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Wood Analysis of an Outer Coffin Unearthed from the Qian Zhang Tomb (Ad 1535) in Wuxi of East China Author(S): Guilin Zhang, Huijuan Mai, Baoshan Liu, Mark D

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Wood Analysis of an Outer Coffin Unearthed from the Qian Zhang Tomb (Ad 1535) in Wuxi of East China Author(S): Guilin Zhang, Huijuan Mai, Baoshan Liu, Mark D Wood Analysis of An Outer Coffin Unearthed From the Qian Zhang Tomb (Ad 1535) In Wuxi of East China Author(s): Guilin Zhang, Huijuan Mai, Baoshan Liu, Mark D. Merlin, Shuzhi Wang, Yiquan Li, and Hongen Jiang Source: Journal of Ethnobiology, 36(4):930-952. Published By: Society of Ethnobiology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-36.4.930 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2993/0278-0771-36.4.930 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non- commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Journal of Ethnobiology 36(4): 930–952 2016 WOOD ANALYSIS OF AN OUTER COFFIN UNEARTHED FROM THE QIAN ZHANG TOMB (AD 1535) IN WUXI OF EAST CHINA Guilin Zhang1,2, Huijuan Mai1,2, Baoshan Liu3, Mark D. Merlin4, Shuzhi Wang5, Yiquan Li3, and Hongen Jiang2,1* A well-preserved outer coffin, several hundred years old, was discovered under waterlogged conditions in the ancient Qian Zhang Tomb located within Wuxi, an old eastern Chinese city in southern part of Jiangsu Province. Wood anatomy was employed to identify the tree species used to build this ancient outer coffin. The results showed it was constructed of sturdy Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata). In addition, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was undertaken to examine the chemical composition of wood extract. The analysis indicates that cedrol, a sesquiterpene alcohol found in the essential oils, was the major compound of the extract and apparently a key factor responsible for the outstanding durability of this wood. A review of Chinese fir uses recorded in ancient Chinese literature is presented for historical context, along with a list of known archaeological sites that have contained remains of this conifer species in China. A hypothetical explanation for its selection as a coffin construction material by the noble family of Qian Zhang is also discussed. Keywords: Chinese fir, wood anatomy, GC-MS analysis, heartwood durability, archaeological findings Introduction Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), a member of family Taxodiaceae (more recently included in Cupressaceae), is a native and relic subtropical Asian gymnosperm that has been extirpated in most areas outside of southern China since early in the Holocene (Y. Yu 1995). In this study, we consider C. lanceolata (known as Shan mu in Chinese) to be the only species in the genus Cunninghamia still extant on the Asian mainland (for multiple species arguments regarding Cunninghamia, see e.g., Chung et al. 2004; Eckenwalder 2009; Farjon 2010). Evergreen Chinese fir (C. lanceolata) trees may attain a height of 50 m with a breast height diameter up to 3 m and are still found growing spontaneously in some areas of South China, North Vietnam, and Laos. In China, this subtropical conifer is now restricted almost exclusively to areas south of the Qinling Mountains and the Yangtze River Basin, usually occurring naturally in mixed 1Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 2Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 3Cultural Heritage Conservation and Archaeological Institute of Wuxi, Wuxi, China. 4Department of Botany, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA. 5Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China. *Corresponding author ([email protected]) 2016 JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY 931 forests at elevations between 200 to 2800 m (X. Jiang et al. 2010; Y. Lu et al. 2015). Chinese fir has a number of desirable wood properties such as even texture, uniform structure, small shrinkage, easy processing, straight grain, and long- lasting wood; these attributes, especially its persistent wood, make it a high quality timber species (Orwa et al. 2009). The heartwood of Chinese fir is indeed very resistant to decay caused by fungi and insects, including termites (Zhou 1981). To a large extent, this explains why the very durable wood of this species has been utilized in China for thousands of years (Wu 1984; Y. Yang 1998; X. Yu 1997) and is still used widely for many purposes such as lamp posts, furniture, houses, bridges, ships, pulpwood, vehicles, interior decorative materials, etc. (J. Cheng et al. 1992; X. Jiang et al. 2010). The cross-cultural, multipurpose, traditional use of Chinese fir continues to persist in China. For example, the wood of this species has been specially selected by the Dong people in Yunnan Province of China for their construction of houses, bridges, and drum towers (M. Jiang 2010; B. Liu 1989). Chinese fir wood has also been one of the best building materials used in pile dwellings, such as the traditional houses built by the Zhuang people; in fact, these wooden pile dwellings are very suitable in the hot and humid Guangxi Province where the Zhuang are located (Zhao 2012). Because of the diversity of material applications for which Chinese fir is used and the ecosystem services that it provides, such as its role in facilitating local water supply and organic matter storage, it has become one of the most widely cultivated timber species in southern China (Y. Lu et al. 2015; B. Wang et al. 2007). By the end of the twentieth century, the plantation forests of Chinese fir covered more than 9.11 million ha in China, where it amounted to about 240 million m3 of forest stock volume and provided approximately 20–25% of the commercial wood used in the entire country (Lei 2005; M. Li and Ritchie 1999). Detailed archaeological and archaeobotanical evidence for the ancient uses of Chinese fir are listed in chronological order in Table 1 and shown in Figure 1. These discoveries support our contention that there has been a long history of Chinese fir use. For example, 31 small, thin wooden boards made of Chinese fir were found in Bashidang, an early Neolithic site in Hunan Province dated to about 8000 BP; these very old wooden artifacts have holes drilled through them and are believed to have served as special objects used in ancient religious rituals (S. Z. Wang and L. Wang 2006). Another example of early Chinese fir use involves seven carbonized logs that were probably used as poles in house construction; these ancient Chinese fir wood relics were discovered more than 50 years ago in an archaeological site at Xiubeishan in Jiangxi Province and dated to the late Neolithic period (Qin et al. 1962). More recently, 46 boat-shaped coffins made of Chinese fir were recovered from the Lizhouao graveyards in Jiangxi and dated to the Eastern Zhou dynasty (770 BC–256 BC; see Pan et al. 2013). During the Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220), most of the archaeological remains of ancient Chinese fir wood, like those under discussion here, are artifacts utilized in coffin production. Striking evidence of this special coffin construction use during the Han Dynasty is represented by a well-preserved outer coffin more than 2000 years old which was discovered in the famous Mawangdui Han Tombs in Hunan Province (HPM and IACASS 1972). The wood of this large Chinese fir burial artifact has 932 Table 1. Chronological list of Chinese Fir remains in archaeological contexts in China. Period Site Province Wood anatomy research Artifacts and utilization Reference 1 Early Neolithic Bashidang Hunan Yes 31 wooden boards with holes Wang and Wang drilled through them. 2006 2 Late Neolithic Xiushuishanbei Jiangxi Identified professionally, Seven carbonized poles, Qin et al. 1962 only results provided; probably used for house figure and description construction. absent. 3 Late Neolithic Qianshanyang Zhejiang Identified professionally, Unknown ZPCRAI 1960 only results provided; figure and description absent. 4 Late Shang dynasty (1600 Mangzhang Henan No Bottom boards of a coffin. XACR and CCL 1981 BC–1046 BC) ZHANG et al. 5 Middle Eastern Zhou dynasty Guixi Jiangxi Identified professionally, Coffins and woodenwares. Y. Cheng and Liu (770 BC–256 BC) only results provided; 1980 figure and description absent. 6 Eastern Zhou dynasty (770 Lizhouao Jiangxi Yes More than 40 boat-shaped Pan et al. 2013 BC–256 BC) coffins. 7 Late period of Warring States Moutuo Sichuan No Wooden boards, handles of QTMM and ICRA (476 BC–221 BC) dagger-axes and halberds. 1994 8 During the Qin dynasty (221 Jiashan Sichuan No A small round woodenware. ATAPAOA and BC–207 BC) to the early CCLC 1987 Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) 9 Han dynasty (206 BC–AD Suzhou Jiangsu No Five layer wooden poles. X. M. Lu and Qian 220) 2006 10 Early years of the Western Yangzhou Jiangsu No Two mallets, a wooden board, Xue et al. 2010 Vol. 36, No. 4 Han dynasty (206 BC–AD and five boxes of sealing clay. 24) 11 Around 168 BC in the early Mawangdui Hunan Yes Outer coffins and a sealed box. RIWIJP 1973 Western Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 24) 2016 Table 1. Continued. Period Site Province Wood anatomy research Artifacts and utilization Reference 12 Early Western Han dynasty Tuanshan Jiangsu No Two coffins.
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