Books Most Frequently Shipped by the Morning Meeting to Colonial Quakers

Home , Robert Barclay, Thomas Ellwood, Thomas Story

Appendix 1: Books Most Frequently Shipped by the Morning Meeting to Colonial Quakers

All titles were examined at the LSF and measurements are author’s own. For full titles, see Bibliography.

Author Short title Date Number of ‘Quaker’ Size in cm pages on cover

Robert Barclay A Catechism 1674 190 no 14 × 9. 5 (initials on and Confession (bound) cover) of Faith,second edition (ESTC R231196) Robert Barclay Apology 1678 392 In subtitle 19. 5 × 15. 5 (name on (ESTC R1740) (bound) cover) Robert Barclay Thesis 1675 16 In subtitle 20 × 12 (name on Theologicae (unbound) cover) (ESTC R216281) John Crook Truth’s 1662 23 In subtitle 17 × 14 (name on Principles (ESTC (bound) cover) R204876) Thomas An Answer to 1696 232 In subtitle 17 × 11 Ellwood (name George Keith’s (bound) on cover) Narrative (ESTC R8140) George Fox & Instructions for 1691 161 no 12.5 × 7 Ellis Hookes Right Spelling (bound) (initials on (ESTC R40417) cover) William Penn AKey 1693 35 In subtitle 15.5 × 10.5 (name not on (ESTC R28422) (unbound) cover)

171 172

(Continued)

Author Short title Date Number of ‘Quaker’ Size in cm pages on cover

William Penn The Christian- 1674 163 In title 26 × 17 (names of Quaker and his (bound) authors on Divine cover) Testimony (ESTC R37076) William Penn The Harmony of 1696 236 In subtitle 16 × 10 et al. (names of Divine and (bound) authors on Heavenly cover) Doctrines (ESTC R218217) Alexander Pyot A Brief Apology 1694 86 In subtitle 15.5 × 12 et al. (names of (ESTC R35979) (bound) authors on cover) George The Christian 1693 20 In title 15 × 9 Whitehead Doctrin and (bound) (name not on Society of ye cover) People called Quakers (ESTC R233931) George Antichrist in 1692 32 In subtitle 15 × 9 Whitehead Flesh unmask’d (bound) (name not on (ESTC cover) R186514) George The Contemned 1692 94 In title 15 × 9 Whitehead Quaker (bound) (name not on (ESTC R26354) cover) George The Quakers 1694 4 In title 37 × 22.5 Whitehead Vindication (unbound) (name on against Francis cover) Bugg’s Calumnies (ESTC R35241) Joseph Wyeth Anguis 1699 548 no 18.5 × 11.5 (name on ﬂagellates: or, a (bound) cover) Switch for the Snake (ESTC R16372)

Source: LSF MSS MMM, V1–V4. Appendix 2: Ministers from England with Approval or Acknowledgement from the Morning Meeting to Travel to the Americas

Minister Origin Date of Approval

Robert Barrow Lancashire 1694 William Ellis Yorkshire (Settle Monthly Meeting) 1697 Aaron Atkinson Cumberland 1697 Thomas Turner Yorkshire (Linton) 1697 Thomas Chalkley London, (Horsleydown Monthly Meeting) 1697 Jacob Fallowﬁeld Hertford 1699 Elizabeth Webb Gloucestershire 1699 Mary Rogers Nottinghamshire 1699 Thomas Story Cumberland 1699 Roger Gill London 1699 Richard Goves Possibly Pennsylvania 1700 Josiah Langdale Yorkshire 1700 John Richardson Yorkshire (Kelk Monthly Meeting) 1700 John Estaugh Essex (Dunmow) 1700 Samuel Bownas Westmoreland 1702 John Fothergill Yorkshire 1705 William Armitstead Yorkshire, later London 1705 John Farmer Essex 1711 Benjamin Holmes York 1715 Thomas Thompson Devon 1715 John Danson Lancashire (Swarthmoor Monthly 1718 Meeting) Isaac Hadwen Yorkshire 1718 Lydia Lancaster Westmoreland 1718 Elizabeth Rawlinson Lancaster 1718 Margaret Pain 1720 John Appleton Lincolnshire 1720 ? Kirk 1721 Lawrence King Yorkshire 1721

173 174 Appendix 2

(Continued)

Minister Origin Date of Approval

Benjamin Kidd Yorkshire (Settle Monthly Meeting) 1722/3 Joshua Fielding London (Bull and Mouth Monthly 1725 Meeting) William Piggott London (Ratcliff Monthly Meeting) 1725

Source: Names and dates from the LSF MSS MMM V1–V4, origins from source listed.

The origins of the ministers were located in the following:

• Robert Barrow, Aaron Atkinson, Thomas Turner, Jacob Fallowfield, Elizabeth Webb, Roger Gill, William Armitstead, John Danson, Isaac Hadwen, Elizabeth Rawlinson, and Lawrence—DQB. • James Backhouse—The Life and Correspondence of William and Alice Ellis, (London: Charles Gilpin, 1849), p. 1. • Thomas Chalkley—LSF MMM V2, p. 109. • Jacob Fallowfield—Myers, Quaker Arrivals in Philadelphia, 1682–1750: Being a List of Certificates of Removal Received at Philadelphia Monthly Meeting of Friends (Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Press, 1902), p. 18. • Thomas Story—Carla Gerona ‘Thomas Story’, ODNB Online. • Richard Goves—LSF MMM V3, p. 25. • John Richardson and John Estaugh—LSF MMM V3, p. 2. • Josiah Langdale—Josiah Langdale, 1673–1723, A Quaker Spiritual Autobiography, Gil Skidmore, ed. (Reading: Sowle Press, 1999). • Samuel Bownas—Gil Skidmore, ‘Samuel Bownas’, ODNB Online. • John Fothergill—Margaret DeLacy, ‘John Fothergill’, ODNB Online. • John Farmer—LSF MMM V3, p. 366. • Benjamin Holmes—LSF MMM V4, p. 78. • Thomas Thompson—LSF MMM V3, p. 2. • Lydia Lancaster—LSF MMM V4, p. 144. • John Appleton—LSF MMM V4, p. 179. • Benjamin Kidd—LSF MMM V4, p. 265. • Joshua Fielding—LSF MMM V4, p. 274. • William Piggot—LSF MMM V4, p. 280. Appendix 3: London Quaker Merchants in this Study

Annis, John Daveson, John Kent, John Archer, George Diamond, Richard Kent, William Askew, John East, Robert Kirton, Benjamin Austell, Moses Eccleston, John Langley, Peter Barclay, David Eccleston, Theodor Lawrie, James Barker, Thomas Fairman, Robert Lawson, Samuel Barnard, John Falconer, John Lax, Nicholas Barnes, John Flexney, Daniel Lloyd, Thomas Barnes, William Forbes, Alexander Lovell, William Basely, John Forbes, Christian Low, Emmanual Beasley, John Ford, Philip Lurting, Thomas Benthall, Walter Gee, Joshua Lyell, James Bevan, Sylvanus Gouldney, Henry Marsh, Richard Birkes, William Groome, Samuel Mayleigh, Thomas Bond, Thomas Grove, John Medford, John Braine, Benjamin Grove, Joseph Miers, Walter Braine, James Grove, Sylvanus Moore, Joseph Briggins, Peter Gurnell, Jonathan Moore, John Burkhead, William Gurrell, Jonathan Morris, Thomas Burtwell, William Hagen, Jacob Moss, Thomas Camﬁeld, Francis Haige, William Mucklow, Selby Chalkley, Thomas Haines, Richard Ormston, Joseph Chatwode, Isaac Haines, Joseph Osgood, Salem Clarke, Thomas Haistwell, Edward Padley, John Clay, Elizabeth Hale, Henry Partridge, Richard Clay, Samuel Hall, John Paterson, Alexander Claypoole, George Hanbury, John Perrin, Thomas Claypoole, James Harrison, Samuel Plumsted, Clement Coleman, Abraham Harrison, Thomas Plumsted, Thomas Coles, Sabian Hart, Thomas Poor, Richard Coward, William Harwood, John Pyle, Joseph Cox, John Haynes, Richard Quare, Daniel Coysgarne, John Heathcote, George Quare, Jeremiah Coysgarne, Joseph Hemming, Isaac Right, Joseph Crouch, William Higginson, Gilbert Roberts, Thomas Crow, John Hitchcock, John Rous, Nathaniel Curtis, Robert Hyam, Thomas Ruddle, John

175 176 Appendix 3

Ruddle/Rudley, Robert Story, Thomas Warrin/Warren, Ryddle, Benjamin Strutt, Joseph William Scantlebury, Robert Swinton, John West, Edward Scarth, Jonathan Taylor, John Williams, Christopher Shardlow, William Tellnar, Jacob Woods, John Smith, Thomas Tomkins, Thomas Wright, Joseph South, Humphrey Waite, Richard Wright, John Stacy, John Warner, Simeon Notes

Introduction

1. Bernard Bailyn, ‘Introduction’, in The British Atlantic World, 1500–1800 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002), pp. xiv–xx (p. xv). 2. Thomas Chalkley, A collection of the works of that antient, faithful servant of Jesus Christ, Thomas Chalkley, who departed this life in the Island of Tortola, the fourth day of the ninth month, 1741; to which is prefix’d, a journal of his life, travels, and Christian experiences (London: Luke Hinde, 1751), p. 13. 3. Chalkley, A collection of the works, pp. 14–15. 4. Quakers developed a specific style for noting days of the week and months of the year, eschewing the use of names derived from pagan gods. Their style simply called Sunday ‘first day’, and so on through the week, and also numbered the months. However, before the change from the Julian to Gregorian calendar in the later eighteenth century, the first month of the calendar was March and therefore, the Quakers’ ‘first month’ referred to March, and so on through the year. 5. LSF MMM V2, pp. 200, 202; Chalkley, A collection of the works; pp. 13–15, and MfS minutes, XII, p. 32. 6. TNA London Port Books: E190/121/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage: Overseas: Imports by denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683); E190/115/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage: Overseas: Exports by Denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683); E190/159/1 (Surveyor of Customs: Overseas: Cloths and other goods exports by denizens, Xmas 1696–Xmas 1697); and E190/155/1 (Searcher, Overseas Exports, Xmas 1695–Xmas 1696). 7. George Fox, The Journal of George Fox, Rufus M. Jones, ed. (Richmond, IN: Friends United Press, 1976), p. 82. 8. Fox, The Journal (1976), p. 150. 9. John Punshon, Portrait in Grey: A Short History of the Quakers (London: Quaker Books, 2006), pp. 70–2. 10. Rosemary Moore, The Light in their Consciences: The Early Quakers in Britain 1646–1666 (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), pp. 24, 27. 11. Leo Damrosch, ‘James Nayler, 1618–1660’, ODNB. 12. Punshon, Portrait in Grey, pp. 91–2. 13. William C. Braithwaite, The Second Period of Quakerism (London: Heritage Books, 1921), p. xxvii. 14. William C. Braithwaite, The Beginnings of Quakerism, 2nd edn (York: Sessions Book Trust, 1951), p. 309. 15. Braithwaite, The Beginnings of Quakerism, pp. 316–7. 16. ‘Convincement’ originally referred to a ‘two-stage experience common among the first Quakers. Initially, the Light would reveal a person’s sins, and he or she would be convicted of them. The same Light, however, would

177 178 Notes

then set this person free from sin and release him or her into a new and renewed intimacy with God’. Modern usage more closely matches ‘conversion’. (Margery Post Abbott, Mary Ellen Chijioke, Pink Dandelion, and John William Oliver Jr, Historical Dictionary of the Friends (Quakers) 2nd edn (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2012), p. 88. 17. Braithwaite, The Beginnings of Quakerism, p. 308. 18. Ibid., pp. 156–7. 19. Moore, Light in their Consciences, pp. 24–5. 20. Ibid., p. 30. 21. Ibid., p. 140. 22. William Beck and T. Frederick Ball, The London Friends’ Meetings: Showing the Rise of the Society of Friends in London; Its Progress, and the Development of Its Discipline; With Accounts of the Various Meeting-Houses and Burial-Grounds, Their History and General Associations (London: F. Bowyer Kitto, 1869), p. 36. 23. Moore, Light in their Consciences, p. 228. 24. Ibid., p. 227. 25. Beck and Ball, The London Friends’ Meetings (1869), pp. 91–133. 26. Craig Horle, The Quakers and the English Legal System 1660–1688 (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988), p. 163. 27. Horle, The Quakers and the English Legal System, p. 163. 28. Simon Neil Dixon, Quaker Communities in London: 1667–c1714 (Unpub- lished PhD thesis, University of London, 2005), citing Nicholas Morgan, Lancashire Quakers and the Establishment: 1660–1730 (Halifax: Ryburn Aca- demic Pub., 1993). 29. Clare J. L. Martin, Controversy and Division in Post-Restoration Quakerism: The Hat, Wilkinson-Story and Keithian Controversies and Comparisons with the Internal Divisions of Other Seventeenth-Century Nonconformist Groups (Unpublished PhD thesis, Open University, 2003), pp. 82–3. 30. Su Fang Ng, ‘Marriage and Discipline: The Place of Women in Early Quaker Controversies’, The Seventeenth Century 18(1) (2003), pp. 113–40 (p. 117). 31. Braithwaite, The Second Period, pp. 300–1. 32. Bonnelyn Young Kunze, ‘Religious Authority and Social Status in Seventeenth-Century England: The Friendship of Margaret Fell, George Fox, and William Penn’, Church History 67(2) (1988), pp. 170–86 (pp. 176–7). 33. I. K. Steele, The English Atlantic 1675–1740: An Exploration of Communication and Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 275–7. 34. Braithwaite, The Second Period, p. 639 and Caroline L. Leachman, From an ‘Unruly Sect’ to a Society of ‘Strict Unity’: The Development of Quakerism in England c.1650–1689 (Unpublished PhD thesis, University College London, 1997), pp. 68–9. 35. Horle, The Quakers and the English Legal System, p. 163. 36. Jacob M. Price, ‘The Great Quaker Business Families of Eighteenth-Century London: The Rise and Fall of a Sectarian Patriciate’, in The World of William Penn, Richard S. Dunn and Mary Maples Dunn, eds (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, 1986), pp. 363–99 (p. 366). 37. Roy Porter and Dorothy Porter, ‘The Rise of the English Drugs Industry: The Role of Thomas Corbyn’, Medical History 33 (1989), 277–95 (p. 291). 38. James N. Green, ‘The Book Trade in the Middle Colonies, 1680–1720’ in A History of the Book in America, Volume One: The Colonial Book in the Notes 179

Atlantic World, Hugh Amory and David D. Hall, eds (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 199–223 (p. 218). 39. One example of an in-depth study of Caribbean Quakers is Larry Dale Gragg’s The Quaker Community on Barbados: Challenging the Culture of the Planter Class (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2009). 40. The deﬁnition of London in this work refers to Greater London, including the parishes within and outside the walls, as well as the outparishes of Middlesex and Surrey including Southwark. 41. Alison Games, The Web of Empire: English Cosmopolitans in an Age of Expansion 1560–1660 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 14, 298–9. 42. Peter Earle, The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London, 1660–1730 (London: Methuen, 1989), p. 18. 43. Perry Gauci, Emporium of the World: The Merchants of London 1660–1800 (London: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), p. 12. 44. ‘Network’, OED Online. 45. Studies of London during this time period have included examinations of political institutions, such Vanessa Harding’s study of local politics in London’s parishes; physical structure and geography such as Craig Spence’s atlas of London in the 1690s; livery companies, as in the essays in Ian Anders Gadd and Patrick Wallis’ Guilds, Society & Economy in London 1450– 1800; and demographics, such as John Landers, who used London Quaker records in his work. (Vanessa Harding, ‘Controlling a Complex Metropo- lis, 1650–1750: Politics, Parishes and Powers’, London Journal, 26 (2001), 29–37; Ian Anders Gadd and Patrick Wallis, eds, Guilds, Society & Economy in London 1450–1800 (London: Centre for Metropolitan History, Institute of Historical Research, 2002); Craig Spence, London in the 1690s: A Social Atlas (London: Centre for Metropolitan History, Institute of Historical Research, 2000); John Landers, Death and the Metropolis: Studies in the Demographic History of London 1670–1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). 46. Tony Bennett, Lawrence Grossberg, and Meaghan Morris, eds, New Key- words: A Revised Vocabulary of Culture and Society (Malden MA: Blackwell, 2005), p. 51. 47. David Cressy, Coming Over: Migrations and Communication between England and New England in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 1987), pp. 292–3. 48. ‘Community’, OED Online. 49. Patricia U. Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 13–14. 50. Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven, pp. 14–15. 51. Ibid., p. 16. 52. Samuel C. McCulloch, ‘The Foundation of and Early Work of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts’, The Huntington Library Quarterly 8(3) (1945), 241–58 (p. 242). 53. I. K. Steele, ‘The Board of Trade, The Quakers, and Resumption of Colonial Charters, 1699–1702’, WMQ, third series, 23 (1996), 596–619 (p. 613). 54. McCulloch, ‘The Foundation of and Early Work’, p. 244. 180 Notes

55. Patricia U. Bonomi and Peter R. Eisenstadt, ‘Church Adherence in the Eighteenth Century British American Colonies’, WMQ, third series, 39(2) (1982), 245–86 (p. 246). 56. Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven, pp. 43–4. 57. John K. Nelson, A Blessed Company: Parishes, Parsons, and Parishioners in Anglican Virginia, 1690–1776 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), p. 4. 58. ‘A Modell of Christian Charity’, from John Winthrop, ‘A Modell of Christian Charity’, from Winthrop Papers (Boston, MA: The Massachusetts Historical Society, 1931), p. 295. 59. Michael P. Winship, Seers of God: Puritan Providentialism in the Restoration and Early Enlightenment (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 4. 60. Winship, Seers of God,p.53. 61. Susan Hardman Moore, Pilgrims: New World Settlers & the Call of Home (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), p. 21. 62. Francis J. Bremer, Puritanism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 17. 63. Bremer, Puritanism, pp. 78–9. 64. Moore, Pilgrims, p. 45. 65. Ibid., pp. 45–6. 66. Ibid., pp. 121–8, 140. 67. Bremer, Puritanism, p. 24. 68. Moore, Pilgrims, p. 48. 69. Cressy, Coming Over, p. 215. 70. Ibid., p. 232. 71. Ibid., p. 233. 72. Perry Miller, The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century (London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1953), pp. 29–31. 73. Cressy, Coming Over, pp. 232–3. 74. Winship, Seers of God,p.93. 75. Cressy, Coming Over, p. 234. 76. Nicholas Cushner, Why Have You Come Here? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 181. 77. Chester Gillis, Roman Catholicism in America (New York: Columbia Univer- sity Press, 1999), pp. 48, 56. 78. Carla Gardina Pestana, ‘Religion’, in The British Atlantic World, 1500–1800 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002), pp. 69–89 (pp. 72–3). 79. Pestana, ‘Religion’, p. 79. 80. Giada Pizzoni, ‘A Pass ...Is Not Denied to Any Romanist’ Strategies of the Catholic Merchant Community in the Early Atlantic World’, Cultural and Social History, 11 (2014), 349–65 (p. 360). 81. Joshua Miller, ‘Direct Democracy and the Puritan Theory of Membership’, The Journal of Politics 53(1) (1991), 57–74 (p. 59). 82. Miller, ‘Direct Democracy’, p. 59. 83. Moore, Pilgrims,p.7. 84. Ibid., pp. 46–7. 85. Simon Dixon, ‘Quaker Communities in London: 1667–c.1714’ (University of London, 2005), p. 90. Dixon drew from the marriage registers, the 1692 Notes 181

Poll Tax returns, and Spence’s London in the 1690s to create a table of London Quakers’ 20 most common occupations. 86. Neal Salisbury, ‘The Indians’ Old World: Native Americans and the Com- ing of the Europeans’, in American Encounters: Natives and Newcomers from European Contact to Indian Removal, 1500–1850, 2nd edn (New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 3–25 (p. 4). 87. Jonathan Hart, Empires and Colonies (Cambridge: Polity, 2008), p. 45. 88. Ibid., p. 82. 89. David S. Jones, ‘Virgin Soils Revisited’, in American Encounters: Natives and Newcomers from European Contact to Indian Removal, 1500–1850,2ndedn (New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 51–83 (pp. 71–5). 90. Hart, Empires and Colonies, p. 60. 91. Games, The Web of Empire,p.49. 92. Karen Ordahl Kupperman, North America and the Beginnings of European Col- onization (Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1992), pp. 12, 19–21. 93. Karen Ordahl Kupperman, The Jamestown Project (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University 2007), p. 32. 94. Jonathan Hart, Comparing Empires: European Colonialism from Portuguese Expansion to the Spanish-American War (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2003), pp. 100–1. 95. Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Settling with the Indians: The Meeting of English and Indian Cultures in America, 1580–1640 (Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanheld, 1980), p. 166. 96. Hart, Comparing Empires, p. 102. 97. Ibid., p. 91. 98. William Strachey, The Historie of Travell into Empires and Colonies Virginia Britannia (1612), in Hart, Empires and Colonies, p. 109. 99. Nicholas Canny, ‘The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America’, WMQ, third series, 30(4) (1973), 575–98 (p. 576). 100. Ibid., pp. 577–8. 101. Ibid., pp. 587–8. 102. Ibid., pp. 596–7. 103. Kupperman, North America, p. 32. 104. Kupperman, Settling with the Indians, pp. 161–2. 105. Kupperman, The Jamestown Project, p. 221. 106. Robert Brenner, ‘The Civil War Politics of London’s Merchant Community’, Past and Present 58 (1973), 53–107 (p. 65). 107. Games, The Web of Empire, pp. 138–9. 108. Ibid., p. 147. 109. Kupperman, Settling with the Indians, p. 173. 110. Ibid., p. 161. 111. Ibid., p. 159. 112. John Smith, A description of New England: or the observations, and discoveries, of Captain John Smith (Admirall of that country) in the North of America, in the year of our Lord 1614: with the successe of sixe ships, that went the next yeare 1615; and the accidents befell him among the French men of warre (London: Humfrey Lownes, 1616), p. 60, ESTC S111023. 113. Kupperman, Settling with the Indians, pp. 163–6. 182 Notes

114. Pestana, ‘Religion’, p. 71. 115. ‘Hakluyt’s Dedication to Ralegh, 1587’, in The First Colonies: Documents on the Planting of the First English Settlements in North America 1584–1590, David B. Quinn and Alison M. Quinn, eds (Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, 1982), p. 92. 116. Pestana, ‘Religion’, p. 71.

1 Quaker Institutional Structures

1. Beck and Ball, London Friends’ Meetings (1869), p. 85. 2. Frederick B. Tolles, Quakers and the Atlantic Culture (New York: Macmillan, 1960), p. 9. 3. Moore, The Light in Their Consciences, p. 24. 4. LSF MSS Abram Rawlinson Barclay Manuscripts (Horle transcription), Vol- ume 1. This collection, which consists mostly of letters dated 1652–1691, was found in 1915 and named after Barclay because they were likely used in the preparation of his book, Letters of Early Friends from 1841. It contains 114 letters to George Fox or Fox and others, and 25 letters to Margaret Fell or Fell and others, from England, Ireland, Europe, and the American and Caribbean colonies. 5. LSF MSS A. R. Barclay Manuscripts (Horle transcription), V1, p. 60. 6. Ibid., V1, pp. 177–8. 7. John Audland to Margaret Fell, 1655, in Tolles, Quakers and the Atlantic Culture, p. 23. 8. George Fox, The Journal of George Fox Edited From the MSS, Norman Penney, ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911), II, p. 337. 9. Haverford Collection of Ministers (HCQC 975C). 10. ‘An Account of the passages of Tho[mas] Thurston, Josiah Cole [Coale] and Thomas Chapman by land and water’, A. R. Barclay Manuscripts (Horle transcription), Volume 1, pp. 18–20; and ‘Josiah Coale to George Fox from Maryland 1660’, LSF MSS A. R. Barclay Manuscripts (Horle transcription), Volume 1, p. 59. 11. LSF MSS A. R. Barclay Manuscripts (Horle transcription), V1, p. 71. 12. Braithwaite, Second Period, pp. 275–6. 13. LSF MSS LYM minutes, V1, 1668–1695, p. 1. 14. Ibid., p. 2. 15. LSF MSS MMM V1, 1673– 1692, p. 121. 16. Ibid., p. 106. 17. Extracts from the Minutes and Proceedings of the Yearly Meeting of Friends Held in London (London: Office of the Society of Friends, 1900), p. 96. 18. Fox to Women Friends, 28 April 1676, in Braithwaite, Second Period, p. 280. 19. Kate Peters, Print Culture and the Early Quakers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 51, discusses Fell and Aldam’s roles. 20. Ibid., p. 51. 21. The definition of ministers from Punshon, Portrait in Grey, p. 70. 22. ‘Duke of York’s Confirmation to the 24 Proprietors: 14th of March 1682’, Yale Law School Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/nj09.asp, date accessed Notes 183

7 May 2014; and John David Davis, West Jersey New Jersey Deed Records 1676–1721 (Westminster, MD, 2005), p. 56. 23. Peters, Print Culture, pp. 39–40. 24. Ibid., p. 45. 25. Ibid., p. 31. 26. Ibid., p. 36. 27. Ibid., pp. 36–8. 28. Beck and Ball, London Friends’ Meetings (1869), p. 337. 29. Ibid., p. 339. 30. LSF MSS MMM V4, 1711– 1734, p. 235 and LSF MSS LYM minutes V6, 1721– 1728, p. 128. 31. While a book was maintained of ministers wishing to visit Monthly Meetings in the London area, the names from the ‘Book of Ministering Friends’ do not correspond exactly with the names in the MMM. 32. Beck and Ball, London Friends’ Meetings, p. 336. 33. Francis Bugg, De Christiana Libertate, or, liberty of conscience upon it’s [sic] true and proper grounds asserted & vindicated. And the mischief of impositions, amongst the people called Quakers, made manifest. In two parts. The ﬁrst, proving, that no prince nor state ought by force, to compel men to any part of the doctrine, worship, or discipline of the Gospel. By a nameless, yet an approved author, &c. The second, shewing the inconsistency betwixt the church-government erected by G. Fox, &c. and that in the primitive times: being historically treated on. To which is added, A word of advice to the Pencilvanians (London: Enoch Prosser, 1682), part 2, p. 18, from Thomas O’Malley, ‘ “Defying the Powers and Tempering the Spirit”: A Review of Quaker Control over Their Publications 1672–1689’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 33 (1982), 72–88 (p. 76). 34. William Rogers, The sixth part of The Christian-Quaker distinguished from the apostate & innovator, being a just defence against the reproach of scandalous tongues and pens, and a proper looking-glass for a meeting in London, termed the Second-Days Meeting, who are reputed the approvers of three books, or papers against a treatise entituled, The Christian-Quaker, &c. in ﬁve parts given forth by W.R. on behalf of himself and other friends in truth concerned. By W.R. (London, 1681), (ESTC R970) p. 4. 35. LSF MSS LYM minutes, V6, 1721– 1728, pp. 128, 172. 36. Some works include Carla Gardina Pestana’s ‘The Quaker Executions as Myth and History’, The Journal of American History, 80 (1993), 441–69; and Winthrop Hudson’s ‘A Suppressed Chapter in Quaker History’, Journal of Religion, 24 (1944), 108–18. 37. Phyllis Mack, ‘Women as Prophets During the English Civil War’, Feminist Studies, 8 (1982), 18–45 (p. 34). 38. David J. Hall, ‘ “The Fiery Tryal of Their Infallible Examination”: Self- Control in the Regulation of Quaker Publishing in England from the 1670s to the Mid 19th Century’, in Censorship and the Control of Print in England and France 1600–1910 (Winchester: St Paul’s Bibliographies, 1992), pp. 59–86 (p. 59). 39. Ibid., p. 62. 40. Bugg, The Pilgrim’s Progress from Quakerism to Christianity, London, 1698, in Hall, ‘ “The Fiery Tryal” ’, pp. 63–4. 41. Braithwaite, Second Period, p. 22. 184 Notes

42. G. Fox the younger, ‘A Noble Salutation (1660)’, p. 13, in Barry Reay, The Quakers and the English Revolution (London: Temple Smith, 1985), p. 105. 43. Horle, The Quakers and the English Legal System, pp. 173–4. 44. Morning Meeting, 31 May 1675, in Braithwaite, Second Period,p.90. 45. Norman Crowther-Hunt, Two Early Political Associations: The Quakers and the Dissenting Deputies in the Age of Sir Robert Walpole (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961), pp. 180–1. 46. LSF MSS LYM minutes, V1, 1168– 1695, p. 25. 47. Church Government (LYM 1968), Chapter 21, passim. 48. Recording clerk Benjamin Bealing carried a letter from the Yearly Meeting in Flushing, New York, from the MfS to the Morning Meeting in 1708 (LSF MSS MfS Minutes, XIX: 160). 49. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1675– 1679 I: 2. 50. Ibid., I: 3. 51. Ibid., I: 11. 52. Ibid., I: 41, 43, 93. 53. LSF MSS National Stock Accounts 1679–1716, V1. 54. LSF MSS Epistles Received, V2, 1705– 1738, p. 36. 55. Alison Olson, ‘The Lobbying of London Quakers for Pennsylvania Friends’, The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 117 (1993), 131–52 (p. 136). 56. I. K. Steele, ‘The Board of Trade’, pp. 610–11. The bill, known as the ‘Act for Re-uniting to the Crown the Government of several Colonies and Plantations in America’, was introduced in the House of Lords 24 April 1701, Journal of the House of Lords, volume 16: 1696–1701, p. 659, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=13881&strquery, date accessed 24 August 2014. 57. Horle, The Quakers and the English Legal System 1660–1688, p. 162. Ethyn Williams Kirby writes about the passage of the Toleration Act and the role of the Meeting for Sufferings. (Ethyn Williams Kirby, ‘The Quakers Efforts to Secure Civil and Religious Liberty, 1660–96’, Journal of Modern History,7 (1935), 401–21. 58. Rebecca Larson, Daughters of Light: Quaker Women Preaching and Prophesying in the Colonies and Abroad, 1700–1775 (New York: Knopf, 1999), p. 35. 59. Nigel Smith, ‘Perrot, John (d. 1665)’, ODNB. 60. Hugh Barbour and J. William Frost, The Quakers (Richmond, IN: Friends United Press, 1994), p. 57. 61. Maurice Wigham, The Irish Quakers: A Short History of the Religious Society of Friends in Ireland (Dublin: Historical Committee of the Religious Society of Friends in Ireland, 1992), p. 36. 62. LSF MSS London Six Weeks Meeting minutes, V2 (1682–1692/3), pp. 5, 7. 63. Ibid., p. 66. 64. Ibid., pp. 4–5. 65. LSF MSS London Six Weeks Meeting minutes, V3 (1692–1698), pp. 48–54. 66. H. Larry Ingle, ‘Women on Women’s Roles: Mary Penington to Friends, 1678’, Signs, 16 (1991), 587–96 (p. 589). 67. Larson, Daughters of Light, p. 31. 68. Ibid., p. 39. 69. LSF MSS Box Meeting Account Book, V2, 1678–1746, p. 41. Notes 185

70. LSF MSS Box Meeting Account Book, V1, 1672–1684. 71. LSF MSS Box Meeting Account Book, V2, 1678–1746, p. 51. 72. Elizabeth Vaughton first appeared in the Box Meeting Accounts 1672–1784, p. 63, in the eighth month, 1681. John Vaughton first appeared in the MMM, VI, p. 81, in the ninth month, 1684. 73. Bonnelyn Young Kunze, ‘ “vessels fitt for masters Us[e]”: A Transatlantic Community of Religious Women, The Quakers 1675–1753’, in Court, Coun- try and Culture: Essays on Early Modern British History in Honor of Perez Zagorin (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1992), pp. 177–97 (p. 185). 74. Kunze, ‘ “vessels fitt for masters us[e]” ’, pp. 195–6. 75. LSF MSS Box Meeting Account Book, V2, 1678–1746, p. 61. 76. Ibid., p. 99. 77. LSF MSS Ratcliff Monthly Meeting minutes, VI (1681–1701), 11b 6, 31 third month 1682, p. 9. 78. LSF MSS Horsleydown Monthly Meeting minutes 1690–1705, 20 fifth month 1701. 79. Ibid., 4 first month, 1684–1685. 80. Ibid., 5 eleventh month 1708–1709, p. 122. 81. Ibid., 18 fifth month 1711, p. 247. 82. Russell Mortimer, ed., Minute Book of the Men’s Meeting of the Society of Friends in Bristol, 1686–1704 (Bristol Record Society’s Publication Volume XXX) (Bristol, 1977), pp. 8, 9, 24, 26, 48. 83. Ibid., p. 46. 84. Ibid., p. 195. 85. David Harris Sacks, The Widening Gate: Bristol and the Atlantic Economy 1450– 1700 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991), p. 319. 86. Larson, Daughters of Light, pp. 308, 317. 87. William Edmundson, A Journal of the life, travels, sufferings, and labour of love in the work of the ministry, of that Worthy Elder, and Faithful Servant of Jesus Christ, William Edmundson, Who departed this Life, the 31st of the 6th Month, 1712 (Dublin, 1712) (ESTC T145550); and John Barcroft, A faithful warning, to the inhabitants of Great-Britain and Ireland, to dread the Lord, and turn from their evil doings (Dublin: and re-printed at London, by the assigns of J. Sowle, 1720) (ESTC T87903). 88. John Bergin, ‘The Quaker Lobby and Its Influence on Irish Legislation, 1692– 1705’, Eighteenth-Century Ireland/Iris an dá chultúr, 19 (2004), 9–36 (p. 10). 89. The 1697 Half-Year’s Meeting in Dublin considered its ‘connection’ to the LYM. (William Rathbone, A Narrative of Events, That Have Lately Taken Place in Ireland: Among the Society Called Quakers (London: J. Johnson, 1804), p. 49). 90. Epistles Received, Volume 2, 1705– 1738, p. 40.

2 Communicating Religion with Friends ‘Beyond the Seas’

1. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692– 1700, p. 200. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., p. 202. 4. Chalkley, A collection of the works, p. 12. 5. LSF MMM V2, 1692– 1700, p. 232. 186 Notes

6. Kate Peters referred to pamphlets and tracts in discussing the early Quakers’ print culture, citing Edward Burroughs’ 1652 phrase, ‘great want of bookes’. (Peters, Print Culture, p. 43). This would suggest that the term ‘books’ was used for a variety of Quaker publications, a practice extended here to any Quaker publication with which the Morning Meeting dealt. 7. O’Malley, ‘ “Defying the Powers” ’, p. 77. 8. Ibid., p. 80. For example, the 1699 minutes contain an entry regarding the distribution of books in Norfolk and Suffolk (LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692– 1700, transcription, p. 134). 9. William Braithwaite wrote that the Morning Meeting handed over the responsibility for distribution of books in England to the MfS (Braithwaite, Second Period, pp. 285–6). However, according to the MMM, Epistles Sent, Epistles Received, and the MfS minutes, the Morning MfS shared the responsibility for the distribution of books to Quakers abroad. 10. LYM, Epistles from the Yearly Meeting of Friends Held in London to the Quar- terly and Monthly Meetings in Great Britain, Ireland, and Elsewhere, From 1681 to 1857, Inclusive: With an Historical Introduction, and a Chapter Comprising Some of the Early Epistles and Records of the Yearly Meeting (London: Edward Marsh, Friends’ Books and Tract Depository, 1858), p. 59. 11. Ibid., p. 158. 12. Hall, ‘ “The fiery Tryal” ’, pp. 65–7. 13. LSF MSS Epistles Sent VI, 16831692– 1700, 1703, p. 65. 14. See Appendix 1. 15. George Whitehad, Antichrist in flesh unmask’d (London: Thomas Northcott, 1692), (ESTC R186514). 16. George Whitehad, The contemned Quaker (London: Thomas Northcott, 1692), (ESTC R26354). 17. George Whitehad, The Christian doctrin and society of the people called Quakers (London: Thomas Northcott, 1693), ESTC R233931. 18. Robert Barclay, An apology for the true Christian divinity (London: unknown, 1678), ESTC R1740. 19. One historian has even referred to Barclay as ‘the systematizer of Quaker doctrine’. Jack Marietta, ‘Wealth, War and Religion: The Perfecting of Quaker Asceticism 1740–1783’, Church History, 43 (1974), 230–41 (p. 230). 20. Braithwaite, The Second Period, p. 454. 21. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1702, p. 24. 22. LSF MSS MMM V3, 1700–1711, p. 98. 23. Ibid., p. 181. 24. William Penn, A key opening a way to every common understanding (London: Thomas Northcott, 1693), ESTC R28422. 25. John Cook, Truth’s principles (London: unknown, 1662), ESTC R204876. 26. Alexander Pyot, A brief apology in behalf of the people in derision call’d Quakers (London: Thomas Northcott, n.d.), ESTC Citation R229320. 27. John Field, The Christianity of the people called Quakers asserted (London: T. Sowle, 1700), ESTC W33617. 28. LSF MSS MMM V4, pp. 86–7. Wyeth’s publication was Anguis flagellatus, or, A switch for the snake in the grass (London: T. Sowle, 1699), ESTC R16372. 29. LSF MSS MMM V4, 1711–1734, p. 88. 30. LSF MSS MMM V3, 1700–1711, pp. 222–3. Notes 187

31. Ibid., p. 180. 32. Ibid., p. 41. 33. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1700, pp. 286–7. 34. Carla Gardina Pestana, ‘The City Upon a Hill Under Siege: The Puritan Perception of the Quaker Threat to Massachusetts Bay, 1656–1661’, New England Quarterly, 56 (1983), 323–53 (p. 325). 35. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1700, p. 345. Unfortunately, the titles were not listed in the MMM. 36. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1700, p. 362. Rhode Island Quakers suffered less from persecution, and relying on Quakers there to distribute books to Massachusetts Quakers would have increased the chances that the books would not have been conﬁscated in Boston. 37. Tolles, Quakers and the Atlantic Culture, p. 28. 38.RevH.P.Thompson,Into All Lands: The History of the Society for the Prop- agation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts 1701–1950 (London: SPCK, 1951), p. 103. 39. Tolles calls the travelling ministry ‘the bloodstream of the transatlantic Society of Friends’, but he did acknowledge that the effect of that ministry could not be measured. Tolles, Quakers and the Atlantic Culture, pp. 29, 27. 40. ‘William Wilkinson’, DQB. 41. LSF MSS MMM V4, 1711–1734, p. 23. 42. Ibid, p. 145. 43. See Appendix 2. 44. LSF MSS MMM V3, 1700–1711, p. 2. 45. Ibid., p. 37. 46. Ibid., p. 66. 47. Ibid., p. 69. 48. LSF MSS MMM V2,1692–1700, p. 244. 49. Ibid., p. 260. 50. LSF LYM Volume 1, 1668–1695, p. 349; and Volume 3, 1692–1708, pp. 331–46. 51. LSF LYM Volume 4, 1709–1713, pp. 67–81. 52. LSF MSS MMM V3, 1700–1711, p. 366. 53. Ibid., p. 370. 54. LSF MSS MMM V4, 1711–1734, p. 1. 55. Ibid., p. 2. 56. Ibid., p. 86. 57. Ibid., p. 96. 58. LSF MSS MMM V3, 1700–1711, p. 307; and LSF MSS MMM V4 1711–1734, p. 189. 59. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1700, p. 62. 60. Ibid., p. 282. 61. LSF MSS MMM V3, 1700–1711, p. 198. 62. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1700, p. 297. 63. LSF MSS MMM V4, 1711–1734, p. 6. 64. Ibid., p. 23. 65. ‘William Wilkinson’, DQB. 66. LSF MSS MMM V4, 1711–1734, p. 199. 67. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1700, pp. 342–3. 188 Notes

68. Steele, The English Atlantic, p. 50. William Byrd’s four-week voyage from Virginia to London in 1688 was rare and some voyages took as long as 25 weeks. 69. LSF MSS Epistles Received, V1 and V2. These times would include the number of days to travel over ground, if necessary, and the delivery to the specific correspondent, as well as the time before that correspondent read the epistle to the meeting. For example, the Morning Meeting could send an epistle, receive a response that was read in the Morning Meeting within ten months, as in the case of Rhode Island’s annual epistles in 1685. LSF MSS Epistles Received, V1, 1683–1706, p. 18. 70. LSF MSS MMM V1, 1673–1692, p. 121. 71. LSF MSS LYM V1, 1668–1695, p. 63. 72. Ibid., p. 144. 73. Braithwaite, The Second Period, p. 280. 74. LSF MSS LYM V1, 1668–1695, p. 195. 75. LSF MSS LYM V2, 1694–1701, p. 14. 76. LSF MSS Epistles Received V2, 1705–1738, p. 41. 77. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1700, pp. 128–9. 78. Letter, J. Claus to Theodor Eccleston, 5 November/26 October 1694, How- White Papers HW/85/30 (Bedfordshire and Luton ARS). 79. ‘Epistle’, Temporary Subject Catalogue, LSF. 80. ‘Epistle’ was used, for example, by Anabaptist Thomas Cotsford in his 1555 An Epistle written to a good Lady for the comfort of a frende of hers, wherin the Nouations erroure now reuiued by the Anabaptistes is confuted, and the synne agaynste the holy Ghoste playnly declared; and Scottish Protestant John Knox’s 1558 Epistle to the Inhabitants of Newcastle and Berwick. 81. George Fox, Collection of Many Select and Christian Epistles, Letters, and Testimonies (London: Tace Sowle, 1698), preface (ESTC R15883). 82. Fox, ‘XXXVIII – An Epistle to the travelers in the Lord’s way, with a Testi- mony against the false prophets, and those that hold them up’, in Collection of Many Select and Christian Epistles, p. 33. 83. Fox, Collection of Many Select and Christian Epistles. Again, the term epistle may not have been used by Fox when the piece was written, but rather when the works were published in 1698. Also, this collection may not include all of Fox’s epistles. 84. LSF MSS MMM V1, 1673–1692, p. 121. 85. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1700, p. 315. 86. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, pp. 22–4. 87. The Book of Micah specifically referred to a corruption among those in Jerusalem and, in Chapter 5, verse 7, stated that ‘the remnant of Jacob shall be ...as dew upon the grass’, thereby cleaning the sin from the people. 88. In 1630, Puritan author William Prynne used the word in his Anti- Arminianisme once referring to ‘Remnant, a seede, a little flocke’, a similar usage to Fox’s. Therefore, it is possible that Fox was influenced by the language of Puritans and other dissenters who preceded him. William Prynne, Anti-Arminianisme. Or The Church of Englands old antithesis to new Arminianisme (London, 1630), p. 128, ESTC S115468. 89. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, p. 59. Notes 189

90. Ibid., p. 245; LSF MSS Epistles Sent V2, 1704–1738, p. 7; and LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, p. 130. 91. Box Meeting MSS 1671–1753, #46 from Aberdeen in Scotland 21 fourth month 1694. 92. Box Meeting MSS 1671–1753, #54 from Maryland 18–22 third month 1700. 93. Rosemary Moore recognized the use of ‘remnant’ in reference to the Old Testament as common in 1660, but observed that its use after 1665 took on a grimmer sense, perhaps with regard to survival itself. Moore, The Light in their Consciences, p. 217. 94. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, p. 15. 95. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, p. 25; and LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, p. 82. 96. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, p. 222; and LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, pp. 381–2. 97. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, p. 71; and LSF MSS Epistles Sent V2, 1704–1738, p. 57. 98. Paula McDowell, ‘Tace Sowle’, in Dictionary of Literary Biography: British Lit- erary Booktrade, 1475–1700 (Detroit, MI: Gale Research, 1996), pp. CLXX, 249–57 (p. 252). 99. LSF MSS MMM V4, 1711–1734, p. 185. 100. Peters, Print Culture, p. 67. 101. After receiving epistles, the minutes read that the letters were given to Bealing to ‘Coppy of the Answer to enter amongst the Epistles’, or a similar statement. LSF MSS MMM V3, 1700–1711, p. 38. 102. The inconsistency in length simply was related to the amount of information the authors chose to include. For example, the 1695 epistle to Pennsylvania was longer than nine pages in the recording book, ﬁlled with advice for dealing with George Keith (LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, pp. 206–15). In contrast, the 1693 epistle to Barbados merely contained a greeting, information that books would be sent, and encouragement (LSF MSS Epistles Sent VI, 1683–1706, p. 137). Between 1683 and 1703, 86 epistles were sent to the Caribbean and American meetings, and were on average 2.6 pages long. Between 1704 and 1725, 108 epistles were sent and the average length was 2.0 pages. 103. LSF MSS MMM V3, 1700–1711, p. 150. These instructions to Bealing are repeated twice in the next two months following. 104. LSF MSS MMM V3, 1700–1711, p. 163. 105. Ibid., p. 358. 106. LSF MSS MMM V4, 1711–1734, p. 13. 107. LSF MSS LYM V2, 1694–1701, p. 14. Morning Meeting member and correspondent John Butcher was given the Bermuda epistle to write a response. 108. LSF MSS LYM V2, 1684–1701, p. 80. 109. LSF MSS LYM V5, 1714–1720, p. 363. 110. New York Yearly Meeting minutes, 1703–1742 (FHL SC, microﬁlm MR-NY 49). 111. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, pp. 29–30. 112. Ibid., p. 98. Epistle to Bermuda from the London Yearly Meeting. 113. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, pp. 14–15. 190 Notes

114. Ibid., pp. 69, 74. 115. Second Day’s Morning Meeting, An Epistle By Way of Testimony (London: Thomas Northcott, 1690), p. 3 (ESTC R219565). 116. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, pp. 33–4. 117. Ibid., p. 74. 118. Ibid., p. 311. 119. Ibid., p. 96; and Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, pp. 163–6. 120. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, p. 401. 121. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1703, pp. 253–4. 122. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, p. 445. 123. 25 third month 1681, Baltimore Yearly Meeting: Meeting of Women Friends, Half-Years Meeting 1677–1683 (HCQC Collection 1116, packet #11), p. 27. 124. 1692 Yearly Meeting 7 seventh month 1692 at Burlington and 1696 Yearly Meeting 26 seventh month 1696 at Burlington, PYM minutes 1681–1821 (HCQC Collection #1250, microﬁlm 7X). 125. 15 fourth month 1691 Yearly Meeting at Rhode Island, Yearly Meeting of Friends for New England, Minutes of Men Friends, 1683–1847 (SCFHL microﬁlm MR-NE 73), p. 5. 126. Matthew Horn, ‘Texted Authority: How Letters Helped Unify the Quakers in the Long Seveteenth Century’, Seventeenth Century, 23 (2008), 290–314 (pp. 298, 302). 127. Kenneth L. Carroll, ‘The Anatomy of a Separation: The Lynam Contro- versy’, Quaker History, 55 (1966), 67–78 (pp. 68–9). 128. Ibid., p. 70. 129. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, pp. 1–2, 74. 130. Ibid., pp. 99–104. 131. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, p. 112. 132. Pennsylvania and the Jerseys held their Yearly Meeting jointly, alternat- ing between Burlington and Philadelphia, and epistles from the Morning Meeting were addressed to the three colonies. 133. Gary B. Nash, Quakers and Politics: Pennsylvania, 1681–1726 (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 1993), pp. 46–7. 134. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, pp. 13–15. The authors of this epistle were George Fox, George Whitehead, Alexander Parker, Stephen Crisp, and James Park. They also praised the Pennsylvanians for sending epistles to other American colonies. 135. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, pp. 117–18. 136. Ibid., p. 170. 137. Ibid., p. 361. 138. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V2, 1704–1738, p. 33. 139. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1,1683–1706, p. 229. 140. Ibid., p. 265. 141. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V2, 1704–1738, p. 41. 142. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, pp. 67–8. 143. Ibid., pp. 164, 318–9. 144. Ibid., p. 219 and V2, p. 319. 145. LSF MSS Epistles Received V2, 1705–1738, pp. 249, 329. 146. Nash, Quakers and Politics, p. 147. Notes 191

147. Ibid., p. 145. 148. Martin, Controversy and Division in Post-Restoration Quakerism; J. William Frost, The Keithian Controversy in Early Pennsylvania (Norwood, PA: Norwood Editions, 1980), pp. i–ii; Nash, Quakers and Politics, pp. 146–8; and Stephen Trowell, ‘George Keith: Post-Restoration Quaker Theology and the Experi- ence of Defeat’, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 76 (1994), 119–37 (p. 191). 149. John Smolenski, Friends and Strangers: The Making of Creole Culture in Colo- nial Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), pp. 152–77. 150. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, p. 149. 151. Ibid., p. 154. 152. Ibid., pp. 156–60. 153. LSF MSS Epistle Received V1, 1683–1706, p. 219. 154. Ibid., pp. 217–21, 227. 155. Ibid., pp. 234–5. 156. LSF Six Weeks Meeting, V3, 1692–1698, pp. 48–9, 54. 157. LSF LYM V2, 1694–1701, p. 20. 158. Ibid., pp. 54–5. 159. Ibid., p. 78. 160. Ibid., pp. 92–4. 161. Ibid., p. 21. 162. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1700, p. 208. Thomas Ellwood, A further discovery of that spirit of contention & division which hath appeared of late in George Keith (T. Sowle, 1694), ESTC R224514. 163. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, p. 235. 164. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1700, p.72. 165. The Christian doctrin, referred to in LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1700, p. 24. 166. TNA, London Port Books E190/152/1 (Waiters: Overseas: Exports by denizens, Xmas 1694–Xmas 1695). These shipments broke down to 300 books to Antigua, more than 175 to Virginia, and more than 214 to Barbados. 167. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1696–1697, XI: 185–9 (eleventh month, 1697). 168. LSF MSS National Stock Accounts, V1, Collection SR111, pp. 40–44. 169. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, p. 268. 170. Ibid., p. 304. 171. Ibid., p. 319. 172. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, pp. 363–4. 173. Ibid., pp. 430–1. 174. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1693–1694, IX: 223. 175. Ibid., XI: 107. 176. Ibid., 1696–1697, XI: 185. 177. Ibid., 1699–1700, XIV: 363. 178. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V2, 1704–1738, p. 33. 179. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, p. 388 and Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, p. 366. 180. Hugh Roberts, ‘Hugh Roberts, of Merion: His Journal and a Letter to William Penn’, Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 18 (1894), 199–210 (pp. 209 and 210). 192 Notes

3 Communicating Politics with Friends ‘Beyond the Seas’

1. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1697–1698, XII:47. 2. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1694–1701, p. 193. 3. Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas During the English Revolution (London: Temple Smith, 1972), pp. 242–3. 4. Fox, The Journal of George Fox (1976), p. 179. 5. Reay, The Quakers, p. 43. 6. Steele, The English Atlantic, p. 17. 7. Alison Olson, Anglo-American Politics 1660–1775: The Relationship Between Parties in England and Colonial America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), pp. 52–5. 8. Steele, The English Atlantic, p. 229. 9. Ibid., p. 230. The Lords of Trade and Plantations was succeeded in 1696 by the Council of Trade and Plantations, which was more commonly known as the Board of Trade. 10. Olson, Anglo-American Politics, pp. 93–4. 11. Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven, pp. 43–4. 12. Shawn Comminey, ‘The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in For- eign Parts and Black Education in South Carolina 1702–1764’, The Journal of Negro History, 84 (1999), 360–9. 13. David Kynaston, City of London: The History (London: Chatto & Windus, 2011), pp. 9–10. 14. Olson, Anglo-American Politics, pp. 95–6. 15. Alison Olson, ‘The Virginia Merchants of London: A Study in Eighteenth- Century Interest-Group Politics’, WMQ, third series, 40 (1993), 363–88 (p. 363). 16. Ibid., p. 366. Despite participation in lobbies and partnerships, merchants in the unregulated trade were frequently independent for the most part. Gauci, The Politics of Trade, p. 127. 17. Haistwell signed his name to a memorandum to the Board of Trade promoting a contract with Moscow and became a managing partner in ‘an unchartered, unincorporated joint-stock company’ for the trade of tobacco to Russia. Jacob M. Price, ‘The Tobacco Adventure to Russia: Enterprise, Poli- tics, and Diplomacy in the Quest for a Northern Market for English Colonial Tobacco, 1676–1722’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,51 (1961), 1–120, (pp. 26–7). 18. Nuala Zahedieh, The Capital and the Colonies: London and the Atlantic Economy 1660–1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 60. 19. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, p. 63. 20. Horle, Quakers and the English Legal System, p. 162. 21. Kirby, ‘The Quakers’ Efforts’, p. 407. 22. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1675–1679, I: 39. 23. Ibid., 1693–1694, IX: 26 and 1696–1697, XI:195. 24. Ibid., 16861687, V: 357. 25. Olson, Anglo-American Politics, p. 55. 26. Steele, The English Atlantic, p. 235. 27. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1675–1679, I: 5. 28. Ibid., 1597–1698, XII:12. Notes 193

29. Ibid., 1702–1705, XVI: 299. 30. Olson, Anglo-American Politics, pp. 93–4. 31. Ibid., p. 97. 32. MMM, 31 May 1675, in Braithwaite, The Second Period,p.90. 33. Kirby, ‘The Quakers’ Efforts’, p. 409. 34. Ibid., pp. 410–11. 35. Ibid., pp. 413–14. 36. House of Lords Journal, V15. ‘Bills Passed’, http://www.british-history.ac .uk/report.asp?compid=12319, date accessed 22 August 2014. 37. Olson, Anglo-American Politics,p.77. 38. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1675–1679, I: 39. 39. Ibid., 1687–1688, VI: 36. 40. Ibid., 1687–1688, VI: 42. 41. Ibid., 1700–1701, XV: 42. 42. Ibid., 1699–1700, XIV: 240. 43. The Bishop of London directed commissaries for the SPG to obstruct ofﬁcers and policies of which he did not approve, even against colonial governors in some cases. Olson, Anglo-American Politics, pp. 93–4. 44. Reay, The Quakers, p. 107. 45. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, p. 32. 46. Ibid., p. 63. 47. Kirby, ‘The Quakers’ Efforts’, p. 407. 48. LYM, Epistles, p. 23. 49. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1,1683–1703, p. 234. 50. Following 1712 and Penn’s surrender of the Pennsylvania government, Quakers were excluded from serving on juries or serving on the bench in New Jersey (Nash, Quakers and Politics, p. 313). However, even after 1712, Quakers remained active in the Pennsylvania legislature, especially Quaker merchants. 51. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V2, 1704–1738, pp. 33–4. 52. Ibid., pp. 86–7. 53. Ibid., pp. 107, 152. 54. Ibid., p. 362. 55. Olson, ‘The Lobbying of London Quakers’, p. 140. 56. Nash, Quakers and Politics, p. 273. 57. Ibid., p. 248. 58. Ibid., p. 274. 59. John F. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia Being a Collection of Memoirs, Anec- dotes, & Incidents of the City and Its Inhabitants from the Days of the Pilgrim Founders (Philadelphia, PA: E. L. Carey & A. Hart, 1830), p. 41. 60. George Whitehead to Thomas Lloyd, 30 September 1693, Pemberton Family Papers: Phineas Pemberton Correspondence, 1689–1690, HSP Col- lection 484A. 61. Olson, ‘The Lobbying of London Quakers’, p. 144. 62. LSF MSS Epistles Received V2, 1705–1738, pp. 133–4. 63. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V2, 1704–1738, p. 195. 64. Brycchan Carey, From Peace to Freedom: Quaker Rhetoric and the Birth of American Anti-Slavery, 1657–1761 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), p. 116. 194 Notes

65. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V2, 1704–1738, p. 232. 66. LSF MSS MMM V4, 1711–1734, p. 132. 67. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1675–1679, I: 1, I: 5, I: 11. 68. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1675–1679, I: 39. Richard Ford’s report that the governor did not respond to this visit contrasted with 1687 letter from Philip Collins to MfS member Walter Benthall, which reported that following the reading of the letter, ‘Frds thereupon found some favour’ (VI: 56). 69. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1686–1687 in V: 78, V: 196; 1687 in V: 356–7, VI: 53. 70. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, p. 235. 71. Ibid., p. 254. 72. Ibid., p. 272. 73. Ibid., p. 63. 74. David Jordan, ‘ “God’s Candle” within Government: Quakers and Politics in Early Maryland’, WMQ, third series, 39 (1982), 628–54, (p. 629). 75. Jordan, ‘Political Stability and the Emergence of a Native Elite in Maryland’, in The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century: Essays on Anglo-American Society (New: Norton for the Institute of Early American History and Culture at Williamsburg, VA, 1979), pp. 243–73, (p. 249). 76. Jordan, ‘ “God’s Candle” ’pp. 634–5. 77. William Stevens Perry, ed., Historical Collections Relating to the American Colonial Church (New York: AMS, 1969), IV Maryland, pp. 4–7. 78. McCulloch, ‘The Foundation of and Early Work’, p. 244. 79. ‘A Memorial Representing the present Case of the Church in Maryland’, in Historical Collections, Perry, ed., IV Maryland, pp. 35–6, 38. 80. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1700–1701, XV: 99. 81. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, pp. 1–3. 82. LSF MSS Epistles Received V2, 1705–1738, passim; and Kenneth L. Carroll, ‘Maryland Quakers in England, 1659–1720’, Maryland Historical Magazine, 91 (1996), 451–66 (pp. 455–7). 83. Kenneth L. Carroll, ‘The Honourable Thomas Taillor: A Tale of Two Wives’, Maryland Historical Magazine, 85 (1990), 379–94 (p. 382). 84. Persecution of Quakers in Maryland included ﬁnes for refusal to bear arms or swear oaths, and for hosting Quaker ministers in their homes, especially following 1658 when Quakers were linked to a 1654 attempt to wrest control of the colony from the proprietary. Ofﬁcial persecution tapered off by 1660. Jordan, ‘ “God’s Candle” ’, pp. 630–1. 85. Third Haven Monthly Meeting minutes, fol. 128, in Jordan, ‘ “God’s Candle” ’, p. 648. 86. Jordan, ‘ “God’s Candle” ’, p. 648. In a 1701 letter to the MfS, Maryland Quakers stated that the people of Maryland wanted Quakers to be in the Assembly, but the Governor’s oath precluded that. LSF MSS MfS minutes, XV: 100. 87. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, pp. 283–4. 88. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1700, pp. 199–200. 89. Perry, ed., Historical Collections, p. 118. 90. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1699–1700, XIV: 256. 91. Ibid., XIV: 256. 92. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, p. 372. 93. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1702–1705, XVI: 36, 48. Notes 195

94. Ibid., 1699–1700, XIV: 274. 95. Ibid., 1700–1701, XV: 13–14. 96. Ibid., 1700–1701, XV: 99. 97. Jordan, ‘ “God’s Candle” ’, p. 650. 98. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1702–1705, XVI: 168, 171. 99. Jordan, ‘ “God’s Candle” ’, pp. 650–1. 100. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, p. 380. 101. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V2, 1704–1738, p. 24; Epistles Sent V2, 1704–1738, pp. 83, 217. 102. Perry, ed., Historical Collections, IV Maryland, pp. 55–6. 103. LSF MSS Epistles Received V2, 1705–1738, p. 184. 104. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V2, 1704–1738, p. 240. 105. Ibid., pp. 256–7. 106. Caroll, ‘The Anatomy of a Separation’, passim. 107. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, p. 66. 108. LSF MSS MfS minutes, IX: 175. The MfS acknowledged the Earl for his ‘kindness our Friends Red by it and acknowledge his Love therein’. The Earl of Rochester, a member of the Privy Council, was an important contact of William Penn. Jonathan A. Wright, Shapers of the Great Debate on the Free- dom of Religion: A Biographical Dictionary (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005), pp. 51–2. 109. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1697–1698, XII: 47. 110. Peter Collins, ‘Discipline: The codiﬁcation of Quakerism as orthopraxy, 1650–1738’, History and Anthropology, 13(2) 2010, 79–92 (p. 88). 111. Thomas Bray, with the support and approval of the Bishop of London, Henry Compton, created the Societies not merely to provide a missionary operation for the Church, but also out of the wish to counter the rise of Quakerism, especially in the colonies. McCulloch, ‘The Foundation of and Early Work’, pp. 242–3. 112. Jon Butler, ‘Power, Authority and Origins of American Denominational Order: The English Churches of the Delaware Valley 1618–1730’, Transac- tions of the American Philosophical Society, 68 (1978), 1–85 (pp. 65–6). 113. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, p. 301. 114. Ibid., p. 235. 115. Reay, The Quakers, pp. 120–1 and Larson, Daughters of Light, pp. 34–7. 116. Thomas D. McGonigle and James F. Quigley, The Christian Tradition from Reformation to the Present (Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1996), p. 71.

4 Quaker Merchants and Trans-Atlantic Commercial Activity in London

1. Lurting captained the Josiah and the Submission in the late seventeenth century [TNA London Port Books: E190/121/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage: Overseas: Imports by denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683); E190/115/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage: Overseas: Exports by denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683); E190/159/1 (Surveyor of Customs: Overseas: Cloths and other goods exports by denizens, Xmas 1696–Xmas 1697); E190/159/1 (Surveyor of Customs: Overseas: Cloths and other goods 196 Notes

exports by denizens, Xmas 1696–Xmas 1697); and E190/155/1 (Searcher, Overseas Exports, Xmas 1695–Xmas 1696). 2. Price, ‘The Great Quaker Business Families’, p. 385. Price further mentioned Quaker participation in ‘Technologically difficult fields’, such as metallurgy, pharmaceuticals and watchmaking. 3. Gauci, Politics of Trade, p. 10. 4. Nuala Zahedieh, ‘Making Mercantilism Work: London Merchants and Atlantic Trade in the Seventeenth Century’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society sixth series, IX (1999), 143–58 (p. 143). 5. Kirby, ‘The Quakers’ Efforts’, p. 417. 6. Zahedieh, The Capital and the Colonies, pp. 35, 7, 21. 7. Earle, The Making, pp. 37–8. 8. Gauci, Politics of Trade, pp. 113, 127–8. 9. Zahedieh, The Capital and the Colonies, p. 106. 10. Price, ‘The Tobacco Adventure to Russia’, pp. 5–100. 11. Based on analysis by Christine Heyrman, in T.H. Breen, ‘An Empire of Goods: The Anglicization of Colonial America, 1690–1776’, The Journal of British Studies 25(4) (1986), 467–99 (p. 483). 12. Gauci, Politics of Trade, pp. 127–8. 13. Zahadieh, ‘Credit, Risk and Reputation’, p. 58. 14. Zahedieh, The Capital and the Colonies, p. 108. 15. Gauci, Politics of Trade, pp. 19, 43. 16. Price, ‘The Great Quaker Business’, pp. 363–99. 17. The Public Record Office destroyed all the post-1696 London Port Books in the late nineteenth century. Jacob M. Price and Paul G. E. Clemens, ‘A Revolution of Scale in Overseas Trade: British Firms in the Chesapeake Trade, 1675–1775’, The Journal of Economic History 47(1) (1987), 1–43 (p. 2). 18. James Logan’s Letter Book 1717–1731 (HSP); Peter Briggin’s Diary (LMA ACC/1017/2); Horsleydown Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1705–1713 (LSF Collection 11 b 3); Ratcliff Monthly Meeting minutes (LSF Collec- tion 11b 6); and London and Middlesex Quarterly Meeting minutes (LSF Collection 11 a 1). 19. These works include Nuala Zahedieh’s ‘London and the Colonial Con- sumer’ and The Capital and the Colonies,Dixon’sQuaker Communities in London,andGauci’sThe Politics of Trade. 20. Two merchants in the sample lived in Lambeth, as well as one in Surrey and one in Hendon. 21. Peter Earle, A City Full of People: Men and Women of London, 1650–1750 (London: Methuen, 1994) p. 16. 22. Jeremy Boulton, ‘Neighbourhood Migration in Early Modern London’, in Migration and Society in Early Modern England, Peter Clark and David Souden, eds (Hutchinson: London, 1987), pp. 107–47 (p. 107). These figures demonstrate growth but early modern London population is the subject of much debate. Vanessa Harding, ‘The Population of London, 1550–1700: A Review of the Published Evidence’, London Journal 15(2) (1990), 111–28, passim. 23. Earle, A City Full of People, pp. 17–18. 24. Earle, The Making, p. 86. Notes 197

25. Dixon, Quaker Communities, p. 55. 26. Ibid., p. 50. 27. Gauci, Politics of Trade, p. 27. 28. Dixon included a map in the appendix of his work showing clearly that most Quaker merchants in his sample between 1658 and 1719 lived in a small geographic area in the southernmost part of the City. Dixon, Quaker Communities, p. 308. 29. Charles Leslie, The Snake in the Grass: Or, Satan Transform’d into an Angel of Light (London: Charles Broome, 1698), ESTC R216663. 30. Gracechurch Street Monthly Meeting was located in White Hart Court. Beck and Ball, London Friends’ Meetings (1869), p. 144. 31. Dixon, Quaker Communities, p. 58. 32. Gauci, Politics of Trade, p. 27. 33. Marriage Duty Assessments, Loans and Assessments, Chamberlain’s Department, Corporation of London, LMA: St Dionis Backchurch (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/028), St Edmund, Lombard Street (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/030), St Lawrence Pountney (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/0045), St Martin Orgar 9 (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/055), St Mary Bothaw (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/061), St Mary at Hill (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/064), St Mary Woolnoth (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/071), St Andrew Undershaft (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/014), St Benet Gracechurch (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/022), and St Botolph Billingsgate (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/025). 34. Richard L. Greaves, God’s Other Children: Protestant Nonconformists and the Emergence of Denominational Church in Ireland, 1660–1700 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997), p. 354; and Barry Levy, Quakers and the American Family: British Settlement in the Delaware Valley (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 93–4. 35. Earle, The Making, pp. 90–1. 36. Ibid., p. 85. 37. Gauci, Emporium of the World, p. 114. 38. Earle, The Making, pp. 94–5. 39. LSF MSS Horsleydown Monthly Meeting minutes, 1705–1713, 5 tenth month 1711. 40. LSF MSS Horsleydown Monthly Meeting minutes, 1690–1705, 28 tenth month 1692. 41. LSF MSS Horsleydown Monthly Meeting minutes, 1690–1705, 24 ninth month 1697. 42. LSF MSS Peel Monthly Meeting Men’s minutes, 1668–1683/4 and 1684– 1696, passim. 43. LSF MSS Box Meeting minutes, V2, p. 47. 44. In 1678, linen draper Benjamin Antrobus had two apprentices in his household in St Mary Colechurch parish, and at least one of them, Abell Wilkinson, was Quaker (Mark Merry, ‘Poll Tax Data’, People in Place: Fam- ilies, Households and Housing in Early Modern London: http://sas-space.sas .ac.uk/758/, date accessed 22 August 2014). Years later, Wilkinson was a proprietor of the Pennsylvania Land Company of London (‘A List of the Proprietors of the Pensilvania Land Company’, LSF MSS Thomas Story Manuscripts, Temporary Manuscripts Collection 970). 45. Price, ‘The Great Quaker Business Families’, p. 366. 198 Notes

46. Margaret Stiles, ‘The Quakers in Pharmacy’, The Evolution of Pharmacy in Britain, F.N.L. Poynter, ed. (Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas, 1965), pp. 113–30 (p. 115). 47. Gauci, Emporium of the World, p. 95. 48. Quaker Digest registers of Births, Marriages and Burials for England and Wales, 1650–1719 (microfilm, LSF). 49. James Claypoole, Claypoole’s Letter Books 1681–1684, pp. 7–8, 18. 50. TNA, London Port Books E190/115/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage, Overseas: Exports by denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683). 51. TNA, London Port Books E190/121/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage, Overseas: Imports by denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683). 52. Jacob M. Price, ‘Edward Haistwell, 1658–1709’, ODNB Online. 53. TNA, London Port Books E190/151/1 (Waiters: Overseas: Exports by denizens, Xmas 1694–Xmas 1695, E190/152/1) and E190/159/1 (Surveyor of Customs: Overseas: Cloths and other goods exports by denizens, Xmas 1696–Xmas 1697). 54. Geoffrey Cantor, ‘Quakers in the Royal Society, 1660–1750’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 51(2) (1997), 175–93 (pp. 179–80). 55. Mary K. Geiter, ‘Notes and Documents: London Merchants and the Launch- ing of Pennsylvania’, PMHB 121(1/2) (1997), 101–22 (p. 104). 56. Dixon, Quaker Communities, p. 316. Dixon identified ten Quakers who were granted their freedom before the Affirmation Act, and found that the Clockmaker’s Company did not require Quakers to swear an oath upon company admission after 1673 (pp. 217–19). 57. TNA, London Port Books E190/115/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage: Overseas: Exports by denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683). 58. TNA, London Port Books E190/152/1 (Waiters. Overseas: Exports by denizens Xmas 1684–Xmas 1695). 59. TNA, London Port Books E190/121/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage: Overseas: Imports by denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683). 60. TNA, London Port Books E190/157/1 (Records of the King’s Remembrancer: Surveyor of Tunnage and Poundage: Overseas: imports by denizens, Xmas 1695–Xmas 1696). 61. 1716 Will of Robert Fairman (Haddon-Estaugh-Hopkins Collection, HCQC Collection #1001, Box 4). 62. Zahedieh, The Capital and the Colonies,p.72. 63. Zahedieh, ‘Credit, Risk and Reputation’, p. 68. 64. Earle, The Making, p. 39. 65. Craig Muldrew, The Economy of Obligation: The Culture of Credit and Social Relations in Early Modern England (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), p. 186. 66. James Logan’s Letter Book, passim; and Price, ‘The Great Quaker Business Families’, p. 366. 67. PYM minutes, 1682–1705 (Microfilm, SCFHL MR-Ph383). 68. Peter Briggin’s Diary, 27 ninth month 1706 and 17 ninth month 1708. 69. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V2, 1704–1738, passim. 70. Zahedieh, The Capital and the Colonies, p. 285. 71. James Logan’s Letter Book 1717–1731, 26 May 1720. Notes 199

72. Ibid., 4 March 1717–1718. 73. Ibid., 28 April 1719. 74. Ibid., 3 June 1718. 75. Ibid., 28 April 1719. 76. Ibid., 9 July 1719. 77. Thomas Lurting, The Fighting Sailor Turn’d Peaceable Christian (London: J. Sowle, 1711), ESTC T55213. 78. Most frequently, letters were sent via ship’s captain John Annis, such as per- sonal correspondence (John and Elizabeth Haddon of London to John and Elizabeth Estaugh, 12 August 1714, Haddon-Estaugh-Hopkins Collection, HCQC), and business correspondence (James Logan to Henry Gouldney, 30 May 1718, James Logan’s Letter Book 1717–1731). 79. TNA, London Port Books E190/121/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage: Overseas: Imports by denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683). 80. Earle, The Making, p. 40. 81. A 1671 publication, from Natasha Glaisyer, ‘Merchants at the Royal Exchange, 1670–1720’, in The Royal Exchange, Ann Saunders, ed. (London: The London Topographical Society, 1997), pp. 198–205 (p. 198). 82. Simon Dixon, ‘The Life and Times of Peter Briggins’, Quaker Studies 10(2) (2006) 185–202 (p. 187); and Peter Briggins’ Diary, passim. 83. Glaisyer, ‘Merchants at the Royal Exchange’, pp. 200–1. 84. Markman Ellis, The Coffee-House: A Cultural History (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004), p. 69. 85. Zahedieh, The Capital and the Colonies, pp. 103–4. Livery companies were not central to colonial commerce but did provide some business support and information networks. 86. Ellis, The Coffee-House, p. 150. 87. Zahedieh, The Capital and the Colonies, p. 69. 88. Ellis, The Coffee-House, p. 56. 89. Dixon, ‘The Life and Times of Peter Briggins’, p. 188. 90. Ellis, The Coffee-House, p. 59. 91. Beth Laycock to John Fothergill, 28 twelfth month 1721/2, collection 861: Letters of English Friends (HCQC). 92. Frederick Martin, The History of Lloyd’s and of Maritime Insurance in Great Britain (London, 1878), p. 58. 93. Nicholas Magens, An Essay on Insurances, Explaining the Nature of Various Kinds of Insurance Practiced by the Different Commercial States of Europe, and Showing their Consistency or Inconsistency with Equity and the Public Good (London: J. Haberkorn, 1755), Dedication. 94. Claypoole, Claypoole’s Letter Book, pp. 139–40. 95. James Logan’s Letter Book 1717–1731, 14 May 1722. 96. Charles II, 1663, An Act for the Encouragement of Trade, passed in the summer of 1663. Statutes of the Realm, Volume V, pp. 449–52, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=47343, date accessed 22 August 2014. 97. Price, ‘The Tobacco Adventure to Russia’, p. 26. 98. James Logan’s Letter Book 1717–1731, 9 ninth month 1722. 99. James Logan’s Letter Book 1717–1731, 8 April 1721, p. 176. 200 Notes

100. Stroud was a centre of the English textile industry and specialized in red woollen cloth. Although not all cloth traded to the Native Americans was necessarily ‘stroudwater red’, those involved referred to any cloth as ‘strouds’. In 1729, the House of Commons passed an Act taxing any Strouds sold at Oswego in New York. Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: 1728–1729, November 1729, 16–30, Volume 36 (1937), pp. 527–40, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report .aspx?compid=72483/, date accessed 22 August 2014. 101. Michael P. Morris, The Bringing of Wonder: Trade and the Indians of the Southeast, 1700–1783 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), p. 72. 102. Nash, Quakers and Politics, p. 21. The Lenni Lenape are also known as the Delaware. 103. Richard Dunn and Mary Maples Dunn, The Papers of William Penn Volume 2: 1680–1684 (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982), ‘Bill for Lasse Cock’s Services’, pp. 242–3. 104. James Logan’s Letter Book, 18 first month 1718. 105. James Logan’s Letter Book, 31 March 1718. 106. This study uses the same series for all years studied where possible: those of the Surveyor, who prepared a separate report after his examination of the goods. However, the 1696 Surveyor records for exports from denizens were incomplete and the 1695 Waiters reports, records kept by the customs official who searched the ship first, took the place of the Surveyor records for 1696. 107. Zahedieh, The Capital and the Colonies, pp. 12–13. 108. I. K. Steele, The English Atlantic, pp. 42–4. 109. TNA, London Port Books E190/121/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage: Overseas: Imports by denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683). 110. Ibid. 111. Using the Chi-Squared Test, the p value for both years’ statistics is less than .0001. 112. The p value for the 1683 export statistics is less than .0001. 113. TNA, London Port Books E190/159/1 (Surveyor of Customs: Overseas: Cloths and other goods exports by denizens, Xmas 1696–Xmas 1697) and TNA, London Port Books E190/155/1 (Searcher: Overseas Exports, Xmas 1695–Xmas 1696, incomplete). 114. TNA, London Port Books E190/152/1 (Waiters: Overseas: Exports by denizens, Xmas 1694–Xmas 1695). 115. TNA, London Port Books E190/115/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage: Overseas: Exports by denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683); and LSF MSS Epistles Sent Volume 2, p. 394. 116. Anthony Morris & Elizabeth Janney Ledger 1705–1708, Pemberton Papers, 1654–1806: Etting Collection (HSP Collection 193). 117. James Logan’s Letter Book 1717–1731, passim. 118. LYM, Epistles, pp. 159–60. 119. Claypoole, Claypoole’s Letter Book,p.14. 120. Edwin Wolf II, The Library of James Logan of Philadelphia 1674–1751,2nd edn (Philadelphia, PA: The Library Company of Philadelphia, 1974), pp. xxvi–xxvii. 121. LSF Epistles Received V2, 1705–1738, p. 92. Notes 201

122. Zahedieh, ‘Credit, Risk, and Reputation’, p. 53. 123. Peter Mathias, ‘Risk, Credit and Kinship in Early Modern Enterprise’, in The Early Modern Atlantic Economy, John J. McCusker and Kenneth Morgan, eds (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 15–35 (p. 17). 124. Zahedieh, ‘Credit, Risk and Reputation’, p. 73. 125. George Fox, A Warning to all Merchants in London, and such as Buy and Sell (Thomas Simmons, London, 1658), pp. 2–3, ESTC R37831. In 1719, Benjamin Chapple, a Quaker writer who was not a merchant, submitted a writing entitled ‘A Serious Caution to Merchants’. The piece was found ‘not meet to be printed’ but does show that the morality of merchants was on the minds of London Quakers. LSF MSS MMM V4, pp. 163–4. 126. George Fox, The Line of Righteousness and Justice Stretched Forth over All Merchants &c (London: Robert Wilson, 1661), p. 8, ESTC R10554. 127. LYM, Epistles, p. 64. 128. Esther Sahle, ‘The Competitive Edge of the Reliable Friends?: Contract Enforcement Among London Quakers, c.1660–1800’, Penn Economic His- tory Forum, University of Pennsylvania, http://www.history.upenn.edu/ sites/www.history.upenn.edu/ﬁles/The%20competitive%20edge%20of% 20the%20reliable%20Friends.pdf, date accessed 26 February 2015. 129. Zahedieh, ‘Credit, Risk and Reputation’, pp. 69–70. 130. Fox, TheLineofRighteousness,p.7. 131. LSF MSS Horsleydown Monthly Meeting minutes, 1690–1705, 11 third month 1698. 132. LSF MSS Horsleydown Monthly Meeting minutes, 25 eighth month 1699. 133. LSF MSS Horsleydown Monthly Meeting minutes, 1677–1690, 3 ﬁfth month 1678. 134. LSF MSS Horsleydown Monthly Meeting minutes, 1705–1713, 10 seventh month 1712. 135. The Mint’s immunity was not recognized by the law, but ‘shelterers’ could hide from arrest there. However, rents in the Mint were twice as high as elsewhere and had to be paid a month in advance. H.E. Malden, ed. The History of the County of Surrey,Volume4,British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43043, date accessed 22 August 2014. 136. LSF MSS Horsleydown Monthly Meeting minutes, 1705–1713, 5 ninth month 1712. 137. Claypoole, Claypoole’s Letter Book, p. 97, and again in 1682 (p. 160). 138. TNA, London Port Books E190/113/7 (Controller of Customs: Overseas: Cloths and other goods exported by denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683); and TNA, London Port Books E/190/121/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage: Overseas: Imports by denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683). 139. TNA, London Port Book E190/152/1 (Waiters: Overseas: Exports by denizens, Xmas 1694–Xmas 1695). 140. Gauci, Politics of Trade, pp. 45–6. 141. Ibid., p. 46. 142. Marriage Duty Assessments, Loans and Assessments, Chamberlain’s Department, Corporation of London, LMA: St Dionis Backchurch (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/028), St Edmund, Lombard Street (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/030), St Lawrence Pountney (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/0045), St Martin 202 Notes

Orgar COL/CHD/LA/04 1/055), St Mary Bothaw (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/061), St Mary at Hill (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/064), St Mary Woolnoth (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/071), St Andrew Undershaft (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/014), St Benet Gracechurch (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/022), and St Botolph Billingsgate (COL/CHD/LA/04 1/025). 143. Will of Daniel Quare alias Quere, Clockmaker of London, Prerogative Court of Canterbury and related Probate Jurisdictions: Will Registers, The National Archives, PROB 11/596/242. 144. Mark Merry, ‘polls_1stq1692.doc’ and ‘polls_1stq1694.doc’, Poll Tax Data, http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/758/, date accessed 22 August 2014. 145. TNA, London Port Books E190/121/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage: Overseas: Imports by denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683). 146. TNA, London Port Books E190/152/1 (Waiters: Overseas: Exports by denizens, Xmas 1694–Xmas 1695); and TNA, London Port Books E190/157/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage: Overseas: Imports by denizens, Xmas 1695–Xmas 1696). 147. Cantor, ‘Quakers in the Royal Society, 1660–1750’, p. 180. 148. Richard Johns’ Inventory, May 1718. Prerogative Court (Inventories), Liber 1, folios 79–82 (MSA). Johns, the father of eight children, owned 11 feather beds. 149. South Sea Company, Abstract of the Charter of the Governour and Company of Merchants of Great Britain, Trading to the South-Seas, and Other Parts of America (n.p. printed by John Barber, 1711), ESTC 148547. 150. Julian Hoppit, ‘The Myths of the South Sea Bubble’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, sixth series, 12 (2002), 141–65 (p. 142). 151. James Walvin, The Quakers: Money and Morals (London: John Murray, 1997), pp. 34–35. 152. Subscriptions for Sale of South Sea Stock, Parliamentary Archives, HL/PO/JO/10/5/57–63. I did not count very common names where they occurred, so the numbers could be higher than listed here. The 15 known merchants who invested were: David Barclay, John Falconar/Faulkner, John Grove, John Hanbury, Daniel Quare, Richard Partridge, Joseph Wright, John Woods, Thomas Hyam/Higham, William Coward, Thomas Harrison, John Barnard, John Taylor, Thomas Story, and William Warren. 153. Bockett, Elias, The Yea and Nay Stock-jobbers, or The ‘Change Alley Quakers anatomiz’d. In a burlesque epistle to a friend at sea. (London: J. Roberts, 1720), pp. 7–8, ESTC T109160. 154. Temple-Mills, The Quaker’s dialogue. (London? 1720?), ESTC N70530. 155. South Sea Company, The Proceedings of the Directors of the South-Sea Com- pany, from the First Proposal of that Company, for Taking in the Publick Debts, February 1, 1719 (London, 1721), ESTC T44513. 156. Price, ‘Edward Haistwell’. 157. LYM, Epistles, p. 159. 158. Muldrew, The Economy of Obligation, p. 171. 159. Zahedieh, ‘Credit, Risk and Reputation’, pp. 69–70. 160. TNA, London Port Books E190/121/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage, Overseas: Imports by denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683). 161. TNA, London Port Books E190/152/1 (Waiters. Overseas: Exports by denizens Xmas 1684–Xmas 1695). Notes 203

162. TNA, London Port Books E190/157/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage: Overseas: Imports by denizens, Xmas 1695–Xmas 1696). 163. ‘India quilting – Iron screw’, Dictionary of Traded Goods and Commodities, 1550–1820 (2007), British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac. uk/report.aspx?compid=58799, date accessed 22 August 2014. 164. George Fox, A Declaration from the harmless & innocent people of God, called, Quakers (London: 1660), p. 2, ESTC R469014. 165. LYM, Epistles, p. 72. 166. Jacob M. Price, ‘English Quaker Merchants at War at Sea, 1689–1783’, in West Indies Accounts: Essays on the History of the British Caribbean and the Atlantic Economy in Honour of Richard Sheridan (Kingston, Jamaica: Press, University of the West Indies, 1996), pp. 65–86, p. 82, footnote. 167. LYM, Epistles, p. 125. 168. James Logan Letter Book 1717–1731, 30 eighth month 1718, p. 38. 169. Jacob M. Price, ‘English Quaker Merchants’, p. 72. 170. TNA, London Port Book E190/152/1 (Waiters Overseas: Exports by denizens, Xmas 1694–Xmas 1695). 171. It is unclear if Quaker captains suffered as a result of refusing to arm their ships, according to LYM records at all levels, Joseph Besse’s collection of sufferings, and government and colonial records. 172. Carey, From Peace to Freedom,p.1. 173. LYM minutes V8, pp. 457–8. 174. While the name William Warren is not unusual, another owner listed on the 1680 venture was Edward Shippen, either second mayor of Philadelphia or his father. Other Quakers involved in these ventures were Marylanders Mordecai Moore, John and Thomas Taylor/Taillor, and Thomas Everard. Voyage veriﬁcation numbers 25153, 25711 and 21393, The Trans- Atlantic Slave Trade: A Database on CD-ROM (Cambridge University Press, 2000). 175. Claypoole, Claypoole’s Letter Book, p. 127. 176. Ibid., p. 156. 177. Of those who left probate records, 70 per cent of the PYM’s early lead- ership, from 1681 to 1705, enslaved Africans. From 1706 to 1730, the number dropped to under 60 per cent. Joan R. Soderlund, Quakers & Slavery: A Divided Spirit (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985), p. 34. 178. Soderlund, Quakers & Slavery, p. 173. 179. Duke of York’s Conﬁrmation to the 24 Proprietors 24 March 1682,TheAvalon Project at Yale Law School, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/nj09 .asp, date accessed 22 August 2014. 180. John E. Pomfret, ‘The First Purchasers of Pennsylvania 1681–1700’, PMHB, 80(2) (1956), 150–1. 181. William L. Greaves, ‘William Crouch’, ODNB Online. 182. Zahedieh, ‘Making Mercantilism Work’, p. 156. 183. Mark Granovetter, ‘The Impact of Social Structure on Economic Outcomes’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(1), 2005, 33–50, (p. 33). 184. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, p. 108. 185. Muldrew, The Economy of Obligation, p. 329. 186. Gauci, Emporium of the World,p.99. 187. LSF MSS MMM V1, p. 56. 204 Notes

188. Glaisyer, ‘Merchants at the Royal Exchange’, p. 201. 189. Fox, TheLineofRighteousness,p.5.

5 The Trans-Atlantic Quaker Book Trade

1. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, p. 73. 2. Ian Green and Kate Peters, ‘Religious Publishing in England 1640–1695’, in The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, Volume IV: 1557–1695,John Barnard and D. F. McKenzie, eds (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) (pp. 68–93). 3. Thomas Aldam to George Fox, 1652 from Green and Peters, ‘Religious Publishing’, p. 70. 4. Ibid. 5. Peters, Print Culture, p. 118. 6. O’Malley, ‘ “Defying the Powers” ’, p. 82. 7. Hall, ‘ “The ﬁery Tryal” ’, pp. 66–7. 8. In 1707, the LYM requested that Whiting collect information from Thomas Raylton about Quaker books that had been printed for the Meeting for Suf- ferings, and the bibliography emerged the following year as a result. (‘John Whiting (1656–1722)’, ODNB Online). 9. Dard Hunter, Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2009), p. 309. 10. These 15 titles were popular titles and frequently among shipments to the colonies. The titles are listed in Appendix 2. 11. ‘Books Printed and Sold by T. Sowle in White-Hart Court in Gracious Street in Leaden-Hall-Street, near the Market, 1697’, list bound in the LSF’s edition of George Whitehead’s A sober expostulation with some of the clergy, against their pretended convert Francis Bugg (London, 1697), ESTC R20305, (LSF s017.1 WHI). 12. ‘Books Printed and Sold by T. Sowle in White-Hart-Court in Gracious Street, 1702’ ESTC T228440, (LSF Box 144/5). 13. Green and Peters, ‘Religious Publishing’, p. 74. 14. Ibid., p. 75. 15. A Transcript of the Registers of the Worshipful Company of Stationers: From 1640–1708 A.D. In Three Volumes, Volume III: 1675–1708 (London, 1914). 16. Green and Peters. ‘Religious Publishing’, p. 75. 17. David Pearson, English Bookbinding Styles 1450–1800: A Handbook (London: British Library, 2005), p. 1. 18. LSF MSS MMM V3, 1700–1711, p. 165. 19. Willman Spawn, ‘The Evolution of American Binding Styles in the Eigh- teenth Century’, in Bookbinding in America 1680–1910: From the Collection of Frederick E. Maser (Bryn Mawr, PA: University of Virginia Press, 1983), p. 32. 20. Green, ‘The Book Trade in the Middle Colonies’, p. 205; and Spawn, ‘The Evolution of American Binding Styles’, p. 42. 21. Robert Darnton, ‘What Is the History of Books?’, Daedalus, 11 (1982), pp. 65–83, p. (67). Notes 205

22. Robert Darnton, ‘ “What Is the History of Books?” Revisited’, Modern Intellectual History, 4 (2007), 495–508 (pp. 495–6). 23. Peters, Print Culture, p. 97. 24. Ibid., p. 111. 25. Paula McDowell, The Women of Grub Street: Press, Politics, and Gender in the London Literary Marketplace, 1678–1730 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), pp. 181–2. 26. Hall, ‘ “The fiery Tryal” ’, p. 68. Hall believed this discussion referred most likely to her writing in The work of God in a dying maid (London: s.n, 1677), ESTC R33641. 27. McDowell, The Women of Grub Street, p. 191. 28. O’Malley, ‘ “Defying the Powers” ’, p. 76. 29. Hudson, ‘A Suppressed Chapter in Quaker History’, passim. 30. George Bishop, New England judged, not by man’s, but the spirit of the Lordand the summe sealed up of New-England’s persecutions. Being a brief relation of the sufferings of the people called Quakers in those parts of America, from the beginning of the fifth month 1656 (the time of their first arrival at Boston from England) to the later end of the tenth month, 1660 (London: Robert Wilson, 1661), ESTC R13300; and later reprint, George Bishop, New-England judged, by the spirit of the Lord. In two parts. First, Containing a brief relation of the sufferings of the people call’d Quakers in New-England, from the Time of their first Arrival there, in the Year 1656, to the Year 1660 (London: Sowle, 1703), ESTC T103606. 31. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1700, pp. 342–3. 32. Pestana, ‘The Quaker Executions’, pp. 455–6. 33. Frost, J. William, ‘The Transatlantic Community Reconsidered’ (PCEAS Sem- inar, 17 February 1984) (Unpublished Manuscript), p. 7. 34. John Smolenski, Friends and Strangers, pp. 170, 233. 35. LSF MSS MMM V3, 1700–1711, p. 165. 36. Pestana, ‘The Quaker Executions’, p. 455. 37. O’Malley, ‘ “Defying the Powers” ’, p. 79. 38. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 16751679, I: 101. 39. LSF MSS MMM V1, 1673–1692, p. 99. 40. Ibid., p. 109. 41. LSF MSS National Stock Accounts 1679–1716, V1. 42. Ibid., p. 13. 43. Ibid., p. 38. 44. LSF MSS A. R. Barclay Manuscripts, p. 64. 45. LSF MSS Epistles Received V2, 1705–1738, pp. 318–9. 46. PYM minutes, 1681–1821, seventh month 1705 (HCQC Collection 1250, Microfilm 7X). 47. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1700–1701, XV: 122. 48. LSF MSS MMM V3, p. 183. John Field was also a member of the MfS, but this donation was noted in the MMM. 49. Ian Green, Print and Protestantism in Early Modern England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 12–3. 50. Peters, Print Culture, p. 54. 51. Hall, ‘ “The fiery Tryal” ’, p. 74. 52. Peters, Print Culture, p. 58. 206 Notes

53. Ibid., p. 51. 54. University of Birmingham, British Book Trade Index, http://www.bbti .bham.ac.uk/Details.htm?TraderID=13864, date accessed 22 August 2014. 55. O’Malley, ‘ “Defying the Powers” ’, p. 82. 56. University of Birmingham, British Book Trade Index, http://www.bbti .bham.ac.uk/Details.htm?TraderID=9183, date accessed 22 August 2014. 57. LSF MSS National Stock Accounts, V1, pp. 26–7. Neither titles nor destina- tions were listed for this order. 58. Earlier than 1680, it is difﬁcult to establish what Andrew Sowle produced for the Quakers, as printers’ names were usually not included in the imprints due to harsh punishments. 59. Paula McDowell, ‘Andrew Sowle, 1628–1695’. ODNB Online. 60. Joseph Besse, Collection of the Sufferings of the People Called Quakers (London: Luke Hinde, 1753), p. 50, ESTC 143288. 61. McDowell, ‘Andrew Sowle’. 62. Tace’s name came from taceo, or Latin for I am silent. 63. LSF MSS MfS, 1693–1694, IX: 8. 64. Paula McDowell, ‘Tace Sowle, 1666–1749’, ODNB Online. 65. LSF MSS MMM V1, 1673–1692, pp. 140, 163. 66. LSF MSS MMM V3, 1700–1711, p. 118. 67. Paula McDowell, ‘Tace Sowle’, in Dictionary of Literary Biography: British Lit- erary Booktrade, 1475–1700, Dictionary of Literary Biography (Detroit, MI: Gale Research, 1996), CLXX, pp. 249–57 (pp. 250–1). 68. LSF MSS MMM V2–V4, passim. 69. LSF MSS National Stock Accounts, V1, pp. 62–70. 70. In 1709, for example, Raylton took Thomas Lurting’s manuscript from the Meeting for printing, (LSF MSS MMM V3, p. 330). 71. LSF MSS National Stock Accounts, V1, pp. 36, 38. 72. Russell S. Mortimer, ‘The First Century of Quaker Printers II’, Journal of the Friends Historical Society 41(2) (1949), pp. 74–84 (p. 77). 73. LSF MSS MMM V1, 1673–1692, p. 109, 25 ninth month 1689. 74. The British Book Trade Index lists that Thomas Northcott stopped trade in 1702 and his name appears in the National Stock Accounts until 1699. Uni- versity of Birmingham, British Book Trade Index, http://www.bbti.bham.ac .uk/Details.htm?TraderID=50827, date accessed 22 August 2014. 75. O’Malley, ‘ “Defying the Powers” ’, p. 82. 76. Edward Wharton, New-England’s present sufferings, under their cruel neighbouring Indians. Represented in two letters, lately written from Boston to London (London, 1675) ESTC R20952. 77. Hall, ‘ “The Fiery Tryal” ’, p. 70. 78. O’Malley, ‘ “Defying the Powers” ’, p. 82. 79. Calendar of State Papers (Domestic Series), 109(44), from A Chronology and Calendar of Documents Relating to the London Book Trade 1641–1700, D. F. McKenzie and Maureen Bell, eds (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 540. 80. LSF MSS National Stock Accounts, passim. 81. LSF MSS MMM V1, 1673–1692, p. 107. 82. LSF MSS National Stock Accounts, p. 38. 83. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1699–1700, XIV: 363. Notes 207

84. TNA, London Port Books E190/152/1 (Waiters: Overseas: Exports by denizens, Xmas 1694–Xmas 1695). 85. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1705–1707, XVIII: 190 (16 tenth month 1692). William Crouch also was reimbursed by the meeting in 1694 (LSF MSS National Stock Accounts, V1, p. 38). 86. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1680–1683, II: 57, 62. 87. LSF MSS MMM V1, 1673–1692, p. 99; and Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, p. 81. 88. 18 seventh month 1706 at Burlington. PYM minutes, 1681–1821 (HCQC Collection 1250, Microﬁlm 7X). 89. LSF MSS MfS minutes, 1693–1694, IX: 251 (26 eighth month 1694). 90. There are no surviving minutes of the Overseers of the Press, just lists of names of members. 91. J. William Frost, ‘Quaker Books in Colonial Pennsylvania’, Quaker History (80) (1991), 1–23 (p. 7). 92. 14–18 seventh month 1717 at Philadelphia. PYM minutes, 1681–1821 (HCQC Collection 1250, Microﬁlm 7X). 93. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1700, p. 24. 94. McDowell, The Women of Grub Street, p. 53. 95. McDowell, ‘Tace Sowle’, in Dictionary of Literary Biography, p. 253. 96. Tace Sowle, Books printed and sold by T. Sowle, in White-Hart-Court, in Gracious-Street in Leaden-Hall-Street, near the market, 1697; Books printed and sold, in White-Hart-Court in Gracious-Street, 1702, Books printed and sold by T. Sowle, in White-Hart-Court in Gracious Street, 1703;andBooks printed and sold by the Assigns of J. Sowle, at the Bible in George-Yard, in Lombard Street 1715 (SCFHL), ESTC R228846. 97. Thomas Tryon, The good house-wife made a doctor, or, health’s choice and sure friend being a plain way of nature’s own prescribing to prevent and cure most diseases incident to men, women, and children by diet and kitchin-physick only: with some remarks on the practice of physick and chymistry (London, 1692), ESTC R222414. 98. George Fox and Ellis Hookes, Instructions for right spelling, and plain directions for reading and writing true English with several delightful things very useful and necessary, both for young and old to read and learn (London: Printed and sold by Tace Sowle, 1691), ESTC R40417. 99. Sir Josiah Child, A new discourse of trade wherein is recommended several weighty points relating to companies of merchants: The act of navigation, naturalization of strangers, and our woolen manufactures, the ballance of trade and the nature of plantations, and their consequences in relation to the kingdom, are seriously discussed, methods for the employment and maintenance of the poor are proposed, the reduction of interest of money to 4 l. per centum, is recommended, and some proposals for erecting a court of merchants for determining controversies, relating to maritine affairs, and for a law for transferrance of bills of debts, are humbly offered (London: Tace Sowle, 1698), ESTC R8738. 100. Peters, Print Culture, p. 72. 101. Deborah Keller-Cohn, ‘Rethinking Literacy: Comparing Colonial and Con- temporary America’, Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 24(4) (1993), 288–307 (p. 291). 208 Notes

102. LYM, Epistles, passim. 103. Ross W. Beales and E. Jennifer Monaghan, ‘Part One: Literacy and Schoolbooks’, in A History of the Book in America, Volume One: The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 380–6 (p. 381). 104. The Act was known as the ‘Old Deluder Act’ due to its reference that Satan, ‘that ould deluder’, wished to keep men from reading Scripture. From Irving Hendrick, ‘A Reappraisal of Colonial New Hampshire’s Effort in Public Education’, History of Education Quarterly 26(2) (1966), 43–60 (p. 48). 105. Keller-Cohen, ‘Rethinking Literacy’, p. 291. 106. Richard Preston’s Will. Prerogative Court (Wills), Liber 1, folios 357–62 (Maryland State Archives). 107. Jordan Landes, ‘Great Openings’ in Maryland: Quakers and Politics, 1656– 1692 (Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, 1997), p. 33. 108. Kenneth Carroll, ‘Maryland Quakers in England, 1659–1720’, Maryland Historical Magazine 91 (1996), 451–66 (p. 457). 109. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Legislative Reference Bureau, Statutes at Large, Volume I, 1682–1700, Chapter 112: Law About Educa- tion, http://www.palrb.us/statutesatlarge/16001699/1683/0/act/0112.pdf, date accessed 22 August 2014. 110. LYM Epistles, p. 37 (1688), p. 56 (1691), p. 89 (1697), p. 97 (1700), p. 100 (1701), p. 114 (1706), p. 132 (1712), p. 134 (1713), p. 146 (1717), p. 149 (1718), etc. 111. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, p. 428. 112. LYM Epistles, pp. 157–8. 113. Peters, Print Culture, p. 34. 114. 23–24 seventh month 1712 at Burlington, PYM minutes, 1681–1821 (HCQC Collection 1250, Microﬁlm 7X). 115. Susan Davies, Quakerism in Lincolnshire: An Informal History (Lincoln: Yard, 1989), pp. 63–4. Several books were given by Evesham Meeting to Woodbrooke Library in 2006 or 2007, and at least one had this inscription inside: ‘Gospel-truth demonstrated in a collection of doctrinal books/given forth by that faithful minister of Jesus Christ, George Fox [ ...]. London, T. Sowle, 1706’. (Clifford T. Crellin, ‘Where God Had a People’: Quakers in St Albans over 300 Years (St Albans: St Albans Preparative Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends, 1999), p. 39). 116. Tolles, Meeting House, p. 153. 117. Ibid., p. 152. 118. Jon Butler, ‘Thomas Teacke’s 333 Books: A Great Library on Virginia’s Eastern Shore, 1697’, WMQ, third series 49(3) (1992), 449–91; and William Byrd, The Commonplace Books of William Byrd of Westover, Kevin Berland, Jan Kirsten Gilliam, and Kenneth A. Lockridge, eds (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), p. 5. 119. Wolf, The Library of James Logan. Quaker merchant Benjamin Furly of Rotterdam amassed an even larger library than Logan, and, like Logan, collected many non-Quaker works. From J. A. I. Champion, ‘ “The fodder of our understanding”: Benjamin Furly’s library and intellectual conversation Notes 209

c1680–1714’in Benjamin Furly 1646–1714: A Quaker Merchant and His Milieu, ed. by Sarah Hutton (Firenze: L. S. Olschki, 2007) (p. 112). 120. Tolles, Meeting House, p. 154. 121. Champion, ‘ “The fodder of our understanding” ’, p. 115. 122. Hugh Amory, ‘Printing and Bookselling in New England, 1638–1713’, in A History of the Book in America, Volume One: The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 83–116 (p. 85). 123. Green, ‘The Book Trade’, pp. 199–223. 124. Smolenski, Friends and Strangers, p. 232. 125. Carey, From Peace to Freedom, p. 184; John Woolman, Some Considerations on the keeping of Negroes (Philadelphia, PA: James Chattin, 1754), ESTC W22303. 126. Gerald D. McDonald, ‘William Bradford’s Book Trade and John Bowne, Long Island Quaker, as his Book Agent, 1686–1691’, Essays Honoring Lawrence C. Wroth (Portland, ME: Anthoensen Press, 1951), pp. 209–22 (p. 209). 127. Green, ‘The Book Trade’, pp. 202–04. 128. Ibid., p. 205. 129. Ibid., p. 207. 130. George Keith, An Appeal from the twenty eight judges, to the spirit of truth and true judgment in all faithful Friends, called Quakers, that meet at this yearly meeting at Burlington, the 7 month, 1692 (Philadelphia, PA: William Bradford, 1692), ESTC W462. 131. Hugh Barbour and J. William Frost, The Quakers (Richmond, IN: Friends United Press, 1994), p. 80. 132. Smolenski, Friends and Strangers, p. 167. 133. Green, ‘The Book Trade’, pp. 209–10. 134. Ibid., p. 214. 135. J. G. Riewald, Reynier Jansen of Philadelphia (Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff, 1970), p. 106. 136. Green, ‘The Book Trade’, pp. 216–7. 137. Frost, ‘The Transatlantic Community Reconsidered’, p. 8. 138. 14–18 seventh month 1717 at Philadelphia, PYM minutes, 1681–1821 (HCQC Collection 1250, Microﬁlm 7X). 139. Frost, ‘The Transatlantic Community Reconsidered’, p. 7. 140. Jonathan Dickenson, God’s protecting providence, man’s surest help and defence, in times of the greatest difﬁculty, and most eminent danger Evidenced in the remarkable deliverance of Robert Barrow, with divers other persons, from the devouring waves of the sea, amongst which they suffered shipwrack: And also, from the cruel devouring jaws of the inhumane canibals of Florida. Faith- fully related by one of the persons concerned therein (Philadelphia, PA: T. Sowle, 1700), ESTC R12705; Green, ‘The Book Trade in the Middle Colonies’, p. 214. 141. Green, ‘The Book Trade in the Middle Colonies’, p. 218. 142. Frost, ‘The Transatlantic Community Reconsidered’, p. 7. 143. Ibid., p. 6. 144. Frost, ‘Quaker Books in Colonial Pennsylvania’, p. 11. 145. Riewald, Reynier Jansen, p. 137. 146. McDowell, ‘Tace Sowle, 166–1749’, ODNB Online. 210 Notes

147. Riewald, Reynier Jansen, p. 138. 148. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, pp. 439–40. 149. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1700, p. 51. 150. Ibid., p. 97. 151. LSF MSS MMM V3, 1700–1711, p. 182. 152. Ibid., p. 192. 153. Green, ‘The Book Trade’, p. 216. 154. Hall points out that these figures are ‘possibly misleading in that they take no account of the relative size of the publications in the sample’. From Hall, ‘ “The fiery Tryal” ’, p. 59. 155. O’Malley, ‘ “Defying the Powers” ’, p. 87. 156. Hall, ‘ “The fiery Tryal” ’, pp. 76–7. 157. Jonathan D. Sassi, ‘The Quaker Print Culture Context of Anthony Benezet’s Antislavery Activism’ (Unpublished paper presented at the 17th Biennial Conference of Quaker Historians and Archivists (Birmingham, England, 27–29 June 2008), p. 2.

6 Movement of People in the Quaker Atlantic

1. Chalkley, AJournal, pp. 31–3. 2. Carroll, ‘The Honourable Thomas Taillor’, p. 382. 3. Boulton, ‘Neighbourhood Migration’, p. 109. 4. John Wareing, ‘Migration to London and Transatlantic Emigration of Indentured Servants, 1683–1775’, Journal of Historical Geography, 7(4), (1981), 356–78 (p. 356). 5. Boulton, ‘Neighbourhood Migration’, p. 107. 6. Wareing, ‘Migration to London’, p. 377. 7. Alison Games, ‘Migration’, in The British Atlantic World, 1500–1800 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002), pp. 31–50 (pp. 31, 34). 8. Steele, The English Atlantic, pp. 260–1. 9. Nash, Quakers and Politics, pp. 49–50. 10. Ibid., pp. 5–10. 11. John E. Pomfret, ‘West New Jersey: A Quaker Society 1675–1775’, WMQ, third series, 8(4) (1951), 493–519, (p. 494). 12. Pomfret, ‘West New Jersey’, p. 495. 13. ‘Duke of York’s Conﬁrmation to the 24 Proprietors: 14th of March 1682’. 14. Nash, Quakers and Politics, p. 14. 15. Claypoole, Claypoole’s Letter Book,p.93. 16. Nash, Quakers and Politics, p. 16. 17. Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr, ed. Passengers and Ships Prior to 1684, Penn’s Colony: Genealogical and Historical Materials Relating to the Settlement of Pennsylvania (Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, 1970), pp. 197–204. Martin does not appear to be Quaker, although he was very active in the settlement of Pennsylvania and in the Free Society of Traders. 18. Claypoole, Claypoole’s Letter Book, pp. 39–40. 19. Steele, The English Atlantic, p. 50. 20. Ibid., p. 299. 21. Samuel Bownas, The Life, Travels, and Christian Experiences in the Work of the Ministry of Samuel Bownas (London: Luke Hinde, 1756), p. 56. Notes 211

22. Chalkley, AJournal, pp. 14–5. 23. Marianne Sophia Wokeck, Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mass Migra- tion to North America (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), pp. 86–7. 24. Virginia DeJohn Anderson, New England’s Generation: The Great Migration and the Formation of Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 61–2. 25. Zahedieh, The Capital and the Colonies, p. 171. 26. ‘Letters and Documents of Early Friends’, LSF MSS Swarthmore Transcripts VIII, P-W, p. 686. 27. LSF MSS National Stock Accounts, V1, pp. 38, 34. 28. LSF MSS Box Meeting, Account Book V2 1678–1746, p. 67. 29. Fox, The Journal of George Fox (1976), pp. 488–97. 30. Farley Grubb, ‘Morbidity and Mortality on the North Atlantic Passage: Eighteenth-Century German Immigration’, Journal of Interdisciplinary His- tory, 17(3) (1987),565–85 (p. 573–5). 31. Bermuda Book of Wills, Bermuda Archives, V3, Part 1, April 1691, p. 135. 32. Grubb, ‘Morbidity and Mortality’, p. 577. 33. LSF MSS Epistles ReceivedV1, 1683–1706, pp. 248–9. 34. Bownas, The Life, Travels, and Christian Experiences, p. 59. 35. Story, AJournal, p. 147. 36. Chalkey, AJournal, p. 12. 37. LSF MSS MMM V3, 1700–1711, p. 25. 38. Ibid., p. 2. 39. ‘1701 Indenture of land between John Haddon and Elizabeth, his daughter’, Haddon-Estaugh-Hopkins Collection, HCQC Collection #1001, Box 1. 40. Story, AJournal, p. 146. 41. Ibid., p. 153. 42. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1700, p. 297. 43. LSF MSS MMM V3, 1700–1711, p. 37. 44. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, pp. 284, 327, 364, 423; and V2, 1705–1738, p. 60. 45. LSF MSS Epistles Received V2, 1705–1738, passim. 46. LSF MSS MMM V2, 1692–1700, p. 62. 47. LSF MSS National Stock Accounts, V1, p. 38. 48. Norman Penney, ed. Extracts from State Papers Relating to Friends 1654 to 1672 (London: Headley Brothers, 1913), pp. 230–1. 49. William Sewel, The history of the rise, increase, and progress of the Christian people called Quakers (London: Assigns of J. Sowle, 1722), p. 428, ESTC T147738. 50. Removals Received (general), 1730–1829, Chesterfield Monthly Meeting, SCFHL C47. 51. LSF MSS Westminster Monthly Meeting minutes, V2: 1682–1689, 4 eighth month 1682, LSF Collection 11 b 7. 52. Certificate of Removal: Anthony Morris, facsimile, HCQC Collection 990 B. 53. LSF MSS Westminster Monthly Meeting minutes, V2: 1682–1689, 5 fifth month 1682, 2 sixth month 1682, and 1 sixth month 1683, LSF Collection 11 b 7. 54. LSF MSS Westminster Monthly Meeting minutes, V2: 1682–1689, 5 sixth month 1685. 212 Notes

55. David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 439. 56. Albert Cooks Myers, Quaker Arrivals at Philadelphia, 1682–1750: Being a List of Certiﬁcates of Removal Received at Philadelphia Monthly Meeting of Friends (Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Press, 1902), p. 11. 57. Myers, Quaker Arrivals in Philadelphia, pp. 1–82. 58. Richard C. Allen, Quaker Communities in Early Modern Wales: From Resistance to Respectability (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2007), p. 182. There were at least two Welsh land companies in Pennsylvania (Pomfret, ‘The First Purchasers of Pennsylvania’, pp. 156–7). 59. Claypoole, Claypoole’s Letter Book, p. 221. 60. Jonathan Dickinson Papers, 1698–1713, Correspondence: incoming, Loudoun Papers, Dickinson Family Section, Collection 1971; and Dickinson, God’s Protecting Providence. 61. Claypoole, Claypoole’s Letter Book, p. 184. 62. Ibid., p. 219. 63. Ibid., p. 197. 64. Ibid., p. 212. 65. Ibid., p. 215. 66. Ibid., pp. 222–6. 67. Richard T. Vann, ‘Quakerism: Made in America?’, in The World of William Penn (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986), pp. 157–69 (p. 166). 68. Ibid., p. 164. 69. Ibid., pp. 166–7. 70. Ibid., p. 162. 71. ‘ToJohnAlloway’,fromDunnandDunn,The Papers of William Penn Volume 2: 1680–1684, p. 504. 72. Vann, ‘Quakerism: Made in America?’, pp. 162–3. 73. Nash, Quakers and Politics, pp. 49–50. 74. LSF MSS MMM V2, p. 104. 75. Allen, Quaker Communities in Early Modern Wales, pp. 183–4. 76. LSF MSS Ratcliff Monthly Meeting minutes, pp. 23, 26, 28, LSF Collection 11 b 6. 77. LSF MSS London and Middlesex Quarterly Meeting minutes, V1: 1690– 1701, LSF Collection 11 a 1. 78. ‘Charter for the Free Society of Traders’, 24 March 1683, from Dunn and Dunn, The Papers of William Penn Volume 2: 1680–1684, pp. 246–56 (p. 248). 79. ‘Charter for the Free Society of Traders’, p. 248. 80. Ibid., p. 253. 81. Claypoole, Claypoole’s Letter Book,p.94. 82. Ibid., p. 104. 83. William Penn, A letter from William Penn proprietary and governour of Pennsylvania in America, to the committee of the free society of traders of that province, residing in London (London: Andrew Sowle, 1683), ESTC R220394. 84. Penn, A letter from William Penn proprietary and governour,p.2. 85. Gary B. Nash, ‘The Free Society of Traders and the Early Politics of Pennsylvania’, PMHB, 89(2) (1965), 147–73 (p. 155). Notes 213

86. Nash, Quakers and Politics, p. 55. 87. Nash, ‘The Free Society of Traders’, pp. 160–2. 88. Claypoole, Claypoole’s Letter Book, p. 242. 89. Nash, ‘The Free Society of Traders’, pp. 166–7. 90. Ibid., p. 173. 91. Marianne Sophia Wokeck, ‘Promoters and Passengers: The German Immi- grants Trade, 1683–1775’, in Dunn and Dunn, The World of William Penn, pp. 259–78 (p. 259). 92. Edwin Wolf, II, Germantown and the Germans, An Exhibition of Books, Manuscripts, Prints and Photographs from the Collections of the Library Com- pany of Philadelphia and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA: The Library Company of Philadelphia, 1983), p. 7. 93. Wolf, Germantown and the Germans, pp. 7–8. 94. ‘The Case of the Frankfort Company’s Business briefly Stated’, Frankfort Land Company papers, Francis Daniel Pastorius, SCFHL Collection SC 151. 95. Letter from John Jawert to Francis Daniel Pastorius, 25 March 1713, Frankfort Land Company papers. 96. ‘The Case of the Frankfort Company’s Business briefly Stated’, Frankfort Land Company papers. 97. Wolf, Germantown and the Germans, p. 10. 98. ‘A List of the Persons Names who have paid 5 Guineas per Share into the Pensilvania Land Company in London & c’, Thomas Story Papers, File 1, LSF Temp MSS 970. 99. ‘A List of the Proprietors of the Pensilvania Land Company’, Thomas Story Papers, File 2, LSF Temp MSS 970. 100. ‘Instructions given by the Comittee for the Pensilvania Land Company of London’ 28 first month 1723, Haddon-Estaugh-Hopkins Collection, HCQC Collection #1001, Box 8. 101. Letter from John Haddon to Elizabeth Haddon Estaugh, 4 June 1707, Haddon-Estaugh-Hopkins Collection, HCQC Collection #1001, Box 5. 102. Land indenture, 12 February 1702, Haddon-Estaugh-Hopkins Collection, HCQC Collection #1001, Box 7. 103. Letter from Thomas Hyam to John Estaugh, 10 June 1724, Haddon-Estaugh- Hopkins Collection, HCQC Collection #1001, Box 8. 104. ‘At a Committee of the Pensilvania Land Company in London held at the Pensilvania Coffeehouse the [?] day of 1720’, Thomas Story Papers, File 2, LSF Temp MSS 970. 105. Covenant of partnership, [n.d.], Thomas Story Papers, File 2, LSF Temp MSS 970. The covenant follows a share transfer agreement dated Septem- ber 1720 signed by Thomas Story to transfer shares to Pennsylvania Land Company investor Thomas Hyam from the Bristol Naval Store Company. ‘Share Transfer 17 September 1720, Thomas Story Papers, File 2, LSF Temp MSS 970. 106. Arthur Raistrick, ‘The London Lead Company 1692–1905’, Excerpt Trans- actions of the Newcomen Society Volume XIV, 1933–1934, pp. 119–16 (p. 126). 107. Theodor Eccleston to John Estaugh, 6 April, 1723, Haddon-Estaugh- Hopkins Collection, HCQC Collection #1001, Box 1. 214 Notes

108. Carla Gerona, ‘Thomas Story’, ODNB Online. 109. Pestana, The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution, p. 185. 110. Sharon Salinger, ‘To Serve Well and Faithfully’: Labor and Indentured Servants in Pennsylvania, 1682–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 8. 111. Richard Dunn, ‘Servants and Slaves: The Recruitment and Employment of Labor’, in Colonial British America: Essays in the New History of the Early Mod- ern Era (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), pp. 157–94 (p. 159). 112. John Wareing, ‘The Regulation and Organisation of the Trade in Indentured Servants for the American Colonies in London, 1645–1718, and the Career of William Haveland, Emigration Agent’ (Birkbeck: University of London, 2000), p. 192. 113. Dunn, ‘Servants and Slaves’, p. 164. 114. Claypoole, Claypoole’s Letterbook, p. 133. 115. Michael Ghirelli, A List of Emigrants from England to America, 1682–1692 (Baltimore, MD: Magna Carta Book Company, 1968), pp. 11, 41, 49, p. 57. 116. Michael Tepper, ed., ‘A Partial List of the Families who Arrived at Philadelphia Between 1682 and 1687’, from Emigrants to Pennsylvania, 1641–1819: A Consolidation of Ship Passenger Lists from Pennsylvania Mag- azine of History and Biography (Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1975), p. 339. 117. Salinger, To Serve Well and Faithfully, pp. 22, 24. 118. Landes, ‘Great Openings’, p. 59. 119. Salinger, To Serve Well and Faithfully, pp. 23–4. 120. Ibid., p. 20. 121. Wareing, The Regulation and Organisation of the Trade in Indentured Ser- vants, p. 169. Thirty-nine were indentured to Pennsylvanians and 21 to New Jerseyites. These contrast with Maryland’s over 530 and Virginia’s 485 bound servants. 122. Wareing, ‘Migration to London’, p. 370. 123. Ibid., p. 371. 124. Ghirelli, A List of Emigrants from England to America,p.49. 125. David Souden, ‘Rogues, Whores and Vagabonds’? Indentured Servant Emi- grants to North America, and the Case of Mid-Seventeenth Century Bristol’, Social History 3(1) (1978), 23–41 (p. 24). 126. Souden, ‘Rogues, Whores and Vagabonds’, p. 28. 127. Salinger, To Serve Well and Faithfully, p. 175. 128. Tepper, A Partial List of the Families who Arrived at Philadelphia, p. 340. 129. Claypoole, Claypoole’s Letterbook, pp. 179–80. 130. Ibid., p. 180. 131. Salinger, To Serve Well and Faithfully, p. 87. 132. Ibid., pp. 94–5. 133. Ibid., pp. 7–8. 134. Jack L. Lindsey, ‘Colonial Philadelphia and the Cadwalader Family’, Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin, 91(384/385) (1996), 5–9 (p. 5). 135. Donna McDaniel and Vanessa Julye, Fit for Freedom, Not for Friendship: Quakers, African Americans, and the Myth of Racial Justice (Philadelphia, PA: Quaker Press of Friends General Conference, 2009), p. 8. Notes 215

136. John Hepburn, The American Defence of the Christian Golden Rule (London, 1714), ESTC W37213. 137. LSF MSS LYM minutes, V4, 1709–1713, p. 328; Baltimore Yearly Meeting and Virginia Yearly Meeting, p. 21; Yearly Meeting at Chuckatuck, HCQC Collection 1116, packet 152. 138. Carey, From Peace to Freedom, p. 208. 139. LSF MSS MMM V4, 1711–1734, pp. 131–2. 140. PYM minutes 1681–1821, 20–2 seventh month 1718, HCQC Collection 1250, microﬁlm 7X. 141. PYM Ministers & Elders minutes 1687–1734, 6 seventh month 1719, p. 183, HCQC Collection 1250, microﬁlm 2. 142. Carey, From Peace to Freedom, p. 142. 143. ‘Quaker Protest Against Slavery in the New World, Germantown (Pa.) 1688’, from Triptych, http://triptych.brynmawr.edu/cdm/compoundobject/ collection/HC_QuakSlav/id/11/rec/6, date accessed 22 August 2014. Both Carey and Smolenski point out that the Keithian’s anti-slavery stance was as much a work against the ‘wealthy and powerful men who headed Pennsylvania’s Quaker community’ as against slavery itself (Carey, From Peace to Freedom, pp. 88–9 and Smolenski, Friends and Strangers, pp. 168–9). 144. McDaniel and Julye, Fit for Freedom, pp. 16–17. 145. George Keith, ‘An Exhortation & Caution to Friends Concerning Buying or Keeping of Negroes’ (New York: William Bradford, 1693), p. 1, ESTC Citation R1 4277. 146. Carey, From Peace to Freedom,p.67. 147. Ibid., p. 32. 148. Joseph E. Illick, Colonial Pennsylvania: A History (New York: Scribner, 1976), p. 12. 149. Tolles, Quakers and the Atlantic Culture, pp. 11–13. 150. Vann, ‘Quakerism: Made in America?’, p. 163. Joseph Illick also writes about this idea (Illick, Colonial Pennsylvania, pp. 11, 21). 151. Pestana, ‘Religion’, p. 69.

7 Colonial Perceptions

1. Richard Johns: Inventory, Maryland Prerogative Court (Inventories and Accounts), Liber 14 folios 532–3 and Samuel Chew: Will, Maryland Pre- rogative Court (Inventories and Accounts), Liber 14 folios 669–72. 2. ‘Colony’, OED Online (date accessed 22 August 2014). 3. John Winthrop, ‘A Modell of Christian Charity’, from Winthrop Papers, p. 295 and Joan R. Soderlund, ed., William Penn and the Founding of Pennsylvania: A Documentary History (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983), p. 3. 4. Hart, Comparing Empires, pp. 82–3. 5. James O’Neil Spady, ‘Colonialism and the Discursive Antecedents of Penn’s Treaty With the Indians’, in Friends & Enemies in Penn’s Woods: Indians, Colonists, and the Radical Construction of Pennsylvania (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004), pp. 18–40 (p. 27). 216 Notes

6. ‘Samuel Groome, one of the proprietors, and surveyor general of East- Jersey ...East-Jersey, the 11th of August, 1683’, from Samuel Smith, History of Nova Cæsarea: The Colonial History of New Jersey (Trenton, NJ: William S. Sharp, 1890). 7. Penn, A letter from William Penn,p.6. 8. John White, Planters Plea (London: William Jones, 1630), p. 28, ESTC S111722. 9. Penn, A letter from William Penn,p.5. 10. Smolenski, Friends and Strangers, p. 170. 11. White, Planters Plea, p. 65. 12. Susan Hardman Moore, Abandoning America: Life-Stories from Early New England (Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2013), pp. 5–6. 13. Moore, Abandoning America,p.7. 14. Micah, 5: 8. 15. LFS MSS A. R. Barclay Manuscripts, pp. 1–4, 59–60. 16. Claypoole, Claypoole’s Letter Book, p. 127. 17. Haddon-Estaugh-Hopkins Collection, HCQC Collection #1001. 18. William Penn in London to Thomas Lloyd in America, 21 seventh month 1686, from William Penn Papers, HCQC Collection 853. 19. Smolenski, Friends and Strangers, p. 169. 20. Peter Silver, Our Savage Neighbors: How Indian War Transformed Early America (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), pp. xix, 5. 21. Nash, Quakers and Politics, pp. 42–4, 323–8. 22. The Frame of the Government in the Province of Pennsylvania in America (London, 1691), pp. 4, 9, ESTC R42318. 23. Francis Bugg, News from Pennsilvania: or a brief narrative of several remarkable passages in the government of the Quakers, in that province Touching their Pro- ceedings in the Pretended Courts of Justice; their Way of Trade and Commerce; with Remarks and Observations upon the whole (London, 1703), pp. 11–17, ESTC T25441. 24. LYM minutes, V4, 1709–1713, p. 66. 25. Levy, Quakers and the American Family, p. 151. 26. Karin A. Wulf, Not All Wives: Women of Colonial Philadelphia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000), pp. 54–6. 27. Levy, Quakers and the American Family, pp. 3–22. 28. Ibid., p. 13. 29. Karin A. Wulf, ‘ “My Dear Liberty”: Quaker Spinsterhood and Female Auton- omy in Eighteenth Century Pennsylvania’, in Women and Freedom in Early America (New York: New York University Press, 1997), pp. 83–108 (p. 86). 30. Levy, Quakers and the American Family,p.15. 31. Carla Gerona, Night Journeys: The Power of Dreams in Transatlantic Quaker Culture (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2004), p. 124. 32. Josiah Coale to George Fox, Maryland, 1660, LSF MSS A. R. Barclay Manuscripts, pp. 59–60. 33. Frances Denson to George Fox, Nansemond, Virginia, [1683–1689?], LSF MSS A. R. Barclay Manuscripts, pp. 177–8. 34. ‘Deed from the Delaware Indians’, 15 July 1682, in The Papers of William Penn Volume 2, pp. 261–9 (p. 265). Notes 217

35. Steven Craig Harper, Promised Land: Penn’s Holy Experiment, the Walking Purchase, and the Dispossession of the Delawares, 1600–1763 (Cranbury NJ: Lehigh University Press, 2006), pp. 13–14. 36. James H. Merrell, Into the American Woods: Negotiators on the Pennsylvania Frontier (New York: W.W. Norton, 1999), pp. 106–7. 37. ‘Deed from the Delaware Indians’, p. 262. 38. There is some doubt cast upon whether Penn and the Lenni Lenape did hold this treaty under the elm at Shackamaxon, but there is evidence of other treaties between the Lenni Lenape and Quakers. 39. ‘Bill for Lasse Cock’s Services’, 1682, in The Papers of William Penn Volume 2, pp. 242–3. 40. Thomas J. Sugrue, ‘The Peopling and Depeopling of Early Pennsylvania: Indians and Colonists, 1680–1720’, PMHB 116(1) (1992), 3–31 (p. 14). 41. Francis Jennings, ‘ “Pennsylvania Indians” and the Iroquois’, in Beyond the Covenant Chain: The Iroquois and Their Neighbors in Indian North America, 1600–1800 (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003), pp. 75–91 (pp. 80–1). 42. ‘To James Harrison’, in The Papers of William Penn Volume 2, pp. 108–9. 43. Sugrue, ‘The Peopling’, pp. 17–9. 44. Bermuda: Book of Wills, V3, p. 192. 45. Carey, From Freedom to Peace, p. 13. 46. LSF MSS A. R. Barclay Manuscripts, pp. 18–20. 47. Christian Epistles, Travels and Sufferings of that Antient Servant of Christ, John Boweter (London: T. Sowle, 1705), preface, ESTC N44355. 48. LSF MSS A. R. Barclay Manuscripts, pp. 59–60. 49. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, pp. 14, 115. 50. LSF MSS Epistles Received V2, 1705–1738, p. 216. 51. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V2, 1704–1738, pp. 282–3. 52. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, p. 423; and LYM minutes, V3, 1702–1708, p. 299. 53. Proceedings of the Council of Maryland, 1671–1681, V15, p. 352, Archives of Maryland Online: http://msa.maryland.gov/megaﬁle/msa/ speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000015/html/am15–352.html, date accessed 22 August 2014; and Proceedings of the Council of Maryland, 1687/8-1693, V8, p. 342, Archives of Maryland Online: http://aomol.msa.maryland.gov/ 000001/000008/html/am8–342.html, date accessed 22 August 2014. 54. Thomas Eccleston to James Harrison, 10 seventh month 1687, Pemberton Papers, 1654–1806, Etting Collection, HSP. 55. LSF MSS LYM minutes, V2, 1694–1701, p. 312. 56. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, p. 129. 57. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana: or, the ecclesiastical history of New-England, from its ﬁrst planting in the year 1620. unto the year of our Lord, 1698 (London: Thomas Parkhurst, 1702), p. 96, ESTC T79039. 58. How-White Papers, Collection HW/35/30. 59. Bugg, News from Pensilvania, p. 17. 60. ‘Law against Sale of Spirits to Indians’, 1682, V1 Act 15, retrieved from the Legislative Reference Bureau, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, http:// www.palrb.us/statutesatlarge/16001699/1682/0/act/0015.pdf, date accessed 22 August 2014. 218 Notes

61. Sugrue, ‘The Peopling’, p. 26. 62. Penn, ‘A Letter From William Penn to the Committee of the Free Society of Traders, 1683’, p. 6. 63. Story, AJournal, p. 163. 64. Sugrue, ‘The Peopling’, pp. 27–8. 65. Francis Jennings, The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confed- eration of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginning to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984), p. 262. 66. Merrell, Into the American Woods, pp. 167–8. 67. Harper, Promised Land, pp. 130–1. 68. Sugrue, ‘The Peopling’, p. 28. 69. LYM minutes, V4, 1709–1713, p. 66. 70. Jennings, The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire, p. 226. 71. Silver, Our Savage Neighbors, pp. xx–xxi. 72. Jones, ‘Virgin Soils Revisited’, pp. 71–4. 73. Harper, Promised Land, p. 19. 74. Marshall Joseph Becker and Thomas M. Doerﬂinger, ‘Notes and Docu- ments’, PMHB, 108(3) (1984) (351–66, (p. 352). 75. James H. Merrell, ‘The Indian’s New World: The Catawba Experience’, in American Encounters: Natives and Newcomers from European Contact to Indian Removal, 1500–1850 2nd edn (New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 26–50 (pp. 33–4). 76. Sugrue, ‘The Peopling’, p. 31. 77. Carla Gardina Pestana, Protestant Empire: Religion and the Making of the British Atlantic World (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009), pp. 105–6. 78. Pestana, Protestant Empire, pp. 188–90. 79. Laura M. Stevens, The Poor Indians: British Missionaries, Natives Americans, and Colonial Sensibility (Philadelphia PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), p. 134. 80. Pestana, Protestant Empire, p. 112; see Gerona, Night Journeys for more on the topic. 81. Chalkley, AJournal, p. 51. 82. Fox, The Journal of George Fox (1976), pp. 501–2. 83. Letter, Thomas Chalkley to George Whitehead, 8 third month 1711, LSF MSS MMM V3, pp. 372–4. 84. Chalkley, AJournal, p. 40. 85. Story, AJournal, pp. 162–3. 86. Ibid., p. 156. 87. Bownas, The Life, Travels, and Christian Experiences, p. 85. 88. Ibid., p. 147. 89. Dickinson and Hanson were not the only Quakers captured by Native Americans, but their accounts were the only ones printed with the support of the Morning Meeting. From Kathryn Zabelle Derounian-Stodola, Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives (New York: Penguin, 1998), p. 64. 90. Derounian-Stodola, Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, p. 64. Derounian- Stodola questions Samuel Bownas as the author of Hanson’s account, suggesting it was perhaps written by another male Quaker but printed with Bownas’ better-known name. The book was printed in 1728 under the title Notes 219

God’s mercy surmounting man’s cruelty,butlaterasAn account of the captivity of Elizabeth Hanson (Samuel Keimer, Philadelphia, 1728), ESTC Citation T95559. 91. ‘God’s Mercy Surmounting Man’s Cruelty Exemplified in the Captivity and Redemption of Elizabeth Hanson’, in Derounian-Stodola, Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, pp. 66–79. 92. ‘God’s Mercy Surmounting Man’s Cruelty Exemplified’, p. 64. 93. Joanna Brooks, ‘Held Captive by the Irish: Quaker Captivity Narratives in Frontier Pennsylvania’, New Hibernia Review/Iris Éireannach Nua 8(3) (2004), 31–46 (p. 33). 94. The Peace Testimony was not a tenet held by Friends at the start of the movement (Rosemary Moore, ‘Towards a Revision of the Second Period of Quakerism’, Quaker Studies, 17(1) (2012), 7–26 (pp. 15–16)). 95. Silver, Our Savage Neighbors, p. 98. 96. McDaniel and Julye, Fit for Freedom, pp. 8–9. 97. John Homewood: Will, Maryland Prerogative Court (Wills), Liber 4 folios 70–1; and George Johnson: Will, Maryland Prerogative Court (Wills), Liber 2 folios 189–94. 98. Social pressure as a factor in communities is suggested and discussed in several sources, from Zahedieh’s discussion of Quaker merchants in The Capital and the Colonies (pp. 106–11) to sociologist Mark Granovetter’s ‘The Impact of Social Structure on Economic Outcomes’, where he posits that the trust inherent in a social structure can lead members to ‘do the “right” thing despite a clear balance of incentives to the contrary’ (Granovetter, ‘The Impact of Social Structure’, p. 33). 99. Gragg, The Quaker Community on Barbados, pp. 139–40. 100. Tolles, Quakers and the Atlantic Culture, pp. 2–3. 101. Chalkley, Journal, pp. 57–8. 102. Kupperman, The Jamestown Project, p. 122. 103. William Shakespeare’s The Tempest was first performed in 1611 and John Fletcher’s The Island Princess was first performed in 1621. 104. Zahedieh, ‘London and the Colonial Consumer’, p. 239. 105. Games, Migration and the Origins, p. 20. 106. Zahedieh, ‘London and the Colonial Consumer’, p. 241. 107. Ibid., pp. 243–5. 108. LSF MSS LYM minutes V1, 1668–1695, p. 184. 109. LSF MSS LYM minutes V2, 1694–1701, pp. 39, 41. 110. ‘Mother country’, OED Online, retrieved 22 August 2014. 111. ‘Letter to Sir Edwin Sandys’, in Kathleen Donegan, ‘ “As Dying, Yet Behold We Live”: Catastrophe and Interiority in Bradford’s “Of Plymouth Planta- tion” ’, Early American Literature 37(1) (2002), 9–37 (p. 19). 112. Robynne Rogers Healey. ‘ “The Only Thing We Want is Agreeable Soci- ety”: A British North American Family in the Nineteenth Century Quaker Atlantic’. Unpublished paper presented at the Seventeenth Biennial Con- ference of Quaker Historians and Archivists (Birmingham, England, 27–29 June 2008), p. 22. This was in large part to distinguish themselves from Americans. 113. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, p. 27. 114. Ibid., pp. 251, 302–3. 220 Notes

115. LSF MSS Epistles Received V2, 1705–1738, pp. 3, 378. 116. PYM Ministers & Elders minutes 1687–1734, HCQC Collection #1250, microﬁlm #2, p. 185. 117. Chalkley, AJournal, p. 54. 118. Ibid., p. 84. 119. Story, AJournal, pp. 54, 77. 120. Claypoole, Claypoole’s Letter Book, p. 239. 121. Fox, The Journal of George Fox (1976), p. 533. 122. Webb, Elizabeth, ‘A Short Account of my Viage into America with Mary Rogers My Companion’, HCQC Collection 975B. 123. James Logan’s Letter Book, pp. 16–17. 124. LSF MSS Epistles Sent V1, 1683–1703, pp. 117–18. 125. Roberts, ‘Hugh Roberts’, pp. 206, 207. 126. Thomas Lloyd to Philip Ford, second month 1693, Pemberton Fam- ily Papers: Phineas Pemberton Correspondence, 1689–1690, HSP, Collec- tion 484A. 127. George Whitehead to Thomas Lloyd, 30 seventh month 1691, Pemberton Family Papers: Phineas Pemberton Correspondence, 1689–1690, HSP, Col- lection 484A. 128. Carey, From Peace to Freedom, p. 115. 129. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, pp. 1–3. 130. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, pp. 74, 100–1. 131. Reﬂections on the printed case of William Penn, Esq; in a letter from some gentlemen of Pensilvania, to their friend in London (London, 1702), pp. 6–7, ESTC T116578. 132. Pestana, The English Atlantic in the Age of Revolution’, p. 3. 133. Roberts, ‘Hugh Roberts’, p. 208. 134. LSF MSS Epistles Received V1, 1683–1706, pp. 129, 327; and V2, p. 60.

Conclusion

1. Robert Brenner, ‘The Social Basis of English Commercial Expansion, 1550– 1650’, The Journal of Economic History, 32 (1972), 361–84 (p. 362). 2. Brenner, ‘The Social Basis of English Commercial Expansion’, p. 380. 3. Harding, ‘Controlling a Complex Metropolis’, p. 32. 4. Merrell, ‘The Indian’s New World’, in American Encounters: Natives and Newcomers from European Contact to Indian Removal, 1500–1850, 2nd edn, Peter C. Mancall and James H. Merrell, eds (New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 26–7. 5. Leachman, From an ‘Unruly Sect’ to a Society of ‘Strict Unity’, p. 66. 6. Braithwaite, The Second Period, p. 495. 7. McDaniel and Julye, Fit for Freedom,p.3. 8. Ibid., p. 9. 9. John Woolman, The Journal and Major Essays of John Woolman, Phillips P. Moulton, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 92. 10. Jonathan D. Sassi, ‘Africans in the Quaker Image: Anthony Benezet, African Travel Narratives, and Revolutionary-Era Antislavery’, Journal of Early Modern History, 10 (2006), 95–120 (p. 102). Notes 221

11. ‘The Humble Petition of the Justices of Peace, Ministers, and Other Well Principled Inhabitants of Leeds, Wakeﬁeld, and Bradford’, in Joseph Besse, Collection of the Sufferings of the People Called Quakers, Volume 2 (London: Luke Hinde, 1753), p. 98, ESTC 143288; and LYM, Epistles, pp. 44–5. 12. Tolles, Quakers and the Atlantic Culture,p.2. 13. Vann, ‘Quakerism’, pp. 167–8. 14. Robynne Rogers Healey, ‘Quietist Quakerism, 1692–c.1805’, in The Oxford Handbook of Quaker Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 47–66 (p. 55). Bibliography

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London and the United Kingdom:

Library of the Religious Society of Friends in Britain, Euston Road, London Abram Rawlinson Barclay Manuscripts (Horle transcription), Volume 1 Box Meeting records Account Book Volume I, 1672–1684 Account Book Volume II, 1678–1746 Manuscripts 1671–1753 Horsleydown Monthly Meeting minutes1690–1705, 1705–1713, Collection 11 b 3 London and Middlesex Quarterly Meeting minutes, Volume I: 1690–1701, Col- lection 11 a 1 ‘Letters and Documents of Early Friends’ (Swarthmore Transcripts), Volume III Temporary Subject Catalogue London Six Weeks Meeting Minutes (Transcript), Volumes 1 and 2, 1671–1682 and 1682–1692/3 London Six Weeks Meeting minutes, Volume 3 (1692–1698) London Yearly Meeting minutes, Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (1668–1728), Collection YM/M6 Meeting for Sufferings minutes, Volumes 1–23 (1675–1725), Collection MfS/M1– MfS/M23 National Stock Accounts 1679–1716, Volumes I and II, Collection SR1111 Peel Monthly Meeting Men’s minutes, 1668–1683/4, 1684–1696, Collection 11 b 5 Ratcliff Monthly Meeting Men’s minutes, 1681–1701, Collection 11b 6 Quaker Digest registers of Births, marriages and Burials for England and Wales, 1650–1719, (microﬁlm) Second Days Morning Meeting Epistles Received, Volumes 1 (1683–1706) and 2 (1705–1738) Epistles Sent, Volumes 1 (1683–1703) and 2 (1704–1738) Minutes, Volumes 1, 2, 3, and 4 (1673–1734) Southwark Manuscripts, Volume I, Seventeenth Century Thomas Story Manuscripts, Temp MSS 970 Westminster Monthly Meeting minutes, Volume II: 1682–1689, 4 8mo 1682, Collection 11 b 7 London Metropolitan Archives, Clerkenwell, London Peter Briggin’s Diary, ACC/1017/2 Marriage Assessments, Loans and Assessments, Chamberlain’s Department, Cor- poration of London: 222 Bibliography 223

St Dionis Backchurch, COL/CHD/LA/04 1/028 St Edmund, Lombard Street, COL/CHD/LA/04 1/030 St Lawrence Pountney, COL/CHD/LA/04 1/0045 St Martin Orgar, COL/CHD/LA/04 1/055 St Mary Bothaw, COL/CHD/LA/04 1/061 St Mary at Hill, COL/CHD/LA/04 1/064 St Mary Woolnoth, COL/CHD/LA/04 1/071 St Andrew Undershaft, COL/CHD/LA/04 1/014 St Benet Gracechurch, COL/CHD/LA/04 1/022 St Botolph Billingsgate, COL/CHD/LA/04 1/025

The National Archives (UK) Records of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, Wills and Letters of Administra- tion, Prerogative Court of Canterbury and Related Probate Jurisdictions, Name of Register: Bolton Quire Numbers: 46–91, PROB/11/596. London Port Books E190/113/7 (Controller of Customs: Overseas: Cloths and other goods exported by denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683) London Port Books E190/115/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage, Overseas: Exports by denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683) London Port Books E190/121/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage, Overseas: Imports by denizens, Xmas 1682–Xmas 1683) London Port Books E190/152/1 (Waiters: Overseas: Exports by denizens, Xmas 1694–Xmas 1695) London Port Books E190/155/1 (Searcher: Overseas Exports, Xmas 1695–Xmas 1696, incomplete) London Port Books E190/157/1 (Surveyor General of Tunnage and Poundage: Overseas: Imports by denizens, Xmas 1695–Xmas 1696) London Port Books E190/159/1 (Surveyor of Customs: Overseas: Cloths and other goods exports by denizens, Xmas 1696–Xmas 1697)

Parliamentary Archives, Westminster, London Subscriptions for Sale of South Sea Stock, Parliamentary Archives, HL/PO/JO/10/5/57-63

Bedfordshire and Luton Archives and Record Service, Bedford, UK How-White Papers, Collection HW/85/30 The Americas: Quaker Collection, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA Baltimore Yearly Meeting and Virginia Yearly Meeting, Yearly Meeting at Chuckatuck, Collection 1116, packet 152 Certificate of Removal: Anthony Morris, facsimile, HCQC Collection 990 B Gulielma M. Howland Papers, Collection 1000 Haddon-Estaugh-Hopkins Collection, Collection 1001 Haverford Collection of Ministers, Collection 975C Letters of English Friends, Collection 861 Pennsylvania Yearly Meeting, Ministers & Elders minutes 1687–1734, Collection 1250, Microfilm #2 Philadelphia Yearly Meeting minutes, 1681–1821, Collection 1250, Microfilm 7X Virginia Yearly Meeting minutes, 1702–1724, Collection 1116, packet 152 224 Bibliography

Webb, Elizabeth, ‘A Short Account of My Viage into America with Mary Rogers My Companion’ (a photocopy from the original manuscript owned by Mr Stewart Huston of Coatesville, Pennsylvania, a descendent of Elizabeth Webb, 1959), edited by Frederick B. Tolles and John Beverly Riggs, Collection 975B William Penn Papers, Collection 853 Friends Historical Library, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA Frankfort Land Company Papers, Francis Daniel Pastorius, Collection SC 151 New York Yearly Meeting Minutes, 1703–1742, Microfilm MR-NY 49 New England Yearly Meeting, Minutes of Men Friends, 1683–1847, Microfilm MR-NE 73 Philadelphia Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1682–1705, Microfilm MR-Ph 383 Removals Received (general), 1730–1829, Chesterfield Monthly Meeting, SCFHL C47 Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Anthony Morris & Elizabeth Janney Ledger 1705–1708, Etting Collection, Collec- tion 193 James Logan’s Letter Book 1717–1731, Logan Family Papers, 1664–1871, Collec- tion 379 Jonathan Dickinson Papers, 1698–1713, Correspondence: Incoming, Loudoun Papers, Dickinson Family Section, Collection 1971 Pemberton Family Papers: Phineas Pemberton Correspondence, 1689–1690, Col- lection 484A Pemberton Papers, 1654–1806, Etting Collection, Collection 193 Maryland State Archives, Annapolis, Maryland, USA Inventories and Accounts, Maryland Prerogative Court, Liber 1, MSA 536-1 Inventories and Accounts, Maryland Prerogative Court, Liber 16, MSA 536-22 Inventories and Accounts, Maryland Prerogative Court, Liber 25, MSA 536-33 Wills, Maryland Prerogative Court, Liber 1, MSA S538-1 Wills, Maryland Prerogative Court, Liber 2, MSA S538-2 Wills, Maryland Prerogative Court, Liber 4, MSA S538-4 Wills, Maryland Prerogative Court, Liber 5, MSA S538-10 Wills, Maryland Prerogative Court, Liber 7, MSA S538-12 Wills, Maryland Prerogative Court, Liber 14, MSA S538-21 The Bermuda Archives, Hamilton, Bermuda Bermuda Book of Wills, Volume 3

Printed Sources

Bownas, Samuel, The Life, Travels, and Christian Experiences in the Work of the Ministry of Samuel Bownas (London: Luke Hinde, 1756), Byrd, William, The Commonplace Books of William Byrd of Westover, Kevin Berland, Jan Kirsten Gilliam, and Kenneth A. Lockridge, eds (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2001) Claypoole, James, James Claypoole’s Letter Books 1681–1684, Marion Balderston, ed. (San Marino, CA: The Huntington Library, 1967) Bibliography 225

Davis, John David, ed., West Jersey New Jersey Deed Records 1676–1721 (Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, 2005) Dunn, Richard, and Mary Maples Dunn, The Papers of William Penn: Volume 1: 1644–1679; Volume 2: 1680–1684; Volume 3: 1685–1700 (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981, 1982, 1986) Extracts from the Minutes and Proceedings of the Yearly Meeting of Friends Held in London (London: Ofﬁce of the Society of Friends, 1900) Fox, George, The Journal of George Fox, Rufus M. Jones, ed. (Richmond, IN: Friends United Press, 1976) ——, The Journal of George Fox Edited from the MSS, Norman Penney, ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911), p. II London Yearly Meeting, Epistles from the Yearly Meeting of Friends Held in London to the Quarterly and Monthly Meetings in Great Britain, Ireland, and Elsewhere, from 1681 to 1857, Inclusive: With an Historical Introduction, and a Chapter Comprising Some of the Early Epistles and Records of the Yearly Meeting, Volume 1 (London: Edward Marsh, Friends’ Books and Tract Depository, 1858) McKenzie, D. F., and Maureen Bell, eds, A Chronology and Calendar of Documents Relating to the London Book Trade 1641–1700 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) Mortimer, Russell, ed., Minute Book of the Men’s Meeting of the Society of Friends in Bristol, 1686–1704, Bristol Record Society’s Publication Volume XXX (Bristol, 1977) Penney, Norman, ed., Extracts from State Papers Relating to Friends 1654 to 1672 (London: Headley Brothers, 1913) Smith, Joseph. A Descriptive Catalogue of Friends’ Books, or Books Written by Mem- bers of the Society of Friends, Commonly Called Quakers, from Their First Rise to the Present Time, Interspersed with Critical Remarks, and Occasional Biographical Notices, and Including All Writings of Authors before Joining, and by Those after Having Left the Society, Whether Adverse or Not, as Far as Known (London: Joseph Smith, 1867) A Transcript of the Registers of the Worshipful Company of Stationers: From 1640–1708 A.D. In Three Volumes, Volume III: 1675–1708 (London, 1914) Winthrop, John, The Journal of John Winthrop, 1630–1649, Richard Dunn and Laetitia Yeandle, eds (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996) ——, Winthrop Papers (Boston, MA: The Massachusetts Historical Society, 1931), Volume 2 Woolman, John, The Journal and Major Esays of John Woolman, Phillips P. Moulton, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971)

Contemporary publications Barclay, Robert, An apology for the true Christian divinity, as the same is held forth, and preached by the people, called, in scorn, Quakers being a full explanation and vindication of their principles and doctrines, by many arguments, deduced from Scrip- ture and right reason, and the testimony of famous authors, both ancient and modern, with a full answer to the strongest objections usually made against them, presented to the King/written and published in Latine, for the information of strangers, by Robert Barclay; and now put into our own language, for the beneﬁt of his country-men (London, 1678), ESTC R1740 ——, A catechism and confession of faith, approved of and agreed unto by the general assembly of the patriarchs, prophets and apostles; Christ himself being chief speaker, 226 Bibliography

in and among them. Which containeth a true and faithful account of the principles and doctrines, which are most surely believed by the churches of Christ in Great Britain and Ireland, who are reproachfully call’d by the name of Quakers; yet are found in the one faith with the primitive church and saints, as is most clearly demonstrated by some plain Scripture-testimonies (without consequences or commentaries) which are here collected and inserted by way of answer to a few weighty, yet easie and familiar questions, fitted as well for the wisest and largest, as for the weakest and lowest capacities. To which is added, an expostulation with, and appeal to all other professors. By R.B. a servant of the Church of Christ (London, 1674), ESTC R231196 ——, Theses theologicæ: Or the theological propositions, which are defended by Robert Barclay, in his apology for the true Christian divinity, as the same is held forth and preached, by the people called Quakers. First printed about the year, 1675. And since then, reprinted several times, to prevent mistakes concerning that people (London, 1675), ESTC R216281 Barcroft, John. A faithful warning, to the inhabitants of Great-Britain and Ireland, to dread the Lord, and turn from their evil doings (Printed at Dublin: and re-printed at London, by the assigns of J. Sowle, 1720), ESTC T87903 Besse, Joseph. Collection of the sufferings of the people called Quakers,Volume2 (London: Luke Hinde, 1753), ESTC 143288 Bishop, George. New England judged, not by man’s, but the spirit of the Lord: And the summe sealed up of New-England’s persecutions. Being a brief relation of the sufferings of the people called Quakers in those parts of America, from the beginning of the fifth month 1656. (The time of their first arrival at Boston from England) to the later end of the tenth month, 1660 (London: Robert Wilson, 1661), ESTC R13300 ——, New-England judged, by the spirit of the Lord. In two parts. First, containing a brief relation of the sufferings of the people call’d Quakers in New-England, from the time of their first arrival there, in the year 1656, to the year 1660 (London: Tace Sowle, 1703), ESTC T103606 Bockett, Elias, The Yea and Nay stock-jobbers, or the ‘Change Alley Quakers anatomiz’d. In a burlesque epistle to a friend at sea. (J. Roberts, London, 1720), ESTC T109160 Francis Bugg, De Christiana Libertate, or, liberty of conscience upon it’s [sic] true and proper grounds asserted & vindicated. And the mischief of impositions, amongst the people called Quakers, made manifest. In two parts. The first, proving, that no prince nor state ought by force, t compel men to any part of the doctrine, worship, or discipline of the Gospel. By a nameless, yet an approved author, &c. The second, shewing the inconsistency betwixt the church-government erected by G. Fox, &c. and that in the primitive times: being historically treated on. To which is added, A word of advice to the Pencilvanians (London: Enoch Prosser, 1682), ESTC 14734 ——, News from Pennsilvania: Or a brief narrative of several remarkable passages in the government of the Quakers, in that province touching their proceedings in the pretended Courts of Justice; their way of trade and commerce; with remarks and observations upon the whole (London, 1703), ESTC T25441 ——, The pilgrim’s progress, from Quakerism, to Christianity. Containing a farther discovery of the danger of the growth of Quakerism, not only in point of doctrine, but also in their politicks, in what they call their church-government, both from matter of fact, practice and experience; from the connection of the use and design of their silent meetings, their monthly, quarterly, and yearly meetings, &c. their fund or common stock; Bibliography 227

with the consequence of it. Together with a remedy proposed for the cure of Quakerism. To which is added an appendix: Shewing, wherein ther is a most damnable plot con- trived and carrying on by New-Rome, and that by a united confederacy against the reformed religion, and the professors thereof; both magistrates, ministers and people. With a challenge to Geo. Whitehead, (her chief cardinal) to prove the same (London: W. Kettleby, 1698), ESTC 20074 ——, A seasonable Caveat against the prevalency of Quakerism (London: R. Wilkin, 1707), ESTC N21492 Chalkley, Thomas, A collection of the works of that ancient, faithful servant of Jesus Christ, Thomas Chalkley, who departed this life in the Island of Tortola, the fourth day of the ninth month, 1741; to which is prefix’d, a journal of his life, travels, and Christian experiences (London: Luke Hinde, 1751), ESTC W303098 Chandler, William, Alexander Pyot, and Joseph Hodges, A brief apology in behalf of the people in derision call’d Quakers. Written for the information of our sober and well-inclined neighbours in and about the town of Warminster in the county of Wilts (London: Thomas Northcott, 1693), ESTC R229320 Child, Sir Josiah, A new discourse of trade wherein is recommended several weighty points relating to companies of merchants: The act of navigation, naturalization of strangers, and our woolen manufactures, the ballance of trade and the nature of plantations, and their consequences in relation to the kingdom, are seriously discussed, methods for the employment and maintenance of the poor are proposed, the reduction of interest of money to 4 l. per centum, is recommended, and some proposals for erecting a court of merchants for determining controversies, relating to maritine affairs, and for a law for transferrance of bills of debts, are humbly offered (London: Tace Sowle, 1698), ESTC R8738 Christian Epistles, travels and sufferings of that antient servant of Christ, John Boweter (London: Tace Sowle, 1705), ESTC N44355 Crook, John, Truth’s principles: Or, those things about doctrine and worship, which are most surely believed and received amongst the people of God, called Quakers viz. concerning the man Christ, his sufferings, death, resurrection, faith in his blood, the imputation of his righteousness, sanctification, justification &c. Written, to stop the mouth of clamour, and to inform all who desire to know the truth as it is in Jesus; by the servant of the Lord, John Crook. To which is added, somewhat concerning the difference between the perswasions of reason, and the perswasions of faith (London, 1662), ESTC R204876 Dickenson, Jonathan, God’s protecting providence, man’s surest help and defence, in times of the greatest difficulty, and most eminent danger Evidenced in the remarkable deliverance of Robert Barrow, with divers other persons, from the devouring waves of the sea, amongst which they suffered shipwrack: And also, from the cruel devouring jaws of the inhumane canibals of Florida. Faithfully related by one of the persons concerned therein (Philadelphia, PA: Tace Sowle, 1700), ESTC R12705 Edmundson, William, A Journal of the life, travels, sufferings, and labour of love in the work of the ministry, of that worthy elder, and faithful servant of Jesus Christ, William Edmundson, who departed this life, the 31st of the 6th Month, 1712 (Dublin: printed by Samuel Fairbrother, bookseller in Skinner-Row, over against the Tholsel), ESTC T145550 Ellwood, Thomas, An answer to George Keith’s narrative of his proceedings at Turners- Hall, on the 11th of the month called June, 1696. Wherein his charges against divers of the people called Quakers (both in that, and in another book of his, called, Gross 228 Bibliography

error & hypocrisie detected) ar fairly considered, examined, and refuted (London: Tace Sowle, 1696), ESTC R8140 ——, A further discovery of that spirit of contention & division which hath appeared of late in George Keith, &c. being a reply to two late printed pieces of his, the one entituled, A loving epistle, &c. the other, A seasonable information, &c. Wherein his cavils are answered his falshood is laid open, and the guilt and blame of the breach and separation in America; and of the reproach he hath brought upon truth and Friends, by his late printed books, are fixed faster upon him. Written by way of epistle, and recommended as a further warning to all Friends (Tace Sowle, 1694), ESTC R224514 Field, John. The Christianity of the people called Quakers asserted (London: Tace Sowle, 1700), ESTC W33617 Fox, George. Collection of many select and Christian Epistles, letters, and testimonies (London: Tace Sowle, 1698), ESTC R15883 ——, A declaration from the harmles & innocent people of God called Quakers. Against all plotters and fighters in the world. For the removing of the ground of jealousie and suspition from both magistrates and people in the kingdom, concerning wars and fightings. And also something in answer to that clause of the Kings late proclamation, which mentions the Quakers, to clear them from the plot and fighting, which therein is mentioned, and for the clearing their innocency (London, 1660?), ESTC R469014 ——, The line of righteousness and Justice stretched forth over all merchants &c. (London: Robert Wilson, 1661). ESTC R35522. ——, A warning to all merchants in London, and such as buy and sell (London: Thomas Simmons, 1658), ESTC R10554 Fox, George, and Ellis Hookes Instructions for right spelling, and plain directions for reading and writing true English with several delightful things very useful and necessary, both for young and old to read and learn (London: Tace Sowle, 1691), ESTC R40417 Hanson, Elizabeth, God’s mercy surmounting man’s cruelty, exemplified in the captivity and redemption of Elizabeth Hanson, wife of John Hanson, of Knoxmarsh at Keacheachy, in Dover-township, who was taken captive with her children and maid- servant, by the Indians in New-England, in the year 1724. In which are inserted, sundry remarkable preservations, deliverances, and marks of the care and kindness of providence over her and her children, worthy to be remembered. The substance of which was taken from her own mouth, and now published for a general service (Philadelphia: Samuel Keimer, 1728). ESTC W2619 Hanson, Elizabeth, An account of the captivity of Elizabeth Hanson, late of Kachecky in New-England: who, with four of her children, and servant-maid, was taken captive by the Indians, and carried into Canada. Setting forth the various remarkable occurrences, sore trials, and wonderful deliverances which befel them after their departure, to the time of their redemption. A new edition. Taken in substance from her own mouth, by Samuel Bownas (London: James Phillips, 1782), ESTC T95559 ——, God’s mercy surmounting man’s cruelty, exemplified in the captivity and redemption of Elizabeth Hanson, wife of John Hanson, of Knoxmarsh at Keacheachy, in Dover-township, who was taken captive with her children and maid-servant, by the Indians in New-England, in the year 1724. In which are inserted, sundry remarkable preservations, deliverances, and marks of the care and kindness of providence over her and her children, worthy to be remembered. The substance of which was taken Bibliography 229

from her own mouth, and now published for a general service (Philadelphia: Samuel Keimer, 1728), ESTC W2619 Hepburn, John, The American defence of the Christian golden rule, or an essay to prove the unlawfulness of making slaves of men. By him who loves the freedom of the souls and bodies of all men, John Hepburn (London, 1714), ESTC W37213 Keith, George, An appeal from the twenty eight judges, to the spirit of truth and true judgment in all faithful Friends, called Quakers, that meet at this yearly meeting at Burlington, the 7 month, 1692 (Philadelphia: William Bradford, 1692), ESTC W462 ——, The Christian faith of the people of God, called in scorn, Quakers in Rhode-Island (who are in unity with all faithfull brethren of the same profession in all parts of the world) vindicated from the calumnies of Christian Lodowick, that formerly was of that profession, but is lately fallen there-from. And also from the base forgeries, and wicked slanders of Cotton Mather, called a Minister, at Boston ...To which is added, some testimonies of our antient Friends to the true Christ of God; collected out of their printed books, for the further convincing of our opposers, that it is (and hath been) our constant and firm belief to expect salvation by the man Christ Jesus that was outwardly crucified without the gates of Jerusalem (Philadelphia: William Bradford, 1692), ESTC W9990 ——, The Christianity of the people called Quakers asserted, by George Keith: in answer to a sheet, called, a serious call to the Quakers, &c. attested by eight priests of the Church of England ...and affirmed by George Keith, or the new sworn deacon (London: Tace Sowle, 1700), ESTC W33617 ——, An exhortation & caution to friends concerning buying or keeping of negroes, (New York: William Bradford, 1693), p. 1, ESTC R14277 Leslie, Charles, The snake in the grass: Or, Satan transform’d into an angel of light: Discovering the deep and unsuspected subtilty which is couched under the pretended simplicity, of many of the principle leaders of those people call’d Quakers (London: Charles Brome, 1698), ESTC R216663 Lurting, Thomas, The fighting sailor turn’d peaceable Christian: Manifested in the convincement and conversion of Thomas lurting with A short relation of many great dangers and wonderful deliverances he met withal (London: J. Sowle, 1711), ESTC T55213 Magens, Nicholas, An essay on insurances, explaining the nature of various kinds of insurance practiced by the different commercial states of Europe, and showing their consistency or inconsistency with equity and the public good. (London: J. Haberkorn, 1755) Mather, Cotton, Magnalia Christi Americana: Or, the ecclesiastical history of New- England, from its first planting in the year 1620. unto the year of our Lord, 1698 (London: Thomas Parkhurst, 1702), ESTC T79039 New-England a degenerate plant. Who having forgot their former sufferings, and lost their ancient tenderness, are now become famous among the nations in bringing forth the fruits of cruelty, wherein they have far outstript their persecutors the bishops, as by these their ensuing laws you may plainly see. Published for the information of all sober people who desire to know how the state of New-England now stands, and upon what foundation the New-England churches are built, and by whose strength they are upholden now they are degenerated and have forsaken the Lord. The truth of which we are witnesses, (who by their cruel hands have suffered) Iohn Rous Iohn Copeland, strangers. Samuel Shattock Nicholas Phelps Iosiah Southwick inhabitants. Whereunto 230 Bibliography

is annexed a copy of a letter which came from one who hath been a magistrate among them, to a friend of his in London, wherein he gives an account of some of the cruel suffering of the people of God in those parts under the rulers of New-England, and their unrighteous laws (London, 1659), ESTC R28819 Norton, Humphrey, New-England’s ensigne: It being the account of cruelty, the professors pride, and the articles of their faith; signified in characters written in blood, wickedly begun, barbarously continued, and inhumanly finished (so far as they have gone) by the present power of darknes possest in the priests and rulers in New- England, ...This being an account of the sufferings sustained by us in New-England, (with the Dutch) the most part of it in these two last yeers, 1657, 1658. With a letter to Iohn Indicot, and Iohn Norton, governor, and chief priest of Boston, and another to the town of Boston. Also, the several late conditions of a friend upon Road-Iland, before, in, and after distraction; with some quæries unto all sorts of people, who want that which we have, &c. Written at sea, by us whom the wicked in scorn calls Quakers, in the second month of the yeer 1659 this being a confirmation of so much as Francis Howgill truly published in his book titled, the popish inquisition newly erected in New-England, &c (London: G. Calvert, 1659), ESTC R3600 Penn, William, The Christian-Quaker, and his divine testimony vindicated by scripture, reason and authorities; against the injurious attempts, that have been lately made by several adversaries, with manifest design to render him odiously inconsistent with Christianity and civil society in II. parts. The first more general, by William Penn. The second more particular, by George Whitehead (London: Andrew Sowle, 1674), ESTC R37076 ——, The frame of the Government in the province of Pennsylvania in America (London: Andrew Sowle, 1691), ESTC R42318 ——, The harmony of divine and heavenly doctrines; demonstrated in sundry dec- larations on variety of subjects. Preached at the Quaker’s meetings in London, by Mr. William Penn, George Whitehead. Samuel Waldenfield, Benjamin Coole. Taken in short-hand as it was delivered by them; and now faithfully transcribed and published for the information of those who by reason of ignorance may have received a prejudice against them. By a lover of that people (London: Tace Sowle, 1696), ESTC R218217 ——, A key opening a way to every common understanding, how to discern the difference betwixt the religion professed by the people called Quakers and the perversions, misrepresentations and calumnies of their several adversaries: Published in great good will to all, but more especially for their sakes that are actually under prejudice from vulgar abuses (London: Thomas Northcott, 1693), ESTC R28422 ——, A letter from William Penn proprietary and governour of Pennsylvania in America, to the committee of the free society of traders of that province, residing in London (London: Andrew Sowle, 1683), ESTC R24455 Prynne, William, Anti-Arminianisme. Or The Church of Englands old antithesis to new Arminianisme (London: Elizabeth Allde for Michael Sparke, 1630), ESTC S115468 Pyot, Alexander, A brief apology in behalf of the people in derision call’d Quakers. Written for the information of our sober and well-inclined neighbours in and about the town of Warminster in the county of Wilts. By Wil. Chandler, Alex. Pyott, Jo. Hodges, and some others (London: Thomas Northcott, 1694), ESTC R35979 Bibliography 231

Reflections on the printed case of William Penn, Esq; in a letter from some gentlemen of Pensilvania, to their friend in London (London, 1702), ESTC T116578 Rogers, William. The sixth part of The Christian-Quaker distinguished from the apostate & innovator, being a just defence against the reproach of scandalous tongues and pens, and a proper looking-glass for a meeting in London, termed the Second-Days Meeting, who are reputed the approvers of three books, or papers against a treatise entituled, The Christian-Quaker, &c. in five parts given forth by W.R. on behalf of himself and other friends in truth concerned. By W. R. (London, 1681), ESTC R970 Second Days Morning Meeting, An epistle by way of testimony (London: Thomas Northcott, 1690), ESTC R219565 Sewel, William, The history of the rise, increase, and progress of the Christian people called Quakers (London: J. Sowle, 1722), ESTC T147738 Smith, John. A description of New England: Or the observations, and discoveries, of Captain John Smith (Admirall of that country) in the North of America, in the year of our Lord 1614: with the successe of sixe ships, that went the next yeare 1615; and the accidents befell him among the French men of warre (London: Humfrey Lownes, 1616), ESTC S111023 South Sea Company, The proceedings of the directors of the south-sea company, from the first proposal of that company, for taking in the publick debts, February 1, 1719 (London, 1721), ESTC T44513 ——, Abstract of the charter of the Governour and company of merchants of great Britain, trading to the south-seas, and other parts of America,(n.p.:JohnBarber, 1711), ESTC 148547 Sowle, Tace, Books printed and sold by T. Sowle in White-Hart Court in Gracious Street in Leaden-Hall-Street, near the market, 1697, list bound in the LSF’s edition of George Whitehead’s A sober expostulation with some of the clergy, against their pretended convert Francis Bugg his repeated gross abuse of the people called Quakers, in his books and pamphlets; viz., his New Rome arraigned (London: Tace Sowle, 1697), ESTC R20305 ——, Books printed and sold by T. Sowle in White-Hart-Court in Gracious Street, 1702 (London: Tace Sowle, 1702), ESTC T228440 ——, Books printed and sold by T. Sowle, in White-Hart-Court in Gracious street, 1703 (London: Tace Sowle, 1703), ESTC T102449 ——, Books printed and sold by the assigns of J. Sowle, at the Bible in George-Yard, in Lombard Street, 1715 (London: Tace Sowle, 1715), ESTC R228846 Story, Thomas, A Journal of the life of Thomas story, containing an account of his remarkable convincement of and embracing the principles of truth as held by the people called Quakers and also of his travels and labours in the service of the gospel, with many other occurrences and observations (Newcastle: Isaac Thompson and Company, 1747), ESTC 139493 Temple-Mills, The Quaker’s dialogue. (London? 1720?), ESTC N70530 Tryon, Thomas. The good house-wife made a doctor, or, health’s choice and sure friend being a plain way of nature’s own prescribing to prevent and cure most diseases incident to men, women, and children by diet and kitchin-physick only: with some remarks on the practice of physick and chymistry (London, 1692), ESTC R222414 Wharton, Edward, New-England’s present sufferings, under their cruel neighbouring Indians. Represented in two letters, lately written from Boston to London (London, 1675), ESTC R20952 232 Bibliography

White, John, Planters Plea: Or The grounds of plantations examined, and vsuall objections answered. Together with a manifestation of the causes mooving such as have lately vndertaken a plantation in Nevv-England: for the satisfaction of those that question the lawfulnesse of the action (London: William Jones, 1630), ESTC S111722 Whitehead, George, Antichrist in flesh unmask’d, the Quakers Christianity vindicated, from the malicious and injurious attempts of [brace] Edward Paye, William Alcott, & Henry Loader, in their late defaming confused book falsly styled, Antichrist in spirit unmask’d, or Quakerism a great delusion, wherein their causeless outrage, folly and falshood are deservedly exposed (London: Thomas Northcott, 1692), ESTC R186514 ——, The Christian doctrin and society of the people called Quakers; cleared from the reproach of the late division of a few in some part of America, as not being justly chargeable upon the body of the said people there or elsewhere (London: Thomas Northcott, 1693), ESTC R233931 ——, The contemned Quaker and his Christian religion defended against envy & forgery in answer to two abusive invective pamphlets, the one stiled Antichrist in spirit unmasked, the other Railings and slanders detected, promoted by some persons commonly called anabaptists at deptford in kent who have unwarily begun the contest (London: Thomas Northcott, 1692), ESTC R26354 ——, The Quakers vindication against Francis Bugg’s calumnies: In his scandalous pamphlet, stiled, Something in answer to the allegations of the Quakers (in their printed case, presented to the house of commons, December 1693.) But his second edition, stiled the converted Quaker answer. Together with Francis Bugg’s own vindication of the people called Quakers, since he left them and turned to the Church of England (London, 1694), ESTC R35241 ——, A sober expostulation with some of the clergy, against their pretended convert Francis Bugg (London: Tace Sowle, 1697), ESTC R20305 Woolman, John. Some Considerations on the keeping of Negroes (Philadelphia, PA: James Chattin, 1754), ESTC W22303. The work of God in a dying maid: Being a short account of the dealings of the Lord with one Susannah Whitrow. About the age of fifteen years, and daughter of Robert Whitrow, inhabiting in Covent-Garden in the county of Middlesex. Together with her experimental confessions to the power and work of the Lord God, both in judgments and mercy to her soul. Published for the warning and good of others who are in the same condition she was in before her sicknss (London, 1677), ESTC R33641 Wyeth, Joseph. Anguis flagellatus, or, a switch for the snake being an answer to the third and last edition of the snake in the grass: Wherein the author’s injustice and falshood, both in quotation and story, are discover’d and obviated, and the truth doc- trinally deliver’d by us, stated and maintained in opposition to his misrepresentation and perversion (London: Tace Sowle, 1699), ESTC R16372

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Electronic Resources

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Unpublished Seminar and Conference Papers

Frost, J. William, ‘The Transatlantic Community Reconsidered’ (PCEAS Seminar, 17 February 1984) (Unpublished Manuscript). Healey. Robynne Rogers. ‘ “The Only Thing We Want Is Agreeable Society”: A British North American Family in the Nineteenth Century Quaker Atlantic.’ Unpublished paper presented at the Seventeenth Biennial Conference of Quaker Historians and Archivists (Birmingham, England, 27–29 June 2008). Sassi, Jonathan D. ‘The Quaker Print Culture Context of Anthony Benezet’s Antislavery Activism.’ Unpublished paper presented at the Seventeenth Bien- nial Conference of Quaker Historians and Archivists (Birmingham, England, 27–29 June 2008). Index

Abenaki, 159 Bradford, William, 109, 114, 121–2, Affirmation Acts, 6, 36, 68, 74, 78, 124, 134 81, 84 Bradford, William (Puritan leader), Aldam, Thomas, 3, 26, 108, 113 148 Annis, John, 92, 183, 207 Braine, Benjamin, 175 Antrobus, Benjamin, 89, 197 Braine, James, 91, 104, 128, 175 Apprentices, 33, 86–9, 104, 150–1, 197 Bray, Thomas, 10, 71, 76–8 Armitstead, William, 154, 173–4 Briggins, Peter, 90, 92, 175 Asiento, 100–1 Bringhurst, John, 113, 114, 115 Askew, John, 90–1, 93, 96, 120, 135, Bristol, 3, 5, 7, 8, 23–5, 35, 104–28, 175 132, 136, 138, 142 Atkinson, Aaron, 2, 22, 37, 46, 111, Bristol Men’s Monthly Meeting, 35 147, 166, 173 Brookes, Edward, 133, 137 Audland, John, 24, 118 Bugg, Francis, 28, 29, 109, 150, 155 Austin, Ann, 21, 129–30 Burlington Monthly Meeting (West Jersey), 49, 134 Banishment, 16, 29, 133 Burrough, Edward, 3, 4 Barclay, David, 14, 88–90, 175, 210 Butcher, John, 40, 41, 44, 60 Barclay, Robert, 39, 60, 109, 117, 118, Byllynge, Edward, 128, 148 136, 171 Byrd II, William, 10, 93, 120, 188 Barker, Thomas, 129, 137, 175 Barrow, Robert, 44, 46, 54, 130, 132, Calvert, Giles, 26, 113 173 Camfield, Francis, 33, 48, 53, 58, 60, Bartram, John, 121 99, 175 Bealing, Benjamin, 28, 30, 40, 51, 52, Captivity narratives, 158–9 112 Chalkley, Thomas, 1, 2, 22, 37, 42, 43, Benezet, Anthony, 124, 169 51, 96, 99, 107, 121, 126, 129, Benthall, Walter, 48, 58, 60, 61, 74, 131, 132, 147, 150, 154, 156–8, 87, 175, 194 160, 169, 170, 173 Bermuda, Quakers in, 30, 39, 50, 53, Chapman, Thomas, 23, 153 56, 61, 80, 112, 113, 117, 131, Chesterfield Monthly Meeting 153, 189 (Pennsylvania), 141 Bevan, Sylvanus, 88, 175 Chew, Samuel, 2, 64, 77, 101, 126, Bingley, William, 37, 44, 45, 60 147, 166 Birkhead, Nehemiah, 2, 64, 77, 126, Chickahominy people, 158 166 Christian Quakers, 63 Bishop, George, 46, 111–12, 117 Clark, Benjamin, 113, 115 Blair, James, 10, 11 Clarke, Thomas, 60, 61, 101 Board of Trade, 69, 71, 74, 76–8, 81 Claypoole, Edward, 103 Bownas, Samuel, 40, 43, 123, 129, Claypoole, James, 26, 33, 85, 89, 92, 131, 132, 159, 160, 173 93, 96, 98, 101, 103, 104, 129, Box Meeting, 23, 33, 34, 50, 87, 130 135, 137, 138, 142, 149, 163, 168, Bradford, Andrew, 123, 124, 134 175

249 250 Index

Coale, Josiah, 23, 24, 149, 151, 153, Fell, Margaret, 3, 4, 5, 15, 23, 25, 26, 158 32, 129 Cocke, Lasse, 93, 99, 152, 156 Field, John, 37, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, Coffee houses, 9, 66, 68, 91, 92, 137, 53, 55, 60, 66, 67, 76, 77, 78, 112, 140 113, 124 Coles, Sabian, 129, 175 First Purchasers, 104, 128 Collinson, Peter, 121 Fisher, Mary, 13, 129–30 Compton, Henry, Bishop of London, Flexney, Daniel, 139, 175 10, 11, 13, 14, 65, 66, 68, 69, 76 Forbes, Alexander, 139, 175 Conestoga Town, 158 Ford, Philip, 129, 137, 142, 164, 175 Conventicle Act, 29, 70, 114 Fothergill, John, 44, 92, 123, 154, 173 Corbyn, Thomas, 6 Fox, George, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 23–7, 29, 32, Correspondent system, 15, 38, 47–8, 39, 47, 49, 50, 52–3, 54, 64, 70, 51, 52, 61, 69, 71, 76, 82 74, 89, 98, 102, 105, 106, 107, Crisp, Stephen, 39, 48, 70 108, 109, 110, 112, 114, 118, 120, Cromwell, Oliver, 4 123, 130, 143, 149, 151, 153, 158, Crook, John, 40, 171 160, 163, 167, 169, 171 Crouch, William, 33, 48, 58, 104, 175 Frame of Government (1681), 150 Curwen, Alice, 144, 145 Frankfort Land Company, 101, 116 Freame, John, 109, 116 Danson, Frances, 23, 151 Free Society of Traders, 89, 90, 93, Devonshire House Meeting (London), 129, 135, 137, 138, 140–2 9, 24, 25, 28, 33, 42, 115, 142 Diamond, Richard, 60, 61, 87, 88, 91, Galloway, Samuel, 2, 64, 77, 126, 166 142, 175 Gee, Joshua, 73, 102, 139 Dickinson, Jonathan, 123, 131, 136, Germantown/German colonists in 143, 159, 160, 164 Pennsylvania, 103, 119, 135, 137–9, 142, 144, 150 East India Company, 85 Gibson, William, 28, 128 Eccleston, Theodor, 26, 33, 37, 40, 41, Gill, Roger, 42, 132 44, 45, 48, 51, 58, 60, 66, 69, 76, Gospel Order, 4, 6, 15, 16, 22–4, 25, 77, 78, 84, 96, 101, 139, 140, 154, 29, 32, 33, 57, 83, 108, 112, 113, 155, 175 116, 126, 167 Edridge, John, 27, 48 Gouldney, Henry, 48, 73, 90, 139, 164, Ellis, William, 2, 22, 27, 37, 43, 46, 175 111, 147, 166, 181 Ellwood, Thomas, 60, 171 Gracechurch Street Meeting (London), Enslavement, 17, 18, 19, 73–4, 100–3, 9, 25, 28, 30, 86, 87, 105, 115 105, 122, 126, 141, 143–5, 147, Groome, Mary, 34 151, 153, 160, 164, 167, 168 Groome, Samuel, 88, 91, 102, 154 Estaugh, John, 35, 132, 139, 140, 149, Groome, Samuel, Jr, 88, 104, 126, 128, 173 148, 175 Grove, John, 88, 175 Fairman, Robert, 89–90, 101 Grove, Joseph, 111, 139, 175 Fairman, Thomas, 89–90 Grove, Sylvanus, 60, 61, 175 Falconar, John, 90 Fallowﬁeld, Jacob, 139, 165, 173 Haddon, Elizabeth, 132, 139, 140, 149 Farmer, John, 40, 44, 73, 143, 144, Haddon, John, 139, 140 145 Haige, William, 129, 138, 175 Index 251

Haistwell, Edward, 48, 60, 61, 66, 71, Lenapehoking, 152 77, 78, 87, 88, 89, 93, 99, 101, Lenni Lenape, 93, 150, 151–2, 155, 163, 175 156–7, 170, 200 Hanson, Elizabeth, 159 Leslie, Charles, 86 Harrison, James, 152, 154 Levant Company, 85, 89, 167 Haynes, Richard, 87, 175 Livery companies, 92 Hemming, Isaac, 87, 175 Logan, James, 35, 72, 90–3, 96, 99, Hepburn, John, 143 102, 120, 121, 156, 164 Hill, Richard, 103, 117, 136 Lurting, Thomas, 2, 84, 91, 107, 132, Holme, Thomas, 130, 137 166 Holmes, Benjamin, 123, 163, 173 Lynam, John, 55, 79, 80, 164, 165 Hookes, Ellis, 27, 28, 29, 30, 64, 69, Lynam, Margaret, 55, 79, 80, 164, 165 109, 118 Horsleydown Meeting (London), Marsh, Richard, 60, 89, 175 9, 34, 35, 42, 86, 87, 88, 98, 173 Martin, Joseph, 141, 142 Howgill, Francis, 3, 4 Maryland Acts, 31, 75–9 Hutchinson, Anne, 12, 16 Massachusetts Bay Colony, 11, 12, 16, Hyam, Thomas, 139, 175 129, 148 Mather, Cotton, 11, 12, 118, 155 Indentured servitude, 17, 87, 88, 96, Mayleigh, Thomas, 88, 175 126, 127, 138, 140–3 Moore, Nicholas, 137, 138 Ireland, Quakers in, 35, 36, 50, 87, Morris, Anthony, 96, 117, 133 136, 145 Moss, Thomas, 87, 175

Jamaican earthquake (1692), 50, 57 National Stock, 30, 31, 60, 84 Jansen, Reynier, 123–4 Navigation Laws, 65, 85, 93 Johns, Richard, 2, 50, 64, 76, 77, 99, Nayler, James, 3, 68 119, 126, 132, 147, 166 Northcott, Thomas, 31, 60, 112, 115, Josiah, The, 1, 2, 22, 37, 64, 84, 147, 116 166 Journal, George Fox’s, 24, 54, 110, Osgood, John, 88, 102, 175 112, 114, 120, 158, 160 Overseers of the Press, 117, 118, 121, 122 Keith, George, 15, 16, 22, 33, 49, 55, 57–63, 83, 116, 118, 122, 144, Padley, John, 139, 175 149, 150, 162, 167 Partridge, Richard, 27, 60, 175 Keithian Controversy, 57–63, 71, 82, Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 138, 139, 108, 122, 162, 164, 168, 169 149 Kendal Fund, 4, 26 Peace Testimony, 101–2, 159, 160 Kent, John, 139, 175 Peel Monthly Meeting (London), 9, Kidd, Benjamin, 130, 174 87, 143 Kirkbride, Joseph, 111 Penn, William, 5, 63, 66–9, 72, 74, 90, Kirton, Benjamin, 139, 140, 175 93, 114, 115, 118, 121, 128–9, 134, 136–7, 149, 151, 153, 156, Langdale, Josiah, 43, 132, 175 164, 165, 170, 171, 172 Langworth, Roger, 130 Penn, William, Adm, 128 Lawrie, Gawen, 128 Pennsylvania Company of London, Laycock, Beth, 92 139–40 Layty, Gilbert, 26 Perrot, John, 32, 167, 168 252 Index

Philadelphia Monthly Meeting, 120, Stationers’ Company, 109, 113, 114 122, 134, 174 Story, Thomas, 117, 131, 132, 140, Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, 16, 57, 154, 155, 158, 160, 163, 169, 173 58, 73, 103, 117, 120, 121, 122, Strutt, Joseph, 98, 99, 102 124, 144, 153, 154, 164, 168 Susquehannocks, 152, 156 Piggott, William, 42, 130, 174 Plumsted, Clement, 26, 27, 89, 128, Taylor, John, 34, 76, 78, 88, 101, 126, 175 176 Pyot, Alexander, 40, 172 Taylor, Thomas, 76, 126 Testimony of the Brethren, 4–6, 20, Quaker Act, 29 24, 25 Quaker authors (deﬁnition), 38–40, Third Haven Meeting, 119, 120 110–11 Thompson, Thomas, 43, 132, 173 Quaker books (Colonial press), 121–3 Thurston, Thomas, 23, 153 Quaker books (deﬁnition), 108–9 Toleration Act, 6, 20, 65, 68, 81, 169 Quaker books (distribution), 116–18 Turner, Thomas, 2, 22, 37, 43, Quaker books (printing), 113–15 60, 166 Quaker books (readers), 118–21 Quaker Martyrs, 111 Vaughton, Elizabeth, 33 Quare, Daniel, 62, 69, 88, 99, 129, Vaughton, John, 33, 44, 47, 48, 60 139, 175 Virginia, Quakers in, 23, 40, 44, 45, 48, 50, 54, 60, 61, 71, 73, 75, 116, Ratcliff Monthly Meeting (London), 9, 118, 165 34, 42, 86, 88, 91, 99, 126, 137, 174 Walking Purchase, 156 Raylton, Thomas, 114, 115 Wamponoags, 154 Roberts, Hugh, 63, 164, 165 Wardell, Robert, 130, 131, 132 Rogers, Mary, 132, 173 Warner, Simeon, 27, 51, 96, 175 Royal Exchange, 9, 90, 91, 92, 105 Warren, William, 27, 44, 87, 103, 143, Rudyard, Thomas, 66, 93 176 Watts, George, 33, 48 Seneca, 157, 158 Webb, Elizabeth, 45, 132, 164, 173 Sewel William, 123, 133 Welsh Quakers, 23, 35, 36, 133–5, 136, Shardlow, William, 89, 137, 176 137, 162 Shawnee, 157, 158 Westminster Monthly Meeting Shippen, Edward, 103, 121 (London), 133, 134 Simmonds, Thomas, 26, 113 White, John, 149 Six Nations (Iroquois), 151, 152, 156 Whitehead, George, 39, 44, 49, 52, 58, Society for Promoting Christian 60, 62, 67, 68, 70, 73, 74, 109, Knowledge, 10, 14 117, 124, 164, 172 Society for the Propagation of the Whiting, John, 48, 67, 108 Gospel in Foreign Parts, 10, 42, Wilkinson, John, 27, 42, 45 62, 65, 66, 69, 75, 82, 157 Wilkinson, William, 16 South, Humphrey, 137, 176 Wilkinson-Story controversy, 5, 28, South Sea Bubble, 100–1 108, 167, 168 South Sea Company, 100–1, 143, 168 Williams, Roger, 43 Sowle, Andrew, 31, 112, 114, 121–2, Winthrop, John, 11, 148 137 Woolman, John, 122, 168 Sowle, Tace, 31, 60, 62, 109, 111, 112, Wyeth, Joseph, 40, 62, 76, 78, 112, 115–18, 121–4, 134 116, 172