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Livelihoods Diversification Analysis (Lda) Final Report

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Livelihoods Diversification Analysis (Lda) Final Report LIVELIHOODS DIVERSIFICATION ANALYSIS (LDA) FINAL REPORT APRIL 25, 2017 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Lauren Persha, William Farrell, NORC at the University of Chicago for Management Systems International, A Tetra Tech Company. LIVELIHOODS DIVERSIFICATION ANALYSIS (LDA) STUDY REPORT USAID/SENEGAL Contracted under AID-685-C-15-00003 USAID Senegal Monitoring and Evaluation Project DISCLAIMER This evaluation is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of Management Systems International and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... iv Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................ v Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 1 Study Background ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Framing Questions ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Study Design, Methods and Limitations ........................................................................................................ 2 Key Findings ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Summary of Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 14 Project Description and Background ........................................................................................................... 14 Purpose, Audience and Intended Uses ........................................................................................................ 15 Framing Questions ........................................................................................................................................... 15 Considerations beyond Framing Questions ............................................................................................... 16 Study Methods & Limitations..................................................................................................... 18 Overview of Methodology.............................................................................................................................. 18 Study Limitations and Risks ............................................................................................................................ 20 Findings, Conclusions & Recommendations ............................................................................. 22 Question 1: Opportunities, challenges and persisting knowledge gaps for promoting livelihood diversification ...................................................................................................................................... 22 Question 2: Livelihood diversification interests and barriers to uptake for target populations in Burkina Faso and Niger .................................................................................................................... 36 Question 3: Vulnerabilities and context considerations for key sub-groups ..................................... 52 Question 4: Strategic recommendations for livelihood diversification programming and intervention examples ...................................................................................................................... 58 Question 5: Potential risks and limitations ................................................................................................. 72 Question 6: Effectiveness and uptake considerations .............................................................................. 75 Recommendations: Strategic Guidance for Future Livelihoods and Linked CVE Programming Development ...................................................................................................................................... 77 References .................................................................................................................................... 83 Annexes ........................................................................................................................................ 87 Annex I: LDA Statement of Work ............................................................................................ 88 Annex II: Stakeholder Groups Consulted ............................................................................... 122 Annex III: Focus Group Demographics and KIIs .................................................................... 130 Livelihoods Diversification Analysis: Final Report iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge and thank several contributors to this work. Data collection in Burkina Faso and Niger was supported by Youssouf Ouattara, Ousmane Hamadoum, Moussa Mahamane and Nouhou Harouna, and overall research support was provided by Samantha Downey, Matt Fisher- Post, Katie Mark, and May Nourredine at NORC, and by the USAID/Senegal Monitoring and Evaluation (MEP) Project office staff in Dakar. Cover Photo [Young men discuss their entrepreneurship experiences in Burkina Faso.] Photo by Lauren Persha Livelihoods Diversification Analysis: Final Report iv ACRONYMS ANPE Agence National pour la Promotion de l'Emploi BAGRI Banque Agricole du Niger BIN Banque Islamique du Niger CEBNF Centre d’Education be Base non-Formelle CET Collège d’Enseignement Technique CFPT Centre de Formation Professionnelle et Technique CFM Centre de Formation CSO Civil society organization CVE Countering violent extremism FAARF Fonds d’Appui aux Activités Rémunératrices des Femmes FAFPA Fonds d'Appui à la Formation Professionnelle et à l'Apprentissage FAIJ Fond d’Appui Initiatives de Jeunes FASO Families Achieving Sustainable Outcomes FCFA Franc Communauté Financière d’Afrique FGD Focus group discussion IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IIF Innovation Investment Fund IOM International Organization for Migration IT Information technology KII Key informant interview LCD Less climate dependent LDA Livelihoods Diversification Analysis LINKS Promoting Linkages for Livelihoods Security and Economic Development MEP Monitoring and Evaluation Project MUTEC Mutuelle Epargne et Crédit MFI Microfinance institution NCD Non-climate dependent NGO Non-governmental organization NORC National Opinion Research Center OTI Office of Transition Initiatives PRIME Pastoralist Areas Resiliency Improvement through Market Expansion PRODEX Projet de Développement des Exportations et des Marchés Agro-sylvo-pastoraux RCT Randomized controlled trial RISE Resilience in the Sahel Enhanced SRO Sahel Regional Office TOR Terms of reference USAID United States Agency for International Development USGS United States Geological Survey VE Violent extremism Livelihoods Diversification Analysis: Final Report v VEO Violent extremist organization ViM Victory Against Malnutrition YAWWA Youth, Advocacy, Women, Work, and Alliances YOP Youth Opportunities Program ZOI Zone of intervention Livelihoods Diversification Analysis: Final Report vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents the findings of a Livelihoods Diversification Analysis (LDA) that aims to inform the development of future programmatic interventions and strategic efforts to promote livelihood diversification in the Sahel by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Sahel Regional Office (SRO) at USAID/Senegal. The LDA study, implemented between November 2016 and February 2017, has two key functions: (1) to inform ongoing and future iterations of resilience programming in Niger, Burkina Faso, and potentially other Sahelian countries, and 2) to contribute more broadly to strategic thinking on holistic programming that addresses the underlying factors of vulnerability to violent extremism* in the Sahel. This Executive Summary presents a brief summary of findings and conclusions for the six framing questions posed for the LDA, and of the key recommendations that are expanded on in the main body of the report. Study Background The LDA study aims to help shape interventions to promote less climate-dependent and non-climate- dependent livelihoods diversification in two geographies: traditional resilience zones and zones vulnerable to violent extremist organization (VEO) recruitment/violence. The USAID/SRO Resiliency in the Sahel Enhanced (RISE) project’s zone of intervention (ZOI) for Niger includes the regions of Tillaberi, Maradi, and Zinder, and the provinces of Seno, Yagha, Komondjari, Gnagna, Namentenga, Sanmatenga, Bam and Loroum in Burkina Faso. The LDA defines ‘less-climate dependent’ or ‘indirectly agricultural’ livelihoods as those which are indirectly engaged in or associated with activities related to the production, processing, marketing, distribution, utilization, and trade of food, feed,
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