at he co th wi ol io ic ga 68 8) ntributions, a maximum 2% food industry. food e e producti ” th s. ul
soline
an
is
out anymo out tural products perfected, ro d d this duced todduced ca wi in te ul use l th gasoline. th However,si on / residues, energy crops, etc.) v te tural p tural re eh chnology pro ig Bi nt biofuent di icles nocellulosic m raw th oeth (S fi ay ce e producti e ca ourc ro is , , ss ss has n or not ti an ducts is g is ducts is and ons to ons
mixed with mixed is e: ca ol ls expected to be intro
pr
especially for bioethanol lled , part , Tu pr ot e odu rkey fe on co th been fully optimi ‘’ rred iv th ic
e vehicles, e ntribution of ce en be en ’ ul s Energy s e e
d d f bi arly bioeth at fi be nc ga oeth rst generatio rst ro eri - cause - soline e e lo m th al w for 201 for w an th s s a e S e is re Outl ol ese ra re made q in du pe f th an ui b
ro ze oo di cia ce ot ese re ol. m d w k, f- n h 6 d s l . .
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
Figure 2 Figure Energy Outlook, 201 2016. 2016. has has similar productisimilar ag corn, pr oduction raw mate ric In The most s most The th ul Figure 2 Figure po e second e Wh tural production 4: ta eat has has eat YearProducti2016 to es es ui 4, an hi on table rawtable m t th ghest p ghest o d he with 6.7with e h e 8) ri production qu production th
al ig is r cellulosic er s are hest agriculturalhest pro rice with 920 ro du mi at gi ctivi e on ven ll ri ion ton, 6.4 m 6.4 ton, ion al Qu ty s for bioethfor s in an
wi an Table bi tities th th 19. th tities ms resou omass ou 11 sa of 47 of . ( du nd tonne ag an Ag il So mi 69 ctivi lion t lion ol ri u ri
cult ll producti rc cultural Productscultural ion tonnes. Barl ion ty e: Turkey rc on with 20 with s. ur s Te pote The es.
al products al an d d on 4. ’ .6 s s Energy Outlook, 201
in 75mi
mi Turkey a ll ll ey in ion tonnes. ion nt ion to ion in , , Turkeybeen has i al Turk co s of some some of s rn re nn sugar beet and pulp,and beet sugar ey an es each. es T ( d d So wh po urc ile su ile 8) tatoes havetatoes
e:
bi T he oeth gi ga ur ven forven lowes r bee r ke an y ’ ol ol s a t t Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
potential alternative fossil to fuels. Bioethanol can be produced in existing TableT 12: duced to Outl TableBioeth 11: ca th an wi ta e e n be produced be n th 5.8 billion lite d rice rice d Bioethanol has an significant place in all biofuels due to its similarity wi Ac bi l ook
g oeth cording as in ,
2017 cons 201 ca an he n be be n 8) ol um amount to in product
an a stu T ption ca ann ur ol rs lcu key (Sourc Raw Mate
of ua dy .( la of S io eth ll
ted as 14 bi 14 as ted ou
co bi n y by po by y rce:Turkey n oeth po an du te ol cte e: ri an nt producti Turk ta al d d ial produced ol s s t in o, which an ll ’s sugar b sugar 2010 ion l ion ey
d Potentiald Energy ’ s s E on it ca ne available, in ers. Co ers. n be obtained fr Turkey, ee rgy Outlook, 2018)
Outlook, in t t 70 2017 from an Pr
ns d d oduction Qu idering it it wh
is is 2018) eat cultiva eat stated that 5.8 billi und wh om th
er eat,sugar bee e e stood
so an ann me ti tities (Sou on [20 on ual to
ag co fu ricu el co el rr ]. th th gasoline and it on es
lt t, rc If ur barl po l e: n ns it al products pro-
nd to %2 Tu ot e um rs ey used for food, for used rkey
, c , of ption Turkeption bioeth or ’ s s Energ n, .8 po of th an is tato
y a ol y e Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
Outl eth Figure 25:Figure Currentbio has b has C an 3 b produce producti m / c 00 ev re ur an Ad d d co an a In There are 12 p 12 are There In erages. rently, 000L/day. T ook uf se an ee ol Figure 2 Figure 2010, bioeth2010, rn acturingcomp d by %10by d producti n a 22 a ,
on are used bi 201 re th ofuel. However,ofuel. o
p in ere ere a 8) re mi Turkey
sen 5, ll he an on
ion liters, Konya Sugar Inc / Cumra / liters,Inc ionSugar Konya re in th te lan other facto d as d an
3 acti fa th e current bioethcurrent e d. TheC d. an cilities ol ts es is et producti for producing bioeth producing for ies that m that ies of t e e facilities. (Sou h ve he 2017, Turkey2017, an
bi
nl in ol ann um oe ri y 3 producti
Tu es have a v th araFactorySugar has ual 150 150 ual on rkey, of an an
them produce bioethan in ufa an ol Turkey was60 production facil wi ol ct on rc is mi no th a curr al ure Tarkim Inc. / Bursa 44 Bursa Tarkim/ ure Inc. e: Turkey est
ue betw ue an ll mi i on im d total d an na liters at at liters 71 ated to haveto atedreached total a ol en l producti l
’ in ee s s Energy Ou t t pote po Turkey, n 50000L/day mi th it te 84 ies for fuel purposes ll e e nt th nt ion li ion m hi ial e levelof e on ial ol ghestp il an as capacity lion liters. lion in of te tl d 8 8 d T a ook, 201 rs fu pp ur by el, el, while oth ro an r key ( of th ox ducti mi th d d 100 them havethem e e in im e end e
ll 8) di So l
i Cu ately 800,000 l on on it stributi
urce: T 00L an of e rrent producti rrent l with a v a with rs about 1 about of it d d su er per day per /da ers, Tezkimers,Inc. 201 s s use eth ur on ga th y. key
5, e capaci e betw r r b al 65 bioeth uearound ’ ee s E s in
it mi t, an ee turke er/day. on ne
wh ll ol n the n ty ion an rgy in- fo ea to ol y r t Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
and speci obtained, liter bi Sugar Fact 62,000 m3 etc ducti domest annualbioethan of su production of this amount producti 2018) investment made by Konya S¸eker i investments of be es be En th Turkey co (72%) lan ng oeth su Turkey e removal e ga rn ergy .) d d . . Pet Bioeth On On When Turkey n
s. supp to be rawm be to
r. fi In ga on is (6 ta (Source: Turkey ed an an located ro It
order to reduce this reduce to order bli r beet should be used. used. should be beet r in % Outl ic th d
on
leum O ol, or is d 240d pr demand. However, demand. ), 2013 ’ oe e e o sh s bioeth s th an or 1 1 used as a fuel blending product t
od ook of
an s n s ed. ed. mo e average e annual of y, policies. (Sourc ol in mi th uction. (Sourc bioethan d d a produ is ren , ot in er mo er hand, la th th ll
ff 201 In pp ol desi to ion 244ion
s Turkey, ice at ou e amoun e ful an se req turn it turn Turkey, ee ew r e 8) ox sa s must be shi be must s ol, su ol, ly meet ly ri ’ is ds to import 90% gn s ce able energy able
ui ima al ndwheatof tons(1. t Energy ol d d ed he s. s. me This rement
th in is so te pp o of ts in to e: e: in C¸ required ous ly 135 ly nl
to a product a to de Turkey be produ be bi it las Turkey lies products lies of th the the it sa um
y
Outl oeth is feedst
an e demand e If pe is co se le is co
ra t in s s th d tons of su oftons d nd s s producti estima mp ca in ft ho mi oo of an Su an or ns e usage r usage e ed fr ed ’s ’s
se ence Tu 95 oc 95 ug k, an ann ll
oc
s imp s ol; 64,500 idered thattheseidered de Energy ga En ce i
of of on htthat i the rkey.fa The y in Turkey using k 2018) r r r r F om d er ually depending
its oil need te re on to ga lite of wi 8% di in to gy ta d to be 157,000 m3.157,000 (Source:be to d T ac or quired for bioethan quiredfor evaluate
t soline, oil, r oil, th on re th at vehicles
neu
tory Bioeth ts f ts ga he la ). Approxima). Outlook, Outlook, rs ctly sugarfrom b e e country. e Si
hi rge fuel rge r b r
secto 72 de of to is or gh econ gh nl eal i
ns
ee pe
bi e nc bi th nc ci istic, efficientistic, ad s, th t ( t nd oeth of oeth lity, which has % has whichlity, e coun e an re rs
re
201 th ed ed e e by- 201 7. whe fi s s di that use that ase d d a an e e 5% bi gures will n willgures om se an on stribution on is an ga 8) 8) im oeth te ol d d also used in pr mi at ), ol tr soline
t ol ic v ic sugar quotas.
ly 16-18 Plan p to 4 he
, , 72,500 tons y. Moreover,T odu from pr blending r blending lar or ol 48
an ee al 5% 2% oduction ta ly amount to356 mo ue ct t t ol. Ac ol.
t, an th , , nc is
mo which molas wi co an co ad 600.000 m3. Approxima ous is ot la e e d sustai d mi in th rn lass one mp s of 56 im diti cre se t co ll an producti energy security he th of ionhectares al f al at s (yea s an ca r se ur on es at is d tons tons d di of e le e
io of pr s s produced n be a n be ie a subsi , , key In e ur ee th requi na ng
co di
s. inting industry.Thi of an th
ga key dstocks e i e ble re (Sou st ’ th rn to
s E s e most e y 5% l regulat l th , feed, cosmetic feed, , ns c of e productione of on
or ’ ch pr th s s tl re po ne ous beet molas beet di talled capacitytalled would lead towould lead y from beet orfrom beety mo
e e i ieved by pric ment. Forment. th oblem for th for oblem 21 rc is licies shoul licies a rgy Ou rgy of lowertha nf ry an up : Turkey e: 0 la af im cultivated ,0 o
is s d tons oftons d of io ter ter suga pli rm se emerg- 00 00 ton por ns, th ns,
Ko es s pro- s tl atio oo ta . In . te ny se n k l ’s n n d a y e e e e s s s s r t ,
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
Biodiesel waste These oils. di Biodiesel, likeBiodiesel, it fu is signification a is 201 from env Energy 4.5.3 re ber ber petroleum-deri fu i gines. to over t also sees great interest is made. made. is interest great sees also of of continuous of fu nd io
tion, els. This els. ca users. In recent years, users.as in the world of work on the pro
2 n els els have t w el el demand bi n, has b 8) ew ust ir The Turkey Despite In .8 n be used be n an ro odiesel,p th onmentally
do
Turkey, mi able, having ri d a highbiodegradabil a d gpltclsrtge. I strategies.political ng In an
e e production of oilseed p Outl idee sg n Turkey in Usage Biodiesel al appl mestic sources.mestic Furtheradv bi ll
im ad is ion ion tons ggest a ggest ee sy pr he an ook th dit al fats, such as fr pr n interrupted s in odu
e e i te lan ca hi al oduction bi io ic , sectothe al ve
m nc one. one. gh 201 friendly at oe nola is producedis nola n, mi t oi dv t impo t ce d fuels into fuels d er rease ions of is hi th est est sha l th s o s xture se an 8) na ba oilseed p gh combustion efficiency, low sulfur an e e price In ed
tage of u of tage tive biofuel tive nl wi se ol, an many parts
rt in p and y 15% y r. d d th th a rate of s fr s re la (Sou pop d d le an ca on 20% b n
of yi in om n be be n econ it ts d d lan ga
ng oils, fish oil th oilseed p th ul y. oil co ll a si al rc of lan l a eg ab e country will be reduced be will country e arity re e amount e ts ng mo Wi e: om
of rr on io mi a th eq to p ts, 6.6 If Turkey ro ll 34%. an bi diesel th st st sto an lan of e amount e ns algae d ical y a xe ua adhave inc of odiesel
gements gements
pr pp ie th tages umpti th d d ts biodiesel, la tes to appr
sel fuels whichfuels sel will oducedhasbiodiesel e production e r e world, e B-letter wi s n mi pp (S ox an ’ of ts uc s s E an th diesel th ourc ll ed due
im has of biodiesel an d d 80% diesel fuel.( in on h h as ion a idee producti biodiesel d is ne biodiesel cr of ately5 d d residual oils that it that as a ma of,result or e: 73 rgy Ou ease. (So re ri o ca Turkey th ox ga cre sen due to
as il to no e e p im ni it uses, t itbuying d However,ed. sub-standardbiodiesel p fu s. The s.p
4. th la se an ad ro els ately 12,600 tons per yea tl is 000 acres of land, acresof 000 , , safflower, soybean e e i ca d a in ook ca an duction of oilseed p envi d u d ur ded to t dedto ’ s s E sy n be obtained fr obtained be n in nc n be l be n ce: Turkey d d aromat duction of biodiesel algaefrom Turkey an , se stems are used for biodieselblende usedfor arestems certa ne rease po ro 2018) ca ro d thus, d
po als rgy rgy Outlook, 201 of porti pularity. n be u So nment is he
sitive waysitive th ri o caused problemscaused o bi in on ted as being e being as ted u in ne diesel fuel. For diesel fuel.example, B2 odiesel, rc p on ic
p ’ pr s e: Turkeye: se an th he ro cont
ro all
Energy of i d d e use of fuel that fuel of use e ce p d landd transportati rest fr rest In ce y frien y c or in s an ssae optimized sses are an om en fac t biodiesel product an an th lan io d d ts ola is
e entry e
t, d d dissthe ns, or alternatior ns, d d sunflower. Outlook, oi th , , ’ r.
ts ts 8) s s E om dl for wi hi as (Sou l in e to e se is
y gh cetane num- ll support y ne a the production decre an ed th to br ta in rgy Outlook, of e e productio rc p d produced d
l areagiven l ac vehicle en-
o importe e: 201 at lan ad as cess andcess
isf Tu is . . ts ing due 8) In on ro Di
ac di rkey and bo
ve io ad- duc- and tion es esel an n th l 0 d y d e . ’ n d s l Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
Outl m this sector beenhas put on hold i introduction the withsave costs not did production biodiesel that has a production a has l l As l b The The total processing capaci in No: 2 No: Methyl as ic ic ic ee en force at enses enses in Turkey but 25 enses are of 2018, of of A A The major part major The cost the of biodiesel of raw production is was It materials. b stated Ac n revoked or termi oo t paper 2 paper t 1.1.2014, at le sp 80 cording k, Es
ecial co an 67 2018) ter produced fr th d d those with licenses have b
da in e e begi th 78 ted 27 September 20 force were l
e l e to ns 57, da 57,
ic th umptiontax was i nn of enses as e Co e 20 thous ing of 2018 are s t 2%t as na te mm d F d ted, but this of of om ic
o ty th eb ensed betw unique domestic of an nl
ese licenses have been termi is ru
y 14 enterpri 14 y around 1.5 d d tons. 1. ary2 1.2015 n 11 Turkey. on nt ho is published ee 5, rodu Si the Amendmentthe
ag wn la 2011. As a resu a2011. As ee n an nce 2005, 80 enter rgely un ri n 2005 and 2 in cultural products ce d atd le mi able to produce se Table 1 d ford T ll s are still are s id ion ion tons in 74 le. Comple. as
th
3. t t ur 3% e O e
(S k 00 is lt ourc as wi ff in to h h Biodiesel , most m most , an 7 na icial papers, th force.
pr bi an of th ies ted ted e: of odiesel. O ises have th 01.01.2016. (Sourc e Techn e d d 9
Tu diesel fuel types must at be le e e en wi an
of rkey th a b O an d d them were licensed te of SCT application. Currently,application. SCT of nl 43 Pr uf r ic ’ re y 5 5 y pr s s Energy Ou th acturershave revoked nl have b al Re al oductionin offi io ceived biodiesel processin ises e e c y one y company diesel Processing License of on the comp the gul wh ee te ation Com ation ose l n revoked by 2018 nt e: tl
of Tu ook, 2018) ic t rkey he ense nothas an ci y producers af al govern-al
ies whose ies Fa in ter 2014. ’s mu E Turke tt as y ne niqu th Ac t t eir rg 1% i g y d . e y
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
combustion engines with minor modifications. This energy can be converted thermal into imal waste, plant waste Turkey.feralternativean by obtained is Biogasgas natural to in heating appliances, cooking appliances and vehicles. hydroflammable of mixtures are butane, or propane called also (LPG), petr Liquefied used. are LPG and gas natural where areas all of wastes of and 4.5.4 duced by duced re n Apart from liquid biofuels, biogas is one of the most popular organic popular most the of one is biofuels,biogas liquid from Apart ew Biogas can be used in combi boilers, ovens, gas lamps, transportation vehicles transportation lamps, gas ovens, boilers, combi in used be can Biogas Bio
high
able energy sources,b ga Biogas Usage in in Usage Biogas Turkey
Table 1 s producti s technology th of or e b e ga io 3: gas productigas n Biodiesel Licensed Comp ic on
or r eq
igin that mayigin that harm is / ui significant not o not significant waste, sludge, etc.) in anoxygen-free environment. Biogas can be rement io on gas producti pro s. (Source: Turkey
ce ss p ss nl lay on th an y because it providesenbecauseit y e envi e s a major role major a s
ies(Source:Turkey an 75 d syste ’ s
ro Energy nment. ms
don Outlook, in In
mentation(an- materials organic of ag oleum gas or liquid petroleum gas petroleum liquid or gas oleum ot
’ ad s s Energy Outlook, 201 ricultural req dit
201 er ui io gy, but gy, re geograph n, fermenn, 8) carbon gases used as fuel as used gases carbon
material origin fuels in fuels origin material ac tivities. U al so f so te d fertilizerpro- d ic or al constrainal
and internal and 8) th nl
e di e ike otheike used in energy energy sp osal ts
r Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
Turkey incineration some environmental problems depending combustion and explosion 4.5.5 co an oil oil power p than t than suitable f m a be aro be to an 3 blin m3 billion 9 m3. mo an nn Although biomass energy is an environmentallyan is energy biomass Although sourenergy friendly mbustion d electrd d d u In u ng es
re
se he ad un ’ s of th , e , Drawback and Complications
fertilize Energy diti TableList 14: of d 16 d oil or e a e ic sp lan bio al enal p on of dv ecially of eq – ts. la waste biomass. Tablelists 14 waste
an 32 ui ga to
nt production Outlook, er rs valent.Especi tages gasi
s s mi gy. Thef gy. com of an in ll and bio syste economic d fi ion to ion of of cation for electricicationfor mo
similar wastes can cause environmental There problems. Bi f 201 of ga er er nl gases released during storage and separation ms om s s nn mentedfertili 8) men y used y ca
as an es
all wh ahee fo bio from achieved n s s P d d growth. At y te of e an in d d fertilizerproduced at re oil equivalent oil lan in rural areas in Turkey, d d social
an
ts Tu
imal wastes are used wastesare imal in
on ty rkey. T ze Use (Source: T gener . Theto r. the type th de e newestbi biogas, e th 76 v he e e at el
an
op sa io ca ta of d d ga n, the n, me me time, men rbon-n l bi l biomass Forused. example, pollution from th syste s e amount e om ur t. th it re Indeed, key
assenergyp e end e is it are alsoare ms rogen r rogen possible an ’ th s s Ener d deod d using om e e of of di as t it
at sp an fa gy he is tha known of s, waste s, heat ce in general, it can createcan it general,in ce to io cilitiesuse that or osal Ou imal wasteimal garbage. (Source: Arslan, p an ot suppo ization of ro e im tl this nt cess of ook, 2018) a ial l pathogens in rt disposal. (Source:disposal. is is fe is ca t a possibility of
co he rtili mo is n be be n an t 2 productio ns around2 d pyro d reefficien ze .3 th i de r is ver is r
co e e mi red tored di unted ll ly rect th io tic .2 n n y e t
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
p wind energy. with fossilAs it canfuels, bemoved and stored. everyin used settlement,kind urban ruraland of al in and ronment. (So purposes 4.5.6 2017)sufficient If fertilizers. by these wastes a s e po harmful niomnal friendly.environmentally as materials in their fields instead of wheat, so food prices are gradually in where the the where consumed are with nutritional needs their meet likebarley,wheat, is reason The etc.beet, sugar potato,corn, ifrn tech different do not increase but remain constant. Despite of yield increases yield of Despite constant. increase but remain not do much is it beneficial inways. other In facethe the of growing world as regarded be will it regions, some in food lackof to people people after a while. te mi lan nutrients should not Si ll ad Energy Wastes genera continuous,energy obtainedafromis The biomass intermittent not In ssions of 50-8 ution and bad ution smells. Perhaps the most dangerous nce waste m ts
of the use ins leavinge them FactorsRES Growth the Affecting Biogas of
to of ta environmentthe
75-90 In ca world’s lled near lled ur
n be obtai be n of ad ce:Ozer, ni biomass resources, the substances that human at dit cal methods, cal %. re 5% te e pr prev population exceeds eight billion and there are people who st who people are eight there exceeds and populationbillion (Source: Yil ri io d d during
ecautions are not t ecautions not are al wh th n, an n,
s s are generally used xpo 19 e cities e s be ne en en used 96 used d from ga from d ted. sed, which may prevent some im )
and bi al wastesusedal it ma o If as ig
ga plants that are not used in
is bi and nific z, energy sources, whereas the energy gasoline assumed that these resources will not not will resources these that assumed s s producti omass
2 rb 00 negative aspect an g,wihi i rbe o iis Wa problemcities. forwhich big age, a is 9) ak tlyelimin
is en, in an usedas in on bi d diesel vehicles ga
bi
om ca 77 rb o n be asused mo ga at
as ag by e e fu s s s production, environmental problems cause e storage e facilities cause also of th pr ahns Fres p Farmers machines. el el di biomass energy a e e oduction a oduction sea it as
po negativedevelopment how of regardless
pr l kinds of energy needs, as in solarin kindsas andl needs, energy of nutrients will se lluti ovides a reductionin gr an s. (Source: Schulze, 201 that the basic nutrientsthebasic that people that and on d d instead re other living things can consume in causedby re population existing resources efficient bio giutr r provided are agriculture put intoput to creasing. In today’s is energy source that can be be energycanthat source
be be producing of be produced from wastes sustainable foss sufficient feeding for ga lant th st ga rbage il arve to death duearve death to e bio e e e fuels for heatin idee r biodiesel s thans chemica th vi ee 5) it s e ga ua rm from crops in nhousegas
s p s and
l l th al la e envi- e world, po more ntin- aw we by d g r - l
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
e mental th Energy forest de ca producti in engines. engines.Si p ronmentalpollution t and garbage of developmentstorage the the agriculture, energy of environment,protecting the biomassofenergyuse c to leads int replace replace fossil fuels of CO2 rg lan he e e n se o y, Energy forestry, de The production te production The The The use im co ts, wh th rtificati at is untry e e atmosph proveengine
ing in po im on t lluti ic por he sy
nc of te h a ’s on stems atmo pr ry chnolo biomass energy ta e e on
re an
nt be is th
im
er an th d d also eff e total e sp in e e ke a e e raw material an d d i gi ch wh . ry ca here and the future. ep seily ifesaesi ob h etsucso renewab of sources best the be to said are biofuels Especially, nc d generators, d es ch fi energy source aract use en ing forest fires ned as rease of nology ec of th o it tive er O ta CO2 th will s e e isti in th bi th er er th in general; Besides providing advantages such odiesel of us d e e use cs e e gro al redu of biodiesel is biodiesel ig ter , , nificantly reduce dependence ca biodiesel, oe an ke na of wi un n be usedin be n s s n d d ci from n in is
ti ng re ng so ca der ot
burned, ve th ne n be used used be n of cause fue e me co wable Canadaresources. aims to make energy forestr t il re ntrol. is los ls re th 78
es es as biom al . Biodiesel . la gl di e e atmo th se mo
tiv lan obal heating. (Sour um e e u s s (erosion wi el st st equilibrium d d
se simple y th an an sp of out d d long term. ( d sea transpo sea d as ee during here bi is s s sources reating local business opportunities,reatinglocalbusiness an environm an odiesel d ), incre y d y an on es d economical relatively to the to relatively economical d to oil he eliminationenvi- he visual of ig as ce
oe th an n changesn ing green are an : Arsl rt th e e amount So s s n d d u at en d co d fo e as urce: Saracoglu, ot io si tally friendly fuel tha reducing oil imports, an i n, ng these t al nc rm , , 2017) is , , prevent envi re to ati s of ase existing diese uit on as CO2 relea le energy toenergy le , preventin ablefor us th f oilsee of re e e amount es es as en-
1 99 ro se n- 6 d d g e y ) t l Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
5 5.1 of levelized or LCOE, LCOE.en of of form cost the in possible cost future and current the analyze to therefore is study this of production processes, higher productivity and automatic mass p expanding and operating powerplants.operating and expanding generation power future and current of cost The efforts. nomic involv system energy the transformation of and decarbonization The such have changedsignificantly recentin years. deveThis presentvalue inflows cash of present the and value cash of PresentValueNet (NPV) cycle. life the during produced energy of life of the power plant for the construction and operation o generation structures and costs. LCOE is the result of comparing all the the so- the can be carried out either on the basis of methodthe net of present value (NPV period consist of investment expenses and operating expenses incurre in the future, the gene lower the present value will the be. Total annual expenses that is idea implicitly corresponds to the income from the main sale this of energy. Thus, the furth The transformations. mathematical financial electri of generating of cost current view of the point physical a fromincomprehensible seems initially generation by divided is costs all of th over thi For expensesdate. reporting general the with and associated discounting by calculated income of flows payment the as well as costs,
the power produced The method of level electricity cost (LCOE) let (LCOE) cost electricity level of method The • • • In this chapter this of Thesis, the following contents of this will be examined,
as oprsno E n Turkey in of RES Comparison individual technologiesindividual Evaluation of various technology and financial parameters based on a locations that underpin joint market financing costs Economic modeling technology-specific of LCOE conditions for d turbines, small hydro power plants, geothermal powers Analysis of current the situation and futurethe market development Calculation of Levelized Cost of Electricity Calculation Levelizedof Cost of called annuity method. When applying the “Net Present Value” me Value” Present “Net the applying When method. annuity called the use of cheaper by solar over time, usually the warranted life and more efficient materials, lower material consumption, mor In particular, 79
’s lopmenttechnologicalon based is innovations you to compare power plants with different with plants power compare to you th e costs of renewable energy technologiesrenewable energy of costs e
f the plant, with the sum of the amount outflowsover period a ergy is a term whichterm a costisthe ergy portrays and roduction of components. The aim biogas plants of agl eed o h ot of cost the on depends largely situation as transparently as transparently as situation is the difference betweenthe difference the is the system. iy Dsonig electricity Discounting city. d during the service life. For ifferent installations and sbt tcnclad eco- technicaland both es over the entire operational costs that arise during the lf o te tto, are station, the of life e of photovoltaic, of wind sensitivity analysis of , but is a consequencea is but , thod, the investment the thod, s, the present value present the s, in ), or), on the basis of Turkey . er er this income is ae electricity rated The calculationThe e e efficient Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
results. A further limitation arises from the fact that the LCOE calcula LCOE the that fact the from ariseslimitation further A results. re the of calculation the complicate operators of income realized the r Self-consumptionparameters. influencing additionaladding by calculated be the For this purpose, a fina a Forpurpose,this various power plants. This method is not suitable for determining the pro emphasizedshould be methodthatisanabstractionthis reality,of of hour given a at system power the within generated electricity of cost reporting date, LCOE comparability is ( ensured. flow LCOE:(Source:Kost et. • • • • • • • Besides, LCOE is a cost-based benchmarking calculation, not an input rate calculation rate input an not calculation,benchmarking cost-based a is LCOE By discounting all costs and the amount of electricity generated over the over generated electricity of amount the and costs all discounting By ca
mo t = Year lifetimeof (1, n = Economic lifetime in years i = Real interest% rate in =Mt,el Producedamount of electricity inyear kWh per At = InvestmentI0 expenditure in EUR ElectricityLCOE = Levelized Cost in EUR/kWhof lc ul del del must be carrie = ation Annual th e foe of LCOE f ll to owing a tal in cost year EUR per t al nc or ., d ial 2018) pp ne out. (Source: K 2, ca lies f lies w ... lcu p lan or la n) t
ts,
th io n, wh e f e th e e fo or os mu t ic ll
et. o h considersh la wi
80
al of So ng applies, ( .,
t
ur 2018) he ce to : Kost: et. ta al
l inco l ann So urce: Kost et. ual costs me al ., aimed at the comparabilityaimed the at of
2018) an duced rate based on LCOE on based rate duced d d expenditures witha cash tion does not consider not does tion the year. At this stage, it stage, this At year. the in fitability of a enterprise.
th al e e ., life of the same the of life ules, tax laws andlaws tax ules, ca 2018) lculation of . They can only can They . th th e e Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
lcrct poue yal, n te nul prtn css r co are costs operating annual observation period. the and yearly, produced electricity Kost te in technologies energy different compare to you allows and worldwide consid is evaluating the economic viability method of individual projects as well as various gene calculation LCOE The cost. of terms in technologies cnmc plcblt o te ehooy ant e ae ae o a ige L single a th indicator cost-based on a is LCOE that based noted be should it However, made be cannot technology the of applicability economic (Source: Kost fo yield ratio.yield The LCOE can be defined as the annualized investment and operating costs version and different two in available is and method NPV the of simplification cost of capital is the same for all relevant maturities. T maturities. relevant all for same the is capital of cost llo LCOE has become a very useful and valuable comparative method to an to method comparative valuable and useful very a become has LCOE th assumption the on calculated is LCOE version, simpler even an In CE a b apy o sitne eiin aig Hwvr accurate However, making. decision assistance to apply be can LCOE h cluain f CE sn te nul eeu mto cn e understo be can method revenue annual the using LCOE of calculation The An annuity ratio is the total of discount factors for maturities from 1 to to 1 from maturities for factors discount of total the is ratio annuity An ws: (Source: Kost et . . al ., 2018)
et. ca
al., lculati
(Source: Kost 201
et.
8) on al
.,
is
201 based on 8)
et.
al th .,
e fo 201 ll 8) o
wi 81 ng for
mu he la. (Sourc Ann ui ty e: Fa Kost et. al., 201 at does not include revenue. revenue. include not does at ct or (ANF) or sat hogot the throughout nstant rd s ciein for criterion a as ered rms of costs. (Source: costs. of rms the the average electricity t inclusive, when the when inclusive, t xlntos f the of explanations s. On the one hand, one the On s. alyze various energy energy various alyze ration technologies t h aon of amount the at is O analysis. COE
8) ca
lcu d s a as od la ted as ted Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
5.2 Ho Table1 al 2014)(Sou Power P r mentionedt at c for each RESeach for real real es f Biom capa cost oo at on l variablel costs In u
e will be 2, be will e In d d residues etc.T ve These inputs will be taken o rs ci
of or th as rt
Input Data Input ty, an 5: ca electrici der to make ed f s s RES since this technology lan is D Input l d Rated d Capa ful at c rc ro ts, ion ion al e: B e: l load hours, load l m do m culation, t th 5% te he of ty at e e ). chnolo per year. per Operati
di Theinput datafor each REStechnology a at input data input ur et. al ch lla th scounted rate he a f a for ap rs e e fuel costs or ci ter gi into eur ca Levelized Cost of Electricity Calculation Electricity of Cost Levelized ty. The The ty. he
es. Addies. So ., lcu on in ca 201 p la vestmentcosts, In
lat lculation an ro r Power P r is an excel an 5) os ion which has b duced amount nl d d nee ann an (Source: Erdem at.
y from Ma wi ti wi d onally, fuel costs onally,fuel ual to th an is ll be de pr inte
de of ice i d f d lan
po sh nan pe th le ex ta or ve eet nc e e same wh t (Sou wer p nd ch l costis eq each RES. These inputs will be be will inputs These RES. each ce costs. The ce costs. Op li rease will be considered to be zero for an ent on ze th ee of eration 82 ge r ge d cost d lan e LCOE will be be will LCOE e rc n m elec e:T
ts at al en fu an ic wh ak tr ua e ., h h el el s of tioned an d fuel p fuel d icity 2015) of tak & Ili, 2018)( Ili, & tak is ic l el 1 to d d uc pr h h exist cur 1 $= ec 5%
Ma h ash wo ojectl th re is tr in 0,9014 eq s e e
ct. Some icity. an intenance ri
ho th Op ca ce escalat ce d ua e e if wn lcu th er od espant will be ch l l to re e at e e operat la in ntly ap
ch ba i ted on Tab So th ter ips, agricultural residues, se (i in
e e p io of an urce: Ertugrul & Kurt & urce: Ertugrul
n d d ac ca Turkey.For le cl n will be be will n on the v the io d d cording t cording lculation ro di s s 15-1 . . n 07.08.2019 values. Ma al sco duct duct an l variablel costs), ak th al inte un d d ma 9; ueshave b e e en as year15 of
t rate, rated t re ad nan he of F st st of RES. al in ded f ded
f le ul l kind of ce te or velized l Loa l nan (i mu or ncl. ee c
l d n a a , e s Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
Table 17: D Input 2014)(Sou 2014)(Sou Table1 6:
In rc rc put D put e: Bature: et. al e: B e: at at at ur et. al a for Hydro PowerHydro for a P a for Wind Power Wind P for a ., ., 201 201 5) 5) (Source: Erdem at. (Source: Erdem at. lan lan t t( (S So ource: T u 83 rc e:
Taktak2018)( Ili, & al al ak ., ., 2015) 2015) tak & Ili, 2018) Ili, & tak (S So ource: Ert urce: Ertugrul&
ug rul & rul Ku Ku rt, rt , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
5.3 Table18: InputD th hours(FLH). rate discount Maintenance, and Operation variables inconstant These variables. 1% 1% Table 1 nance, F nance, ca Ku 2014)(Sou ese inputese have been lculat The sensibility of the LCOE has been calculated and presented in a graph with graph a in presented and calculated been has LCOE the of sensibility The rt, 2014)(Source: Batur et.
The LCOE v LCOE The on t eeie oto lcrct fEeg Technologies Cost ElectricityLevelized of Energy of 9: he io LH
In ns X-axis. X-ax The rc put D
e: B e: an an d grap d d DiscountedRate. d al at at ues with ues at ur et. al a for Biom a for Geothefor a hs ca h lculatedsepar ., av 201 th e shown,e how much aninfluence is e e sensitivi re as al 5) ., 201 s s Power P rm pr (Source: Erdem at. e
al Poweral P se The Y- The 5) nt at (Source: ty th ely fr ely lan f e change e Ax or t(Source: Taktak & Ili, 2018) each RES technology are shown technologyare RES each is r is om lan 84 Er t ep a r (S dem dem
re ource: 201Taktak Ili, & of ang al sen eachinput, ., at 2015) e e ts . . of al
th -10% ., 201 th e LCOE v LCOE e e input e 5) to na
10% mely Oper mely da al (S ue in eur in ue ta has wi ource: Ert 8)
th a i th (Sou in at on nc graphs, of each i rc on o/ t the inconstant the re he e: Ertugrule: ug n fl load full and MW
as an LCOEfor rul & ing s ing d d h. Ma Thes Ku te inte- p ofp rt, & e Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
rate rate representsline red the Full the as sensitiviHours Load range range each RES. The range the of willY-axis be 40 mo to b Ma ee 180.43 intenance st sensitive to F The blueThe isline in the graphsrepresents is sensitivitythe operatiof The LCOE n se ca nsitivity. on lculated as
e th /MWh, e e Y-ax is ca Figure 2 fr lc om ul ul 16 is th ation f l Load Hours while 166.75
2.39 is e e 6: f Di ro LCOE LCOE e sco or / m m 145 e MW
/M un So te la Wh h. ca e d Rate d r P r With lcu /
MW to ow la 158.02 er P t it io h h th is
is ns to e e range rm 172 from lan least sensitive e 1 of e /MWh. t t have b 86
/MWh, t So 85 e la
of / MW r r Power P 10% .2 ee ty and the green line representslinegreentythe and discounted 6 he h. n made as shown e to /
F to MW Wi -10% ul Discounted Rate. lan l Load th h h t(own c th to on e e v 152
Ho th al ons andmaintenance while e e X-ax al u .9 ues rs culation) 4 in is from 1 e Figure 2 gi / is MW ve the Operation and n, h. th Te CE is The LCOE 47 6. e e LCOE ha .63 The LCO e /MW E h s Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
range ca Ma 102 se nsitive to F lculated as 92.51 intenance The The LC .7 9 on e / t MW he OE Y-ax ul is h,
ca Figure 27: LCOE Figure 27: l Load Hou fr
th lculati om is e Disco e e is from 70 from is 93.17 /MWh. on for Wind Power for Wind P un rs e w /M ted R ted Wi hi e Wh ca le /M th th t at lcu it to 91. to Wh e e is le he la is range to 110 to t fr io as 85 ns om t t lan se e of 99.76 /MWh, e nsiti of Wind Power P t has b has t /MWh. 86
10 ve
e % % to Dis / th ee MW to Wi e F e n made asmade n -10% th t th h to 8 to h ul co l Load Hours Load l unted Rate. lan he on v t(own 5. al the X-axis 56 sh ues own e /MWh. T ca gi lculation) v in en is
Fi fr , , th gu th om he e LCOE has bee has LCOE e re e e Operation an
84 27. TheLCO LCOE is mos is LCOE .1
e / MW h to h E n d t Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
Y-ax as 98.17 as from 98 th Load Load Hours while e Dis e The LCOE The is
is co .3 e fr untedRate /MWh. 2 om e /M Figure LCOE 28: 180 ca Wh lculati Wi it e to is least sensitive to Di /MWh th is 97 fr on th .95 om e r e for Hydro PowerHydro P for to e an 109.17 /MWh, t 120 ge ca of e lcu / 10% to -10% on the X-ax onthe -10% to 10% e MW la /M he t io Wh F h. ns sc ul
ounted Rate. to Wi l Load of lan Hydro P th t th 87 87 t t . is
37 he Ho shown e valuesgi u / ow rs MW is from 89.22 er P in h. is Figu LCOE The la ve
n th n, t( e Operation e own c re th 28. range28. LCOE The e LCOE has b has LCOE e e al /M culation) is Wh most an to 109.04 d d se Ma ee nsiti
n in ca te ve e nan lculated /MWh
to on F ce is ce
th ul e l , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
th as from 84.9 from Discoun Ho different than e e Y-ax 79 u The LCOE The rs ,8 while it while e te is /MWh. With
d Rate d e is Figure 2 /MWh to /MWh fr th om ca is e e other calculat lculati le is 60 fr as 9: e om 74 LCOE t s t /M th on .8 en e range e
Wh for Geo for 84 e si / .7 ti MW
ca to ve e io lc 1 /MWh to Oper to ns. ul of 00 h, th at 10%
th e e io rm / e F e MW ns to al Poweral P to at ul 75.2 of -10% on t on -10% i l Load l h. on Geo
Wi
e an /MWh. 88 th th d Ho ermal Power P lan
th Ma u he e e v t t rs intenance costs. Thisintenance costs. is
X-ax al is from 72 from is The LCOE The s ues given, t ho wn is
th in lan e Oper e Figu .6 t is (o he e most wn c /M re LCOE has b at 2 Wh i on al 9. se culation) se T
to an nsitive nsitivityr he 88.5 d LCOE r LCOE Ma ee e to n in
/MW F ca te ank ul nan lcu an l Loa l h, ing is ing ge o la ce is ce
th te n d d e Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
th as 5 as from 58.3 from Discoun Ho while se th r Figure 26 Figure Full Load at nsitivi e Y-ax e e e io u The LCOE The As 7. di rs
an 56 scoun
th while ca d oper d te ty e is e e n n be Ho /MW
d Rate d e
op an co is / te fr Figure 30: LCOE calculations of Biomass Power Plant(own calculation) MW it er mp u d 27 the the 27 d d rate has has rate d rs
at om se is at ca h.
are to oper i least s is i en en h to 56.3 to h on
lculati on is 40 Wi also much from 60.8 from
th an th the range the th an e se e e F /M d ma d en d ma d on nsitivi mo siti ul Wh e for Bi at l Load Load Hoursl / in re ve in MW i hi
on te to ty e te se to Discoun gh nan /
80
nan di an nsitivi om MW h, er of fference
d d mainte e ce a ce th 10% in ce has a di a has ce as /MW h to 54 to h e F e
s Power P Power s Fi ty re gure 2
ul to more to te an h. l Load l -10% is operation d Rate. nan W .7 d d discounted rate have a inverse r much mo e 6, re it ce 89 /MWh. The LCOE /MWh. The or lan h h 27 compare ct r ct on Ho less an
th t is is s t
th e v e at u d d also a rs io to LCOE. T LCOE. to io an e X-ax e re th al
ho is noticeable. Meanwhilet ues d main d e same e fr wn om di gi to is in ven, re the Operati the Fi 52.5 te F ct r in gu nan Figure 28, 29 Figure28, ig th is re 28,29 at u e he most e LCOEb has e ce i re /M o. F . T . 30. T 30. Apa Wh ul on he l Load hour has mor has hour Load l se an to 64.7 to rt
nsitive an se he fr d d 30. at nsitivi d LC om io an he Ma ee to t d 30 while inwhile 30 d
OE
e se in to n in /MWh,
ty nsitivityof Figu FullLoa ca te r he
of an nan lcu LCO dir ge on ge re la ce isce 27, th te ec E d d e e t Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
presen a b re b 92.51 The The lowestv re ee ee p
re To have a n r n n th hi re sen e e RES technologiesRES e whichso are ep gh te / p MW al d d re te resen est v est ue in d d sen h, t in of be al he te te Figure 31: A A Figure LCOE 31: f da LCOE ue d d or tter overtter d d
fi in rk in hy of gu gr blue, geo blue, yellow, b has LCOEwind LCOE re dr ee is 31. 31. o 98.17 o
n colo th vi ew, e HydroRE e Th is the wind RES followedRESwind the by so th r. e X-ax e th e
ermal LC ermal e LCOE v LCOE e As / MW co mentioned befo mparison is h,
la S. is f r,
the LCOE from 0 LCOEfrom the or OE wind, hydwind, al ues geothe has b has ee of of 90 RES te n each re
re ee rm p ro
th n representedn re al 79.8 al , geo , fi e e LCOE for so ch sen ve nologies(own e te la th ca / d d r, e e MW lculatedtecRES geo rm / in MW l al h h ig th ht blue, hy blue,ht to an in h, e la rm 180 or f d d r r ca or is bi al an 162 lculat bi e omass. an ge, / om MW .39 d biom d hn dr bi io ass 57. ass olo e o LCOE has b hasLCOE o omass LCOE ha LCOE omass h. n) /MWh, for So On gi la as eshave b
r LCOE ha LCOE r 56 s RES. Th RES. s th e e Y-Axis e /MWh wi ee ee n n n d e s s . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
6 important role in the development of this sector. th rmt ssanbe eeomn u as t me te ed o needs the meet to also development but sustainable promote devtowardssignificant the steps takesome to authorities markets in the world. According environmentally sound way. New legislations, incentives,legislations, New environmentallyway.sound investment depending cover at least a fifth of t trici case simi wi reaso reg decreased di facto co resources so po provided. In o mee to i 16 r cntutd in constructed are mainte Depending expe RES energy technolo ns
cut ae reducti rate scount e Turkey is due to the young population and growing eco th la mp 2.39 te io The The second tallati ty As stated by, by, stated As urn sae f nry eedny n h cuty nlecd Turk influenced country the in dependency energy of state current r radia-tion r rs nt Conclusion ns, ns th na pote a
ial isial m in ri e e e nan es will are avoare will es bly bly f th t /MWh th son RES of la Turkey, hi on . e FLH hou FLH e if r r nt on e ot cnb reduced be can costs ce in gh sensitivity, the LCOE sensitivity, the gh Fu woul cur e
to al or ial variesial th this sector. Natural and renewable resources, such as wind and solar, p solar, and wind as such resources, renewable and Natural this sector. fa
rt an l these fac- torsfac- wi these l th a inst e e fina hi ct he wi e u e y t y ph th , , t just gh d an re rmore, reg rmore, h the th im e e LCOE otovoltaic be made wisely. The FLH wisely. The made be se all th t lcrct demand electricity nt est potenti d are d in th
gi nc on of t of 4th e id es grea es rs ing a
on es. South e Tu ial super ed. The he can be s be can hs ao influence major a has a he rkey, so he hi pr area of Ist of area of h sen gh la turbines e today wi an io te
di wi rger sc rger po al nd turbine. ns like South like ns r than the electricity the 2016than in r demand 5h hpe wh Chapter 5th d c to di nd power has a chance wer p , , wind te An vi th la ig the 3rd chapter, regulations scountra d d sion si ’s r energy r has nific in Turkey the LCOE has a at bility, to e al ca ol if on an lan produce mo produce le e betw e
po ia n be reduced be n an is th ctrici bul (about 0.3% of Turkeyof 0.3% (about bul
t, even th
performed co tenti tly increased. tly fina e an th e r e te If in te Me the d LCOE e ee ty a wind farm is b has also a noticeable impact on the v the on impact noticeable a also has An ig 202 al dema n 35 n ht p ca 91 if th nc , , lo atolia on it a has high LCOEvalue, which is92.51 n be dram be n e biggest biggest e ic
a m ial 3.
ca re lac idct t indicate h th an vn w Even electrici ted nd in ca cost e e. T e. to di an d 75 TWh per year. per TWh 75 d nomy is one of the fastest growing consumer
a suitable position suitable a rr ana b lowered be n . . T compete wi terr Oper in d d e he
ct and
elopment of the RE sector not only to only not sector RE the elopment of he th gement th po an ly hi refore, at of e Mediterr e e e actual electrici ty at and , , te ic gh promotions it a reg ean LCOE. Depending LCOE. Ma so from so from i ui he nt all a ih CE v LCOE high a h on ch permitting process for RES, and costs extra lt te rwn ouain in population growing the f ial amongial t rm E pote RES y inc y
’ s total area) would be enough wouldbe area) total s an th an is th in an a e oe c done be e econoe d mainte d other ener ce to c
if ra io th re
d o d la an s T ns.
th an e e a r energy. r T se ean Re ean dec e nl s pltcl n legal and political ish Fu Ma d d Aegean Reg if om of d y limited by t by limited y mi ty he nt decis rt
ca rm he RE if nan producti pete with the other he ial
c is PV power p power PV re gy n be eluded. Th or all oper a gi os f ions rmore, as in th inrmore, as are supporting are ne ce costs ce ra
rec on te in y fe y al io ons have highhave ons al wable energy
e wih is which ue, he chnolo Turkey ns a ns ue
an tl al as at lay a more a lay est s extra so y or d d Aegea l of on ions ib io re e of
he LCOE. th im le elec-le ns, can va /MW ca mad gi
th area PV e lan es. n be n ated an an ri es an e ts d d h n e e e e s
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
generating technologies in Turkey provided with hyd technologies. Th technologies. whichup netet The investment. 98.17 However te RS te RES other for hy for or th is gen belt gen construction. Thereforehy af is lessis variable than electricity and can beused t may seem low; however, the potential of geothermal adv 79.8 hi drilling phase electricity generation and a technologically diffic not been significantly exploited due to the high co th is be be of t have a negati ca of sue ter PV ter
ghpotential e e LCOE would increase dramatic ere are no a n varyn s th th cl he 150 to 160 KW, around three quarters of the current the of quarters three around KW, 160 to 150 The Coun The an Turkey's biomass power potential is approximately 2 re e e e second lowest compared ese 5 RES technolo os e is fuel tage tage /MWh,
dr un / e t e thatthe MW o power p power o in an der envider it he to ig an Turkey has b has of d winddpower p nific 50% fuel h, fi d d the f ve tr p is sh ch fr a for of an y i re
ro an ’s geo nf
in oois hdo oe p power hydro nologies, ga ee d a med a d is re ro se geo
is ducing electrici ducing is ’
luence lan tly s westreg s
ue th tes which sources. sources. n noted that noted n
nmentalprotection. nsibili is a pr th hy e middle when middle e l price, which do not occur ts re a in th hi ovided ermal as a ma dro power p power dro gi have a a ermal el ermal ghpotential thatt es. ium on ty co as la dr is t untrys n If io on on ca LC o o he al th t. t ns n i be al re po
to he ro lo ec wh OE th o oe hn PV than lower so ad
werp an ugh t ugh fuel for fuel ty th gi trici all e i e y uc lan y been built on. O on. built been y level geothermalcontains energy a
stics. The stics. in d d e e o ns y y wh to ns an hy h as Turkey.as h Th factor. This factor. is ty t sho t t compa he lan th tallati all dro est d d potential In ic er 5 RES te Euphrates he lan ed. Some ed. t take3 t pr hydr h h makes th im ul po
ovi e biomass e vi hv t have t on d be be d ult process. T at re fu e plan wer llagesne st of converting biomass into gases needed for actu o meeto the basic load. Geo 92 di op wi si ed to el el ng heat as well. The LCOE v LCOE The well. as heat ng rd
owerp th te is pr ca to se electricity from other renewable energy sources th an th p ro power. O sp s a s
ch th ice mo n lead a an e big variationsbig e er is he 00 TWh per year. However, this potential has la e o e wind d th ecies have bo e e o re technology less a nologies. A bi efor bi efor ts ar is ce as a as ce d d oet CE compa LCOE lowest s is er rivers do not have not do rivers er la th l tl importe a by ut 15 ut th th electricity demand, the first electricityfirst the demand,electricity n im y lo y nts, a nts, he er technologieser re to ot e e er er tech- nologies. The lo ca i LCOE
Tig high inve stain- able stain- te om po ca th n be undn be po to nl d si d ms attracti most e ted at ted e plant wer al la ris Ri ris 25T as te y about 30% of d ready beco rge n rge s nc nt from another le g would be ial r ial e e Wh de vel disadv ve th hi st er th um pp pending r, is used. is r, m , gh levelgh e Alpine-Himal e per year. per This potential wa en th e an which e of en be so mo ermal energy ha al ew te d d an LCOE. Thus,LCOE. t t cost r of fish of r me t ing. r asa res th th th able energy sourc ableenergy st pro st re he tage ve e e le exti e e erefore is d to to d th on of CE ee of, level LCOE co for 57.56 sa al an is Am ri is untry this as
gi ue, which is which ue, me potentia me th fi nc potenti
sk d d as a resul stics s th di t t pre table river table location e a ong ul t. th s with s e becaus e e e lo th
ay e fina t oft HE An other e / fe e e a Oro- a wi al MW gi ho othe rable al co nc s l t l st th ca uld th , , th sts ics ial he of h,
al P n e e a e e s r t l .
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
7 RE= RE= Renewable Energy PX = Power Exchange PV = Photovoltaic NPV = Net Present Value MWt = Mega Watts Tons MWe = Mega Watts Electric =KWh Kilo Watt hours KV = VoltsKilo =GWh Giga Watt hou Watt GW = Giga GDP = Gross Domestic Product DC = Direct Current = ANF Annuity Factor AGC= Automatic Generation Control ACE = Area Control Error AC = Alternating Current REPA REDA =Renewable Energy Designated Area LCOE =IEA International Agency Energy HVDC = High Voltage Current Direct IDK = InspectionEvaluation Commission HEPP = HydroelectricPower Plant Hours =FLH Full Load FIT = Feed in Tarif =EXIST Energy Exchange Istanbul ENTSO-E = European Network Transmission System Operators for Electricity =EnergyEMRA Market Regulatory Authority =EML Electricity Market Law =EIA Environmental Impact Assessment SMP = System Marginal Prices =SHEPP Small Hydroelectric Power Plant RE MCP = Marke = LPG LiquefiedPetroleum Gas MW = Mega Watts
S =S RenewableSystems Energy List of Abbreviations and Symbols and Abbreviations of List = = Atlas of WindEnergy Technical Potentials Levelized Cost of Energy t Clearing Pric
rs
e 94
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
YEKDEM YEKDEM = Renewable Energy Resources Support Mechanism =YEGM General Directorate of Renewable Energy WPP = Wind Power Plant VAP = Efficiency Enhancing Project USD = United States Dollar = US United States TWh = Tera Watt hour TL = TurkishTL Lira TEIAS = Turkey Electricity Transmission AS
94
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
List of Figures of List 20 19 15 14 13 12 10 3 18 17 16 11 9 8 7 6 5 4 21 Peak demand 1
Turkey Rainfall Hydroelectric Power Outl Energy Outlook, 201 Energy Outlook, 201 Solar Radiation Map of Turkey(Source:YGM, 201 Photovoltaic Solar Cell(Source:Photovoltaic High Temperature Concentrating Collectors(Source:Tew, Low Temperature Plate Collectors(Source:Patience & Pa 2018) Process approval process for unlicensed applications(Sourc M E plants(Source:E 2019) ENTSO-E, 2016) Day ahead market clearing for a specific hour(Source:EPIAS, 201 Istati 2016 So ve stratej B Average capacity factor ofhydropower plants and long the Capacity (as PowerInstalled Wind Turkey Wind Power Plant Wind speed atlas Licensing process diagram for authorized applications(Source:Offi Average wholesale market prices Turkish Electricity Market Reforms Summer Map Redispatch orders on January Theresponsibilities
re ar secre urces ak ket, ook (S st of
downofto . i ourc ta high voltage transmission network, interconnections, therma
kl ......
, . 2019) in riat,
ik eri, 201 an
. a Livable World, 2013
yo e: . d d winter peak a
8)
Turkey Elec . 2019 2
an ne
00
...... mr ...... ta Map(Source:Turkey’s
tim d d d gross electrici . 4) of linstalledcapacity )
a . .
Turkey ......
of li . 8) 8) ...... Generation(Source:Turkey’s sa ai
TEIASin . .
res
ns
...... tr
of
. . i, Yonetme icity nd
(50 . the Year . 201
. . religious holiday off-peak demands, ENTSO-2016(Source:
meters height 21 Pr . . PX ty 7)
) . . and , oduction cons
...... 2017(Source: platform,Exist epias transparency day-ahead . . nl ...... and
an
by . . ig of the FIT, 2009-2017(Source: Renewable Enerji
...... Energy Energy Outlook, 201 . . um i, delectricitygener July 201 July the Council
95
Laws, 2 . . 2019
ption, 2006-2016 . .
an
ef . .
) d d fect, 201 . and ...... and
Tr ...... 00
7) Energy Outlook, 201 . . intra-day balancing markets(Source: 2 an 9)
1-2017(Source:Turkey Electricity Region . . 00 of ......
smission Statistics, 2016
...... Development
5) meters ......
at mphilon, 201
...... 201
ionbysource, ionbysource, 201 . . (Source:Turkey’ 8) -term average,2006-
e:Enerji e:Enerji Enstitusu, 201 (S . . 6)
...... our . resolution)(Source:Turkey’s
...... cial cial Gazette No.304
. ce . 7)
. . (Source:Turkey’s : : Teiaspl
......
...... l 9) 8)
and ......
......
hydropower . . s Energy s 6(
anla . . ) ...... Source
.
......
. . ma
. . . . .
9) . .
31 :E
. 9 . . 8 8 .
. ,
le . .
25 50 32 34
. .
37 kt 12 43 42 13 10 31 53 15 51 19 45 8
5 6
r
ik
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
31 30 29 28 27 26 23 25 24 22
A A LCOE comparison LCOE calculations BiomassPowerof Plant(own calculation) LCOE calculations Geothermalof Power Plant(own calculation) LCOE calculations Power Hydroof Plant(own calculation) LCOE calculations Windof Power Plant(own calculation) LCOE calculations Solarof Power Plant(own calculation) Outl Energy Outlook, 201 Geothermal Power Plant Installed Power(Source:Turke 2017 Currentbioethanol producti Year 2016 Production Quantitiesof Agricultural Products Turkey’s ook (S ource:Turkey ,
electricity installed capacity 201 8)
...... ’ 8) s s Energy Outlook, 201 of
RES technologies(own calculation) ...... on
and total potential of development 96 8)
...... in
Turkey(Source:Turkey’s and y’s production between 1985- Energy Outlook, 201 in ......
Turkey(Source:Turkey’s ...... Energy 8)
. . . .
86 90 85 88 87 89
69 71 61 54
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
List of Tables of List 14 8 5 2 9 10 3 13 16 1 17 19 6 7 18 15 11 12 4
Ku & Ku Ku Ku Biodiesel Licensed Outl Energy Outlook, 201 Outl World, Solar Solar Power Generation List Uses Uses Official power sector projections / Base Case assumptions(Source:I Geothermal District Heating System Turkey Biomass Production Solar Solar energy potential ergy ergy Outlook, 201 produ Input Input Data for Wind Power Plant(Source:Taktak Ili, 2018)(Source:Ertugr& Feed Input Input Data for HydroPower Plant(Source:Taktak & Ili, 2018)(Source Input Input Data for Biomass Powe Classification Hydroelectricof Power Power Plants by Installed Input Input Data for Geothermal Power Plant(Source:Taktak & Ili Hydro power plants with more than MW250 in Input Input Data for SolarPower Plant(Source:Taktak Ili, 2018)(Source& Bioethanol Raw Materials The The amount of bioethanolwhich can be obtained from some agr Turkey’s Ku rt, 2014)(Source rt, 2014)(Source rt, 2014)(Source rt, 2014)(Source ook ook of rt, 2014)(Sour in of ce Biomass Plants
Geothermal Energy According tariffs after Law 6094 2013 , , d d
Regional Distribution Solarof Energy 201 201 in ) 2017 8) 8)
......
...... 8) in ce :B :B :B :B Companies(Source:Turkey’s
T ...... 8) :Batur et. atur et. atur et. atur et. atur et. ur
in in key(Source:T ...... in
Turkey(Source:Turkey’s Use(Source:Turkey’s Turkey(Source:Solar power and Status(Source:Turkey’s al al al al in r Potential Production Plant(Source:Taktak & Ili, 2018)(Source:Ertugrul& ., 201 ., 201 ., 201 ., 201 20 al ., 11 2015)(Source:Er (Source: Renewable Enerji Sources in 5) 5) 5) 5) ur to Turkey(Sou (Source: (Source: (Source: (Source: k 97 ey Temperature Value(Source:Enis, 2003)
’ s s Energy Outl Energy Outlook, 201 Energy Outlook, 201 Er Er Er Er Potential(Source:Turkey’s Energy Outlook, 201 operation(Source:Turkey’s dem dem dem dem rce:Turkey’s Energy Outlook, 201 Quantities(Source:Turkey’s de in m at at at at Turkey, 2019 oo . . . . . at al al al al , 2018)(Source:Ertugrul . . k, 201 ., 201 ., 201 ., 201 ., 201 al .,
En 2015) 8) iculturalproducts (Source:Turkey’s 5) 5) 5) 5) ergy Outlook, 201 EA, EA, 201
8)
8) :Ertugrul&
Etgu & :Ertugrul ...... 8) ...... 83 . . 83 . . 84 in
...... 8) ...... 84 . . . . a Livable Energy Energy
6) ...... Energy ul ul &
......
En
- - . 8) . . . . .
59 38
70 35 67 76 82 49 75 18 70 62 55 36 14
Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Masterarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.
References A. Ahmet Ahmet Enis. Ener design/so domestic, newdomestic, Cag http://www.ye Enis.Ahmet Jeotermal (geothermal). EnerjiT.C. Tabiive Kaynaklar Bakanlıgı, Bil sergisi bildiriler k bildiriler sergisi MOB Jeoloji Mu¨he Jeoloji MOB Day https://www. ENTSO-E Network Code El EPIA https://www.e https Hid El 2016, viewed 02.0 https://seffafl En 2019, viewed 02.0 E 21. http://www.ybtenerji. h tt mr if e Pamp di p: vi 08 kt Sesen Öz ı ro
a l l Ko l ronment // riler Ki ahead :/ S. r .2019. elektrik). Cevre Ve O ik is www. /www.ent Epias transparency platform. ans yone I la hi ˙ la t Öz t st l on r-collector
ta EM
at energy ca jm b ik
ist pi gür gm ı S. n D , , 200 R .e an o.org.tr/res tm an as so ik Patience. A. pi .go it Cihan Atesog Cihan 9. 9. ji d renewable energy sourcesrenewableenergy d .com.t leri(elect e.eu/major-project Forest d el org.tr/TR/Dok alk ab as politikala 2019. 2019.
nd ig 3. v. market: . s/ ı co co ir. ir. Cev i i (i tr
isle (e , , 2019, viewed 13.08 i /yenilenebili m/uplo m.tr/tr i. r/ on mr geothermal resour geothermal ri wp-conte ri im Load Frequency Control Odas rm So negaut management). a undergraduate re city st
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an Ba me ve an ad General r r hot ul yerl um temiz enerji: ı sparency/, 2017, s/9 lari, Nilgün Dogdu. Nilgün lari,
th An kl at nt anDetay/Elek odology kanl r/ er/d5f76 So istics i, /7 s/ kara(TMMOBChamber /uplo wa yeni ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynakla jeotermal. lea E /5/9/975 , , 201 igi igi Devlet ter collectors. http://www.gr ). ad
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9, ht ce f 22 01 98 s/2016/0 Di viewed 02.0 rji Gn.Md, rji or s symposium s tp ). 89 9. rect
91 as
s Hi tri
determinati TM :/ 13862c ek. vi px, 201 4 Su k/Mevzuat/Yone d /www.teias.gov.tr/tr/elekt 5/ or ewed 02.09 an ro MOB MOB I ate cev Ii dR 3/ elektrik (Ce i. jeotermal kayna jeotermal i. sl public_document_ re e eserves 9, ri 9.
Tu¨r vi
of 2019. temiz pd an Genel of ewed 27.08.201 on tt Hydraul State f, d exhibiti d .2
Ge kiye VI. Enerji Sempozyumu Enerji VI. kiye
201 . 01
of
vr olog tm enerj
9.
5, e ve e temiz enerji: market Müdürlügü (Ministry o
ee eli v ic n ie kl on al Enginee al i. sp wed wed 27.08 kla er/L pdf, pro ec.co.uk/building- v4 rı r semp r
9. ri
(e
is _released.pdf, cl
k- 2011, ce nergy pol ans, 2019, ea is edings). TM- edings). ic ri tatist Work rs oz .2 ng
01 An y viewe
um
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