Microbiological Analysis of Major Sea Food Consumed in Coastal Area of Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(12): 2689-2697 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 12 (2017) pp. 2689-2697 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.612.311 Microbiological Analysis of Major Sea Food Consumed in Coastal Area of Chennai, Tamil Nadu S. Padmavathy and V. Gayathri* Department of Microbiology, Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai- 600008, Tamil Nadu, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT The main source of microbial contamination of coastal waters is domestic waste K e yw or ds water and sewage discharge. In this present investigation sea foods were collected Catla, Malabar from Ennore creek Chennai Coast. The sea foods like Catla, Malabar trevally, trevally, Prawn, prawn, Threadfin bream, mussels and oysters were degutted and bacteria were Threadfin bream, isolated using selective and non-selective agar medium and further confirmed by Mussels, Oyster and faecal coliforms. biochemical tests. The organisms were identified to generic or group level according to Bergey's manual of systematic Bacteriology. Different group of fecal Article Info coliforms and Vibrio spp. have been isolated. Escherichia coli, Vibrio Accepted: parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholera, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysentriae 19 October 2017 were the dominant species. Shell fishes ingest bacteria along with their feed which Available Online: is dangerous to humans who eat the infected seafood. Sea food has to be handled, 10 December 2017 stored and processed properly. Introduction Today’s world is witnessing the resurgence in animals especially in countries where the the consumption of fish due to the new sanitary and hygiene measures are not up to awareness about its low cholesterol, fat the mark. Keeping in view the above points content and good quality of animal protein. the present study was envisaged to study the Fish and other sea foods are among the most occurrence of microorganisms in fishes and important protein rich foods for human beings shellfishes from mogathuwara kuppam, especially in a country like India. Since Ennore -Chennai coastal region. consumption of raw or uncooked sea foods leads to a variety of diseases which are Ennore creek is a backwater located in harmful. Water resources and its distribution Ennore, Chennai along the Coromandel Coast system have the chances of pollution with of the Bay of Bengal. It is located in the zone various microorganisms, hospitals, farms and comprising lagoons with salt marshes and domestic sewages. The fishes and shellfishes backwaters, submerged under water during living in this water sources are at risk of high tide and forming an arm of the sea with acquiring the antibiotic resistance. This may the opening to the Bay of Bengal at the creek. cause serious health hazards to human and The creek receives wastewater from 2689 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(12): 2689-2697 numerous sources including untreated are significant since these organisms got wastewater and treated effluents from ingested into the gut and alimentary canal of industrial sources in the surrounding area. fishes, prawn and bivalves. In order to Studies reveal that permitted discharges confirm the presence of pathogenic organisms account for less than 40% of the total BOD present in the sea foods majorly consumed in load measured in the creek. Heavy metal Chennai coastal area such as fishes, prawns, concentrations are found to be higher near the oysters, mussels were microbiologically creek mouth compared with the near shore analysed. waters. Majority of heavy metal pollutants are likely to be present in a close proximity range Samples collected of 0.5 km from the creek mouth after which there is a steady decline in their concentration Fish samples of Malabar trevally, catla, up to 1.5 km. threadfin bream, mullet, oysters, prawns, and mussels were collected and analysed. The The pollution in backwater ecosystem currently recommended method of monitoring resulting from sewage discharges is shellfish for the presence of microbial manifested by the presence and persistence of pathogens requires culturing followed by a pathogenic bacteria. Water borne pathogens series of presumptive and confirmatory tests like Shigella sps, Salmonella sps and Vibrio that can often take more than 5 days to sps show persistence in polluted marine and complete (APHA, 1985; D'Aoust, 1989; estuarine waters. Environmental surveys are Miescier et al., 1992). necessary for understanding and documenting the occurrence and distribution of pollution Materials and Methods indicator and human pathogenic bacteria. In order to quantify and understand their Isolation of bacteria relationship with relevant environmental factors, several investigators have examined A small piece of flesh or tissue was extracted distribution of these groups of bacteria and from the sample and it was homogenised well certain viruses in coastal waters (Colwell et with sterile distilled water using a sterile al., 1977; Marchand, 1986; Patti et al., 1987; mortar and pestle. 1 gm of the homogenate Piccolomini et al., 1987; Ramaiah and was suspended into a test tube containing chandramohan, 1993; Ruiz et al., 2000; sterile distilled water. The diluted sample was Ramaiah and de, 2003). Mortality and plated in Zobells marine agar and was survival rates of faecal contamination incubated at 370C overnight. indicator Escherichia coli in the marine regimes have also been studied (Darakas, Isolation and Identification of Individual 2001). Further, different species of bacteria colonies from Zobell Marine Agar media including pathogenic ones (Colwell et al., were randomly selected and subcultured. 1981; Xu et al., 1982; Huq et al., 1984; After purification, the organisms were tested McCarthy and Khambaty, 1994; McCarthy et for Gram reaction, motility and Biochemical al., 1996; Wait and Sobsey, 2000; Darakas, tests (IMViC), H2S production, sucrose, 2001; Ramaiah et al., 2002a) survive in sea lactose and mannitol fermentation. The water for one to several weeks. organisms were identified to generic or group level according to Bergey's manual of The impact of these indicator bacteria and systematic Bacteriology and (Baumann and pathogens on the fishery and coastal waters Baumann, 1981). 2690 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(12): 2689-2697 Results and Discussion dominant bacterium in the sewage discharges, it can compete and rapidly outgrow the native Out of the seven seafood sample collected microflora leading to increased levels of from the Ennore estuary, the microorganisms indicator bacteria in natural water bodies. present in it include Vibrio sps. (sample1, 3, Pathogenic bacteria of human health concern 4, 5, 6, 7) and Staphylococcus sps. (sample have mostly been studied for their survival in 1,2,3,4,7) and several Enterobactericeae the marine environment (Huq et al., 1984, (sample 1,2,3,4,5,6,7) family (Table 1 and Byrd and Colwell 1990; Smith et al., 1994; Fig. 1–5). Oliver et al., 1985). Sewage contamination of aquatic habitats is Pollution problems are encountered in Ennore detected by enumerating the coliform groups estuary as it receives industrial effluents and of bacteria (Fujioka, 2002). As is universally domestic sewage mostly in untreated accepted, higher sewage contamination would condition. These affect water quality and lead to increased number of coliforms in living organism. Major industries like Kothari natural water bodies. Indiscriminate, chemicals, alkali chemicals, madras deliberate, accidental or regular/routine refineries, madras fertilizers, petrochemical disposals of sewage in most developing industries, many other industries and countries lead to higher abundance of government installations like Ennore Thermal coliform groups. Ecological surveillance for power station are located around Ennore microbiological analysis is therefore estuary. It has been estimated that about necessary on a continuous basis for realizing 4.49,000 litres / day of industrial effluents the impacts of effluent discharges. Further, as carrying heavy metals are let out in this innumerable pathogenic bacteria will estuary by the industrial establishments. constitute the microflora of effluents Another source of pollution that poses danger discharged from domestic, urban, agricultural of fishes and other aquatic life is the flow of and certain manufacturing practices, domestic sewage and about 4million litres/day quantifying different groups of pathogenic are discharged into this estuary, Tamilnadu prokaryotes ought to be a part of such water supply and sewerage board, report 1980 surveys. For instance, information on (Shanthi and Gajendran, 2009). occurrence, abundance and distribution of potent human pathogens Vibrio cholera Even though the bar mouth of this estuary is (causing cholera in humans), Vibrio kept open throughout the year by dredging parahaemolyticus (gasteroenteritis), operations by Ennore thermal power station Salmonella and Shigella spp (typhoid fever; for maintaining free flow of sea water into food poisoning), and Staphylococcal spps this estuary, a large number of fish, prawn (causing skin infections) in aquatic ecosystem and other organisms die every year in this may prove useful in public health estuary due to water contamination. The management (Nagvenkar and Ramaiah, physiochemical characteristics of the water 2009). Microbiologists rely on the principle such as temperature, salinity, dissolved that higher the incidence of sewage

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