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Transformation in the Military Police Agency of the South African National Defence Force

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Transformation in the Military Police Agency of the South African National Defence Force TRANSFORMATION IN THE MILITARY POLICE AGENCY OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL DEFENCE FORCE BY REAR ADMIRAL (JUNIOR GRADE) KHANYISILE LITCHFIELD TSHABALALA SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS IN THE SUBJECT CRIMINOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF HERMAN CONRADIE NOVEMBER 2004 ii PREFACE First of all I wish to thank God; who has always provided me with faith in myself and helped me to see the light at the end of tunnel. He has without failure, given me the strength to carry on. My sincere thanks to the Department of Criminology, University of South Africa, for affording me the opportunity to complete this study. I am indebted to my supervisor Professor Herman Conradie, for his insightful comments that opened up new perspectives that allowed me to explore avenues I would not have considered; and for his undying encouragement. To my husband, Mbongiseni Tshabalala, for taking the time to read various versions and offer valuable comments. I would not have completed this study without his support, his encouragement, and his dedication to the family. To all the respondents, for agreeing to be part of this research and for allowing themselves to re-live through some of the experiences they would rather block out. To my sisters and my mother, who stepped into my maternal role whenever I needed them. They remain a source of strength and security when I stand on shifting ground. To Rear Admiral Green, for allowing me to complete the work and still be sane. To my best friends, Ms Nonhlanhla Makhanda and Ms. Brigid Litchfield whose prayers and support kept me going. Finally, to my congregation at Meadowlands Baptist Church in Soweto and my Christian family at Resurrection Community Church in Kagiso for their prayers. iii DECLARATION I, Khanyisile Litchfield Tshabalala, hereby declare that the thesis report, ‘Transformation in the Military Police Agency of the South African National Defence Force’ is my own original work and that each significant contribution to, and quotation from other sources and the work, or works of other people in this dissertation have been accurately acknowledged and referenced. I also declare that this document has not (as yet) been utilized at my agency to obtain professional promotion, transfer, or salary raise. Signed ___________________________________ Date _____________________________________ Place _____________________________________ iv SUMMARY The goal of this research was to describe the nature, occurrence and extent to which integration preceded normative and institutional transformation in the SANDF and therefore in its Military Police, thereby demonstrating how in its aftermath, integration has become a recipe for disaster, casting a spell on further transformation within the military. The research also aimed at bringing the reader face-to-face with the daily struggles of Africans in the SANDF, by focusing on one of the smallest divisions of the military, the Military Police Agency (MPA). The research project was limited to all reported interviews and questionnaire responses of eighty five participants of the Southern Military Police Region (S MPR), excluding the S MPR HQ as well as the MPA HQ. A total of eighty five respondents out of a total strength of 172 S MPR composition, took part in the sample. Seventy nine participated in the questionnaire, fifty one in the interview and a total of forty five participated in both. Interviews were used as follow-up sessions to respondents’ questionnaire answers. While the questionnaire was structured, the interview was semi-structured, allowing members to comment, object, affirm or question the process of transformation both in the SANDF and in the MPA. In keeping with the qualitative research method, the semi-structured interview enabled the mapping of categories, trends and patterns in the responses. It was found that MK and APLA cadres who integrated into the ex-Naval MPs surpassed their counterparts in the ex-Army MPs, by far. The two groups are incomparable, in rank level, experience, training, attitude and knowledge of the organisation. It was further discovered that most practices that had taken place before 1999 at W CSC and still continued within the MPA, negate SANDF policy and are v criminal. Prejudice, racism, obscene language and gender insensitivity were rife, forming part of institutional culture. It is recommended that Weitzer’s proposed solution for the transformation of coercive institutions be considered. It is a thoroughgoing transformation of the security apparatus through a legal framework because civil control is not enough to guarantee the pre-eminence of the democratic forces. Key terms used Transformation Integration Amalgamation Military Police Agency (MPA) Ex-uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) Ex-Azanian People Liberation Army (APLA) Ex-Non-Statutory Forces (Ex-NSF) Ex-South African Defence Force (Ex-SADF) vi OPSOMMING Die doel van die navorsing was om die aard, gebeurtenis en wydte te beskryf wat die integrasie proses, tot die normale en institutionele transformasie in die SANW gehad het en daardeur ook in die SA Militere Polisie Agentskap (MPA). Daar is ook gewys op hoe integrasie ‘n resep vir ‘n ramp geword het, wat ‘n resep vir onheil op verdere transformasie plaas. Die navorsing beoog ook om die leser van aangesig tot aangesig met die daaglikse probleme van swart lede in die SANW te bring, deur te fokus op een van die kleinste divisies van die SANW, die Militere Polisie Agentskap. The navorsing projek was beperk tot gerapporteerde onderhoude en reaksie op vraelyste van vyf en tagtig (85) deelnemers van die Suidelike Militere Polisie Area (S MPA), uitgesluit die S MPA HK en die MPA HK. ‘n Totaal van vyf en tagtig deelnemers uit ‘n totale sterkte van een hondrerd twee en sewentig (172) S MPA lede, het deelgeneem in die steekproef. Nege en sewentig het vraelyste voltooi, met een en vyftig was onderhoude gevoer en ‘n getal van vyf en veertig het aan albei deelgeneem. Onderhoude was gebruik as opvolg sessies tot deelnemers se antwoorde op vraelyste. Die vraelys was gestruktureerd, die onderhoude was semi-gestrukureerd, aangesien daar toegelaat was dat deelnemers kommentaar kon lewer, om beswaar aan te teken, om antwoorde te beklemtoon en om vrae te stel tov die transformasie proses in beide die SANW en in die MPA. Om tred te hou met die kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetode, die semi-gestruktuurde navorsing is kategorieë, neigings en patrone in die antwoorde uitgelig. Daar is gevind dat MK en APLA lede wie geintegreer het in die voormalige Vloot MP’s hulle ewekniee van die voormalige Leer MP’s’ tot ‘n groot mate verbygesteek het. Die twee groepe is nie vergelykbaar nie, in rangvlakke, ondervinding, opleiding, houding en kennis van die organisasie nie. vii Daar was ook vasgestel dat meeste praktyke wat plaasgevind het in 1999 by die W CSC en nog steeds voortgesit word in die MPA, die SANW beleide weerspreek en krimineel is. Vooroordeel, rassisme, liederlike taal en geslags ongevoeligheid was algemeen, en was deel van die organisasie se kultuur. Dit is aanbeveel dat Weitzer se voorgestelde oplossing vir die transformasie van dwang organisasie in ag geneem word. Dit is ‘n deeglike en volledige transformasie van die sekuriteits apparaat deur wetgewing omdat siviele kontrole nie genoeg is om die voornemenheid van demokratiese magte te waarborg nie. Sleutelterme Transformasie Integrasie Amalgamering Militêre Polisie Agenskap (MPA) Voormalige uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) Voormalige Azanian People Liberation Army (APLA) Voormalige Nie-Statutêre Magte (Ex-NSF) Voormalige Suid Afrikaanse Weermag (Ex-SADF) viii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO. Preface ii Statement iii Summary iv Opsomming vi Table of Contents viii List of Tables xvii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATION 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Research Goal 3 1.3 Rationale for the Research 3 1.4 Research Approach 5 1.5 Determining the Research Focus 7 1.6 Research Design 8 1.7 Sampling 9 1.8 The Interviews 10 1.9 Classifying Respondents 13 1.10 Ethical Issues 15 1.10.1 Consent 15 1.10.2 Validity Assessment 16 1.11 Research Limitations and Constraints 16 1.12 Layout of the Research 18 1.13 Conclusion 21 ix CHAPTER 2: THE SOUTH AFRICAN MILITARY: FROM APARTHEID SADF TO THE TRANSFORMING SANDF 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 The Guiding Strategy 23 2.3 Splits within the White Community 25 2.4 Political Resurgence and Security Retrogression 26 2.5 The Progenitors Re-incarnate 29 2.6 Transformation of the Public Service 33 2.7 Analytic Framework 35 2.8 Policy Framework 37 2.9 Conclusion 39 CHAPTER 3: THE EMERGENCE, STRUCTURING, AND RESTRUCTURING OF THE MILITARY POLICE IN SOUTH AFRICA 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 The Organisational Culture of the Army 42 3.3 The Organisational Culture of the Navy and the Air Force 45 3.4 The Emergence of the Organisational Culture of Army MPs 47 3.5 The Emergence of the Organisational Culture of Naval MPs 49 3.6 The Transitional Period: April 1994 – April 1999 51 3.7 The Amalgamation Process: April 1999 54 3.8 The Establishment of the Military Police Agency 56 3.9 Conclusion 57 x CHAPTER 4: THE FUNCTIONING OF THE MILITARY POLICE AGENCY 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 New Discourse 61 4.3 The Mission of the Military Police Agency 63 4.4 The Vision of the Military Police Agency 64 4.5 The Strategic Profile of the Military Police Agency 65 4.6 The Military Police Agency Philosophy 65 4.7 The Functions of the Military Police Agency 66 4.8 Functional Differentiation 67 4.8.1 Crime Prevention 68 4.8.2 Crime Intelligence 68 4.8.3 Crime Investigation
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