The Effect of Information Technologies on Aboriginal Employment in the Airlines and Banking Sectors Manitoba Research Alliance O
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The Effect of Information Technologies on Aboriginal Employment in the Airlines and Banking Sectors Manitoba Research Alliance on CED in the New Economy Stream #1: Project #3 Kathleen Sexsmith & Aaron Pettman Supervised by John Loxley July 5, 2005 - 1 - Acknowledgment “We are pleased to acknowledge the generous financial support of the Initiative on the New Economy of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council; via the Manitoba Research Alliance on Community Economic Development in the New Economy. For further information please see: http://www.manitobaresearchallianceced.ca” - 2 - 1.0 Banking and Airlines Context...................................................................................... 4 1.1 Structural change in the banking and airline industries............................................................... 4 1.1.1 Banking.............................................................................................................................. 4 1.1.2 Airlines .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 New Technologies in Banking and Air Transport..................................................................... 10 1.2.1 Banking............................................................................................................................ 10 1.2.2 Airlines ............................................................................................................................ 16 1.3 New Technologies and the Composition of the Workforce ...................................................... 18 1.3.1 Banking............................................................................................................................ 18 1.3.2 Airlines ............................................................................................................................ 21 2.0 Opportunity for Aboriginal Employment in Airlines and Banking ................................. 23 2.1 Banks and Credit Unions by Winnipeg Neighbourhood/Rural Census Area ............................ 23 2.1.1 Winnipeg Neighbourhoods .............................................................................................. 24 2.1.2 Manitoba Census Divisions............................................................................................. 26 2.2 Airports in Aboriginal Communities......................................................................................... 29 2.3 Aboriginal Banking Locations in Manitoba .............................................................................. 30 3.0 Aboriginal Employment in the Manitoba Banking and Airlines Industries...................... 31 3.1 Demographics of the Aboriginal Population ............................................................................. 31 3.2 Aboriginal Employment in Federally Regulated Airlines & Chartered Banks.......................... 33 3.2.1 Net Changes..................................................................................................................... 33 3.2.2 Current Employment Levels by Company and EEOG .................................................... 34 3.2.2.1 Airlines ............................................................................................................................ 34 3.2.2.2 Banking............................................................................................................................ 37 4.0 Interview Results...................................................................................................... 39 4.1 Training and Educational Institutions........................................................................................ 41 4.1.1 Recruitment and Funding................................................................................................. 41 4.1.2 Strategic Partnerships....................................................................................................... 46 4.1.3 Information Technology .................................................................................................. 50 4.1.4 Other Barriers .................................................................................................................. 52 4.2 Companies in the Banking and Airlines Sectors ...................................................................... 55 4.2.1 Airlines ............................................................................................................................ 55 4.2.1.1 Employment Equity Policy.............................................................................................. 55 4.2.1.2 Recruitment Strategies and Strategic Partnerships........................................................... 57 4.2.1.3 Information Technology .................................................................................................. 59 4.2.1.4 Other Barriers .................................................................................................................. 60 4.2.2 Banking............................................................................................................................ 62 4.2.2.1 Recruitment Strategies and Strategic Partnerships........................................................... 62 4.2.2.2 Information Technology .................................................................................................. 71 4.2.2.3 Other Barriers .................................................................................................................. 72 5.0 Looking Forward ..................................................................................................... 75 5.1 Recommendations for Educational and Training Organizations............................................... 75 5.2 Recommendations for Companies in the Airlines and Banking Sectors ................................... 80 6.0 Appendices.............................................................................................................. 84 6.1 Tables Accompanying Section 2.1 ............................................................................................ 84 6.2 Tables Accompanying Section 3.2 ............................................................................................ 93 6.2.1 Banking............................................................................................................................ 93 6.2.2 Airlines .......................................................................................................................... 104 6.3 Tables Accompanying Section 4.1 .......................................................................................... 114 6.4 List of all Individuals Contacted ............................................................................................. 118 7.0 References............................................................................................................. 121 - 3 - 1.0 Banking and Airlines Context 1.1 Structural change in the banking and airline industries Both the banking and airlines industries are experiencing periods of significant structural change. Since these sectors are service-based, companies have come to rely increasingly on information technologies in order to remain competitive and to grow. Moreover, both industries were affected by changes in government regulation in recent years. These factors, among others, have affected employment opportunities for designated and non-designated groups alike. The following tables demonstrate net changes in employment in the banking and airlines industries since the late 1990s: Bank Employment 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Manitoba 6,665 6,200 6,370 6,395 6,090 5,960 Canada 221,400 222,200 222,000 235,600 239,600 239,500 (Canadian Bankers Association) Airlines Employment 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Canada 53,225 52,083 44,896 51,338 54,443 (HRDC Employment Equity Act Annual Reports) Between 1997 and 2002, there has been a net loss of 705 workers in Manitoba in banking, or equally, a 10.6% decline. Across Canada, 18,100 banking jobs were gained. Airlines employment has remained basically static over this period, since there has been a net gain of 1,218 jobs (an increase of 2.3%) in the number of airlines workers nationally. 1.1.1 Banking The federal government has been barring against the merging of Canada’s major banks for a number of years, which would adversely affect designated groups by reducing employment opportunities in the (federally regulated) banking sector. The report of the Task Force on Financial Services of 1998, commonly known as the MacKay report, recommended increasing inter-bank competition and also banks’ competitive position - 4 - vis-à-vis other financial institutions.1 On the basis of this report, the federal government created strict conditions for bank mergers in June, 1999, thus not approving proposed mergers between the Bank of Montreal and Royal Bank, and between CIBC and Toronto Dominion.2 However, a take-over of Canada Trust by Toronto Dominion in 2000 was allowed because the former was not under the same restrictions as the banks, thereby resulting in some streamlining of the combined workforce.3 In June of 2000 the Department of Finance tabled Bill C-38, which created a “formal process for the government to review proposed mergers between major banks.”4 The inability to merge caused the banks to choose “internal restructuring and cost-cutting measures as an alternative to facing