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Sudan Academy of Sciences (SAS) ﺑ ﻤﻢ اﻟﻒ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟ ﺮ ﺣﻢ Sudan Academy of Sciences (SAS) Atomic Energy Councii Characterization of60 Co Dose Distribution Using BEAMnrc Monte Carlo Code By: Majzoop Ibrahim Mohammed Abuissa ؛az؛Supervisor Dr. Omer Abd E z Ali December 2012 ﺑ ﺴ ﻢ اﻟ ﻐﺪ اﻟ ﺮ ﺣ ﻤ ﻦ اﻟ ﺮ ﺣ ﻴ ﻢ Sudan Academy of Sciences (SAS) Atomic Energy Council Characterization Of 60Co Dose Distribution Using BEAMnrc Monte Carlo Code By: Majzoop Ibrahim Mohammed Abuissa Technology ظ B.Sc. (Physics iaboratory, 2003), Sudan University of Science (Sudan Academy of Sciences , قHigh diploma (Nuclear Science - Physics,200 ?artial fulfillment Research submitted to the Sudan Academy ©f Radiation and ط Sciences for admission of Master degree Enviro^ntal ?rotection Supervisor: Dr. Omer Abd Elaziz Ali December 2012 Sudan Academy of Sciences (SAS) Atomic Energy Council Characterization of60 Co Dose Distribution Using BEAMnrc Monte Cario Code By Majzoop Ibrahim Mohammed Abuissa Examination committee Title Name Signature Supervisor Dr. Omer Abd Elaziz Ali ٠ External Examiner Prof. Mohammed Osman Seed Ahmed Internal Examiner Dr. Isam Salih Mohamed December 2012 آ ﻳ ﺔ ﻗ ﺮ آ ﻧ ﻴ ﺔ ﻗﺎل ﺗﻌﺎﻟ ﻰ ر وﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺼﺎﻟﺤﺎ ت وﻫﻮ ﻣﺆﻣﻦ ﻓ ﻻ ﻳ ﺨﺎ ف ﻇﻠﻤﺄ و ﻻ ﻫ ﻀﻤﺎ 11} {2 وﻛﺬﻟ ﻚ أﻧﺰﻟﻨﺎه ﻗﺮآﻧﺄ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺂ و ﺻﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻋﻴﺪ ﻟﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﻘﻮن أو ﻳﺤﺪ ث ﻟﻬﻢ ذﻛﺮار 3ل {1 ﻓﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ اش اﻟﻤﻠﻚ اﻟﺤﻖ وﻻﺗﻌﺠﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻳﻘﻀﻰ إﻟﻴﻚ وﺣﻴﻪ وﻗﻞ ر ب زدﻧ ﻰ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ {114} ( ﺻﺪق اش اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﻮره DEDICATION To my beloved country .......... ...........to my family..... .................. my colleagues ............ my friends..... ......dedicate this work آ........... M.I.M.Abuissa را ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ike to express my deep thanks to Prof M.A.H. Eltayeb, DG ofSAEC and؛ I would director of Atomic Energy Council for his always welcome me and my opinions. My great regards to my Supervisor Dr •Omer Abd Elaziz, and Co- supervisor Mr •Elhussien Hassan , for giving me the chance to enter this new world of knowledge and for their new way ofteaching "teach yourself by yourself ,would like to send a nice regards and deep appreciation for family of Mr . Karar آ and Mr •Nafei for their continues support and wishes .and specially regards to Mr.Nafei Ibrahim for guiding the tribe. My greetings to my kind brother Engineer .Mutasim, my royal friend Mr. Harron and uncle Suleiman for their fruitful helps. I would not forget to thanks Ms.Nada Abas for support me with some scientific papers, and my colleague Yagoub who helps me in data analyses. Deep greetings to all friends and colleagues who send me wishes and prays. M ajzoop ABSTRACTS In this study BEAMnrc based on EGSnrc as Monte Carlo code has been used for modeling and simulating 60 Co machine in Radioisotope Centre of Khartoum (RICK). Two fields size ( 5 cm x5 cm and 35 cm *35 cm), were been studied, to define the cauterizations of 60 Co machine and to investigate the effect of increasing the surface to skin distance (SSD) on the 60 Co machine properties, e.g.; beam profile and percentage depth dose (PDD) •For the narrow field size there is a small change observed in the curves representing beam profile and the percentage depth dose when increasing the distance by 5cm , for the wide field size there relatively clear different in curves. The study results been compared with other previous studies and clear consistence observed. ﻓ ﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام BEAMnrc إﺳﺘﻨﺎدآ ﻋﻠﻰ EGSnrc ﻛﺈﺣﺪى أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﻧﺘ ﻰ ﻛﺎرﻟﻮ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺤﺎﻛﺎة ، وﺗ ﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻟ ﺖ “ 60 ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻰ ﻟﻠﻌ ﻻ ج ﺑﺎ ﻷﺷﻌﺔ واﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﻨﻮو ي ” اﻟﺨﺮﻃﻮم (RICK.) . ﺗﻢ دراﺳﺔ ﺣﻘﻠﻴﻦ أﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ذو ﻧﻄﺎق ﺿﻴﻖ واﻷﺧﺮ وا ﺳﻊ ﻧﺴﻴﻴﺂ ر 5 ﺳﻢ 5 ﺳﻢ و 35 ﺳﻢ 35x ﺳﻢ إ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻰ وذﻟ ﻚ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ درا ﺳﺔ ﺧ ﺼﺎﻧﻤ ﻦ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻟ ﺖ 60- ﺑﺎﻹ ﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ أﺗﺮ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﻪ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻟ ﺖ و ﺳ ﻄ ﺢ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ وﻣﺪ ى ﺗﺎﺑ ﺮ ﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﻤﺮع ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻟ ﺖ ﻣﺶ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺨﺮج وﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻖ . ﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻞ ذو اﻟﻄﺎق اﻟ ﻀﻴ ﻖ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑ ﺴﻴ ﻂ ﻓ ﻰ ﺧ ﺼﺎﺋ ﺺ اﻟﻤﺌﺤﻨﻴﺎ ت اﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺨﺮج واﻟ ﺠﺮ ﻋﺔ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻋﻘﺪ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻮاﻗﻊ 5 ﺳﻢ ، ﺑﻴﺌﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ وا ﺿ ﺢ ﻓ ﻰ ﺧ ﺼﺎﺋ ﺺ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ و اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻮاﻗﻊ 5 ﺳﻢ ﻓ ﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮة ﻋﻨﺪ إﺟﺮاﺀ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻘﻞ ذو اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﻮاﺳﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﺗﻤ ﺖ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋ ﺞ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺘﺎﺋ ﺞ درا ﺳﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ، وﻗﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎﻟ ﻚ ﺗ ﻄﺎﺑ ﻖ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﺘﺘﺄﺋﺞ ﺑ ﺼﻮرة ﻛﺒﻴ ﺮة. Contents CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................... INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 3 General background1 .1........................................................................................................................................................................... ........... 3 H 1 backgro^d.2 about60 Co therapy machine storical: ..............................................4؛ Interaction and Physical characteristics o f60Co source 1 ...................................3 ......... 5 Cancer Treatment process1. 4......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 EGS as Monte Carlo Code1 .5........................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 ٠ Research problems 1.6: .........................................................................................................................................................................7 The aim ofthe study and researeh1. : method7 ...............................................................................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER TWO .....................................................................................................................................................9 LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER THREE .............................................................................................................................................. 12 Material and Methods ........................................................................................................................................... 12 Infroduction3 .1........................................................................................................................................................................... 12 MC simulation3 .2...........................................................................................................................................................................15 Analyses ofthe results .............................3.3 ............................................................18 Comparison with other scientific studies3 .4.......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1 CHAPTER FOUR .............................................................................................................................................9 1 RESULTS AND DISCUTION ............................................................................................................................19 Results 4.1: .........................................................................................................................................................................19 Discussions 4.2: .........................................................................................................................................................................25 CHAPTER FIVE ..................................................................................................................................................27 CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATION ..............................................................27 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ١ ؟i n c l u s i o n : Recommendations 5 .2;..............................................................................................28 References ...............................................................................................................................................................29 Appendix A: Technical Terminology ..................................................................................................................3 3 APPENDIX B : installation process ofEGSnrc ..................................................................................................3 4 Appendix c : BEAMnrc Interfaces 3 6 Appendix D:Reports ofMedical Physics Department in RICK ...................................... 40 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 General baekground Cancer has been present throughout human history. In Sudan ,cancer is one of the terrible diseases that spread widely among the people in the recent decades (RICK annual reports for 2007 , 2008 and 2010 ); , however doctors and oncologists fight strongly to defeat it ; they use different methods for ^eatment such as surgery or surgery followed by radiation treatment ,which are an important method for treatment ; this process are being done through medical device that could emits radiation such as linear accelerator and 60Co therapy machine. The process could radiotherapy, which are a technique
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