Uno Scandalo Italiano: L'espresso E Il Caso Sifar
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0714685003.Pdf
CONTENTS Foreword xi Acknowledgements xiv Acronyms xviii Introduction 1 1 A terrorist attack in Italy 3 2 A scandal shocks Western Europe 15 3 The silence of NATO, CIA and MI6 25 4 The secret war in Great Britain 38 5 The secret war in the United States 51 6 The secret war in Italy 63 7 The secret war in France 84 8 The secret war in Spain 103 9 The secret war in Portugal 114 10 The secret war in Belgium 125 11 The secret war in the Netherlands 148 12 The secret war in Luxemburg 165 ix 13 The secret war in Denmark 168 14 The secret war in Norway 176 15 The secret war in Germany 189 16 The secret war in Greece 212 17 The secret war in Turkey 224 Conclusion 245 Chronology 250 Notes 259 Select bibliography 301 Index 303 x FOREWORD At the height of the Cold War there was effectively a front line in Europe. Winston Churchill once called it the Iron Curtain and said it ran from Szczecin on the Baltic Sea to Trieste on the Adriatic Sea. Both sides deployed military power along this line in the expectation of a major combat. The Western European powers created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) precisely to fight that expected war but the strength they could marshal remained limited. The Soviet Union, and after the mid-1950s the Soviet Bloc, consistently had greater numbers of troops, tanks, planes, guns, and other equipment. This is not the place to pull apart analyses of the military balance, to dissect issues of quantitative versus qualitative, or rigid versus flexible tactics. -
“I Am Afraid Americans Cannot Understand” the Congress for Cultural Freedom in France and Italy, 1950–1957
“I Am Afraid Americans Cannot Understand” The Congress for Cultural Freedom in France and Italy, 1950–1957 ✣ Andrea Scionti Culture was a crucial yet elusive battlefield of the Cold War. Both superpowers tried to promote their way of life and values to the world but had to do so care- fully. The means adopted by the United States included not only propaganda and the use of mass media such as cinema and television but also efforts to help shape the world of highbrow culture and the arts. The Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), an organization sponsored by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), offered U.S. policymakers and intellectuals the opportunity to provide indirect support for anti-Communist intellectuals without being openly associated with their activities. Although the CCF represented one of the main instruments for the United States to try to win the hearts and minds of postwar Europe, it also created new challenges for U.S. Cold War- riors. By tying themselves to the European intelligentsia, they were forced to mediate between different societies, cultures, and intellectual traditions. This article looks at the contexts of France and Italy to highlight this interplay of competing notions of anti-Communism and cultural freedom and how the local actors involved helped redefine the character and limits of U.S. cultural diplomacy. Although scholars have looked at the CCF and its significance, es- pecially in the Anglo-Saxon world, a focus on French and Italian intellectuals can offer fresh insights into this subject. The Congress for Cultural Freedom was the product of a convergence of interests between the CIA’s recently established Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) and a small number of American and European intellectuals, many of them former Communists, concerned about the perceived success of the Soviet cultural offensive in Western Europe. -
Racconto Autobiografico Di Eugenio Scalfari Letto Da Lorenzo Paliotta.Pdf
Racconto autobiografico di Eugenio Scalfari letto da Lorenzo Paliotta . In 120 pagine viene raccontata “una vita non serena, ma fortunata e felice”. Così Eugenio Scalfari fa il bilancio della propria esistenza in una memoria che l’abbraccia per intero: dalla casa dell’infanzia di fronte al mare di Civitavecchia dove nacque nel 1924, alle aule del ginnasio Mamiani di Roma dove ebbe come insegnante di lettere la giovane Laura Lombardo Radice, al liceo Cassini di Sanremo dove, con la complicità di Italo Calvino, il viaggio ebbe nel 1938 il suo consapevole inizio. Sanremo, quel liceo, gli amici che vi incontrò, gli autori e i libri che lesse, quei luoghi che si fissarono nella sua memoria e che frequentò per tre anni, il mare e la costiera di ponente, le colline terrazzate di viti e di ulivi, il dialetto e i cibi della Liguria: questi sono stati i luoghi, i tempi, i nomi dai quali è cominciata la Recherche di Scalfari che ancora oggi continua. Con Calvino ha condiviso il banco in seconda e terza liceo, con un sodalizio che durò cinque anni e che si interruppe quando la guerra divise l’Italia in due. Riprese nel ’45 ma entrambi erano cambiati, le loro strade si divisero anche se i rapporti formali si mantennero: Scalfari leggeva i libri di Calvino e questi leggeva i giornali che Scalfari aveva fondato, L’Espresso e poi la Repubblica. Negli ultimi anni della sua vita anche Calvino scrisse per Repubblica. Il rapporto Calvino-Scalfari è stato per ambedue un rapporto essenziale perché il nocciolo del loro modo di pensare e di sentire se lo formarono insieme. -
BREVE STORIA DEI SERVIZI SEGRETI ITALIANI Non Esistono I Servizi Segreti Deviati, Ma Le Deviazioni Dei Servizi Segreti
BREVE STORIA DEI SERVIZI SEGRETI ITALIANI Non esistono i servizi segreti deviati, ma le deviazioni dei servizi segreti I servizi segreti dell’Italia democratica nascono ufficialmente il 1 settembre 1949, sulle ceneri - ma mantenendo in pieno uomini e strutture - del vecchio SIM, il servizio d’informazione militare, nato durante il regime fascista: il suo nome è SIFAR (Servizio Informazioni Forze Armate). Già nella costituzione del SIFAR c’è qualcosa di anomalo: nessun dibattito parlamentare, ma solo una circolare interna, firmata dall’allora ministro della Difesa Randolfo Pacciardi, repubblicano. Dalla nascita della Repubblica, l’Italia ha atteso più di tre anni, quindi, per dar vita all’organismo che dovrebbe tutelarne la sicurezza, il tempo necessario a “scaricare” le sinistre dal governo e ad aderire al Patto Atlantico. Il primo direttore del SIFAR è il generale di brigata Giovanni Carlo Del Re che opera sotto l’esplicita supervisione dall’emissario della CIA in Italia, Carmel Offie. In carica per tre anni, Del Re viene sostituito nel 1951 dal gen. Umberto Broccoli – l’uomo che – almeno sulla carta - darà l’avvio a Gladio, sostituito, neppure un anno e mezzo dopo, dal gen. Ettore Musco. Anche Musco, che nel 1947 aveva formato l’AIL (Armata Italiana per la Libertà) - una formazione diretta da militari, sostenuta economicamente e militarmente dai servizi segreti americani, incaricata di vigilare su un’eventuale insurrezione comunista – fu uomo di stretta osservanza CIA e proprio sotto il controllo americano portò a termine l’acquisto dei terreni di Capo Marrargiu, in Sardegna, dove sarebbe sorta la base di Gladio. GLI ANNI DI DE LORENZO Ma è con l’avvento ai vertici del Sifar del gen. -
'Public Policy
TheJoan Shorenstein Barone Center PRESS. POLITICS 'PUBLICPOLICY. HarvardUniversitY JohnF. KennedySchool of Government IrurnonucrroN Sylvia Poggioli, who coversItaly and, in these Silvio Berlusconi.They're in it for money and turbulent times, central and eastem Europefor power, probably in that order. And they're National Public Radio, was a Fellow at the |oan getting both. ShorensteinBarone Center on the Press,Politics In the process,there are problems. Many and Public Policy for the fall semesterof the Italians, even some in government/ are con- 1990-1991academic year. Her researchfocused cernedthat too much power may come to rest in on pressconcentration in ltaly, but her story too few hands.One official report said: "Power of could apply with equal drama to other European inJormation could be replacedby power over countries,too. information." Poggioli'sresearch strongly Across the continent, the winds of change suggeststhat the concern is valid. Investigative have beenblowing with unprecedentedforce. reporting into businessesor interests controlled Totalitarian communism has collapsed.Ger- by the Big-Fourhas been curtailed. Some stories many has been reunited. Economic integration of are simply off-limits. western Europehovers on the near horizon. In The Big-Fouralso effectively control the "Soviet the easta new (Jnion" arisesagainst a advertisingmarket in Italy-up to 80-85% of it. backdropof tenifying uncertainty. Everywhere A new entrepreneurwishing to establish an the old political and economicsystems are being additional television network, or a new newspa- transformed.It is then no surprise that newspa- per, will find it difficult to crack the advertising pers,radio and television stations, magazines, market, and thereforenext to impossible to publishing houses-the whole, complicated challengethe existing constellation of press network of masscommunication, so intimately power. -
Milan Newspaper Developments: Memcon
IL CORRIERE DELLA SERA Montanelli: il Corriere naviga in pessime acque, dal punto di vista economico, ma non collasserà. E' troppo importante. E' un'istituzione nazionale e quindi il governo lo salverà se proprio Rizzoli e Piero Ottone non dovessero trovare un nuovo finanziatore. E Repubblica? Montanelli: sono favorevole alla sua nascita, perché potrebbe giocare un ruolo molto costruttivo nella politica italiana. MILAN NEWSPAPER DEVELOPMENTS: MEMCON INDRO MONTANELLI, DIRECTOR IL GIORNALE, ENZO BETTIZA, FOREIGN POLICY EDITOR AND CONGE, SEPT 30, 1975, MILAN Date: Canonical ID: 1975 October 1, 15:30 (Wednesday) 1975MILAN01805_b Original Classification: Current Classification: CONFIDENTIAL UNCLASSIFIED Handling Restrictions: Character Count: -- N/A or Blank -- 4175 Locator: Executive Order: TEXT ON MICROFILM,TEXT GS ONLINE TAGS: BETTIZA, ENZO | CORRIERE | IL GIORNALE | IT - Italy Concepts: | MONTANELLI, INDRO | PFOR - Political Affairs-- DEBT REPAYMENTS | Foreign Policy and Relations | PINR - Political Affairs-- FINANCIAL CRISIS | Intelligence | PINT - Political Affairs--Internal Political NEWSPAPERS Affairs Enclosure: Type: -- N/A or Blank -- TE Office Origin: -- N/A or Blank -- Archive Status: Electronic Telegrams Office Action: ACTION EUR Markings: Margaret P. Grafeld From: Declassified/Released US Italy Milan Department of State EO Systematic Review 06 JUL 2006 To: Department of State | Italy Rome Content Raw content Metadata Raw source Print Share Find Show Headers 1. MONTANELLI WAS MUCH RELIEVED ABOUT THE OUTLOOK FOR IL GIORNALE. HE NO LONGER FELT THAT HE WAS ABOUT TO GO UNDER SINCE HIS FINANCING HAD BEEN FIRMED UP AGAIN. 2. THE SITUATION AT THE CORRIERE WAS DIFFERENT. IT WAS IN DEEP CRISIS. CEFIS WAS UNABLE (OR UNWILLING) TO CONTINUE TO UNDERWRITE ITS LOSSES. -
6.5 X 11 Double Line.P65
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60046-0 - The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country James L. Newell Index More information Index Note: Page numbers in italic refer to Figures; those in bold refer to Tables and Appendix; those in bold italic refer to Boxes Abbas, Ferhat, Algerian nationalist Badoglio, Marshal Pietro 22, 23 leader 344 Banfield, Edward 156 accountability, of independent authorities social capital study 155–6 137, 138 Bassanini Laws (1997) 93, 103, 132 Acerbo Law 19 behaviouralism 145, 146 Achille Lauro cruise ship 162, 336 Berlin Wall, fall of (1989), actions, of individuals 147, 177 nn. 1 effect on Italian politics 9, 31 administrative justice 305, 316 n. 17 see also Cold War agencies (para-statali) 100–2 Berlusconi, Silvio 1, 37, 348, 349 autonomous administrations and 2001 elections 39, 348 (amministrazioni autonome) 101 2001 government 75 enti pubblici 101 and 2006 elections 239 executive 135–7, 136 and 2008 elections 73, 243–5 new (1997) 132 2008 government 97, 247 state holding companies 101 ambition and populism 73, 78 n. 11 Agip petroleum company 343 appointment of ministers 56 agriculture, and Confindustria 184 Common Agricultural Policy 330, 330 and constitutional reform 69, 70, 72 in south 15 corruption charges 161–3 Albania, crisis (1997) 105, 329 and Craxi 36, 196 Algeria 344 and EU 338, 339 Alleanza Nazionale (AN) see National and foreign policy 348–9 Alliance and Forza Italia 35–7, 36–7, 174, 223–5 Amato, Giuliano, Prime Minister 34, 300 international reaction to election (2001) 348 fourth government 39 judicial investigations 68, 70 ‘amoral familism’ 155, 156, 178 n. -
'Veniamo Da Lontano E Andiamo Lontano': the Italian Left and The
Bulletin of Italian Politics Vol. 1, No. 2, 2009, 211-32 ‘Veniamo da Lontano e Andiamo Lontano’: The Italian Left and the Problem of Transition Phil Edwards Manchester Metropolitan University Abstract: A key challenge for the Italian Left is the problematic of ‘transition’: the enduring perception that Italy has not yet attained a state of democratic normality. The Left has suffered a series of setbacks and crises since the formation of the Democratic Party (Partito Democratico, PD) in 2007, thanks in large part to the adoption by PD leader Walter Veltroni of a novelty-oriented strategy which failed to address the ‘transition’ agenda. Veltroni’s successor, Pierluigi Bersani, has mobilised a formidable nationwide coalition of support for a more conservative approach, cutting across the ideological divisions which persist within the PD. However, Veltroni’s strategy has created enduring problems for his party, including the effective delegitimation of the far Left; only when this is remedied will a revival of the broader Left, and a successful engagement with the problems of transition, become possible . Keywords: Italian politics, Democratic Party, transition, democratic consolidation, Second Republic, post-Communist parties. Introduction 2009 was a disastrous year for the Italian Left, within and outside the Democratic Party (Partito Democratico, PD). In this paper I relate the difficulties faced by the Italian Left to the short-term effects of Walter Veltroni’s leadership of the PD, and to the longer-term perspective of a ‘transition’ from the First Republic to a state of democratic normality – a perspective closely connected with the prospects for the PD. I argue, firstly, that Veltroni’s strategy as leader was dangerously mistaken, causing long- term damage to the prospects of the Left and the PD itself. -
The Historical Roots of Italian Right Wing Populism
Macalester College DigitalCommons@Macalester College Political Science Honors Projects Political Science Department 4-26-2016 Popular Discontents: The iH storical Roots of Italian Right Wing Populism Anthony Marshall Simone Macalester College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/poli_honors Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Simone, Anthony Marshall, "Popular Discontents: The iH storical Roots of Italian Right Wing Populism" (2016). Political Science Honors Projects. 71. http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/poli_honors/71 This Honors Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Political Science Department at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Popular Discontents The Historical Roots of Italian Right Wing Populism Anthony Marshall Simone Paul Dosh Political Science 4/26/16 Many people are beyond deserving of my thanks for helping me along the way, and for and undertaking such as this, I could not have done it without them. First, like any good Italian, no matter how diluted by multiple generations of Americanization, la mia famiglia. I want to give a special thank you to my mother and father for the unrivaled gifts of both an exceptional education and unconditional love. Next, I must thank the other scholars, experts, and reviewers for their generous gifts of their precious time. For many, this involved branching out of their comfort zones to explore the labyrinth of Italian politics. I must give special thanks to Paul Dosh, my advisor for this project, for his tireless efforts and endless good cheer. -
News and Events
Bulletin of Italian Politics Vol. 1, No. 1, 2009, 387-400 News and Events Italian Politics between Reforms and Revival: The 2009 CONGRIPS Panel at APSA The Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA) held in Toronto from 3 to 6 September 2009 featured a panel – the only one of the conference specifically dedicated to Italian politics – organised by Maurizio Carbone for the Conference Group on Italian Politics and Society (CONGRIPS). Chaired by Filippo Sabetti (McGill University) with Richard Katz (Johns Hopkins University) acting as the discussant, the panel provided a platform for four prominent scholars to offer to an attentive and inquisitive audience a balanced but vibrant set of analyses focused on change and continuity in contemporary Italian politics. Sergio Fabbrini (University of Trento) presented a paper – published in the first issue of the Bulletin of Italian Politics – aimed at analysing the transition of the Italian political system since the beginning of the Second Republic from a consensus to a competitive democracy. Building on Lijphart’s typology, Fabbrini observed that from 1948 to 1993 consociational practices in the legislature had been a characteristic feature of Italian politics, one that resulted in a lack of alternation in power between competing political forces, little sense of individual responsibility and lax attitudes toward corruption. In the First Republic, the proportional electoral system, the dispersal of power within the parliamentary system among many parties, and the limited decision-making power of the executive, created the institutional conditions for a democracy operating according to a consensual logic. This underpinned a system of interest representation that was neither neo-corporatist nor pluralist, but rather fragmented along the lines of ideologies embodied in parties that had almost exclusive power to distribute public resources. -
Enrico Berlinguer E La Questione Morale: Dalla Mancata Autolimitazione Razionale Al Pensiero Antipolitico
Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche Cattedra: Teoria e storia dei movimenti e dei partiti politici Enrico Berlinguer e la Questione morale: dalla mancata autolimitazione razionale al pensiero antipolitico Relatore Candidato Prof. Andrea Ungari Francesco Miccichè 084712 ANNO ACCADEMICO 2019/2020 1 INDICE Introduzione ...............................................................................................................................2 Primo Capitolo ...........................................................................................................................5 1.1 La passione non è finita............................................................................................5 1.2 Dal casato Berlinguer a Sassari...............................................................................6 1.3 L’esperienza politica.................................................................................................7 1.4 Gli anni della segreteria: ben più che un 51%.......................................................12 1.5 In solitudine politica................................................................................................19 Secondo Capitolo .....................................................................................................................21 2.1 Il discorso sulla morale...........................................................................................21 2.2 Di Craxi e di Berlinguer.........................................................................................23 2.3 -
Turin Book Fair, May 12, 2014 Presentation of the Book by Jorge
Turin Book Fair, May 12, 2014 Presentation of the book by Jorge Mario Bergoglio / Francis LA BELLEZZA EDUCHERÀ IL MONDO (BEAUTY WILL EDUCATE THE WORLD) EMI 2014 by Julián Carrón President of the Fraternity of Communion and Liberation Education is the great challenge that we all have to face. It is not by chance that we speak of an “educational emergency.” Education has always been crucial in introducing younger generations to life. What is different today than in the past? Why do we speak today in such dramatic terms of educational emergency? It is only in answering these questions that we can understand the significance of pope Francis’ contribution on this issue from when he was still archbishop of Buenos Aires. What is the challenge we are facing? In an article published in [the Italian national paper] la Repubblica a few years ago on today’s younger generation, entitled “The Eternal Adolescents,” Pietro Citati wrote: “There was a time when one became an adult very quickly. Today there is perpetual race towards immaturity. There was a time when a boy grew up at all costs and attaining maturity was a sacrifice. Today, young people do not know who they are. Perhaps they do not want to know. They always ask themselves what their “I” is; they love indecision! They never say yes or no: they are always standing on a threshold that perhaps will never open. They have no will; they have no desire to act. They prefer to remain passive and live enveloped in a mysterious torpor. They do not love time.