ﺑ ﻤﻢ اﻟﻒ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟ ﺮ ﺣﻢ
Sudan Academy of Sciences (SAS)
Atomic Energy Councii
Characterization of60 Co Dose Distribution Using BEAMnrc Monte Carlo Code
By: Majzoop Ibrahim Mohammed Abuissa
؛az؛Supervisor Dr. Omer Abd E z Ali
December 2012 ﺑ ﺴ ﻢ اﻟ ﻐﺪ اﻟ ﺮ ﺣ ﻤ ﻦ اﻟ ﺮ ﺣ ﻴ ﻢ
Sudan Academy of Sciences (SAS) Atomic Energy Council
Characterization Of 60Co Dose Distribution Using BEAMnrc Monte Carlo Code
By: Majzoop Ibrahim Mohammed Abuissa
Technology ظ B.Sc. (Physics iaboratory, 2003), Sudan University of Science
(Sudan Academy of Sciences , قHigh diploma (Nuclear Science - Physics,200
?artial fulfillment Research submitted to the Sudan Academy ©f Radiation and ط Sciences for admission of Master degree Enviro^ntal ?rotection
Supervisor: Dr. Omer Abd Elaziz Ali
December 2012 Sudan Academy of Sciences (SAS) Atomic Energy Council
Characterization of60 Co Dose Distribution Using BEAMnrc Monte Cario Code
By
Majzoop Ibrahim Mohammed Abuissa
Examination committee
Title Name Signature Supervisor Dr. Omer Abd Elaziz Ali
٠ External Examiner Prof. Mohammed Osman Seed Ahmed
Internal Examiner Dr. Isam Salih Mohamed
December 2012 آ ﻳ ﺔ ﻗ ﺮ آ ﻧ ﻴ ﺔ
ﻗﺎل ﺗﻌﺎﻟ ﻰ ر وﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺼﺎﻟﺤﺎ ت وﻫﻮ ﻣﺆﻣﻦ ﻓ ال ﻳ ﺨﺎ ف ﻇﻠﻤﺄ و ال ﻫ ﻀﻤﺎ
11} {2 وﻛﺬﻟ ﻚ أﻧﺰﻟﻨﺎه ﻗﺮآﻧﺄ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺂ و ﺻﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻋﻴﺪ ﻟﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﻘﻮن أو ﻳﺤﺪ ث ﻟﻬﻢ
ذﻛﺮار 3ل {1 ﻓﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ اش اﻟﻤﻠﻚ اﻟﺤﻖ والﺗﻌﺠﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻳﻘﻀﻰ إﻟﻴﻚ وﺣﻴﻪ وﻗﻞ
ر ب زدﻧ ﻰ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ {114} (
ﺻﺪق اش اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ
ﺳﻮره DEDICATION
To my beloved country ......
...... to my family.....
...... my colleagues
...... my friends.....
...... dedicate this work آ......
M.I.M.Abuissa
را ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ike to express my deep thanks to Prof M.A.H. Eltayeb, DG ofSAEC and؛ I would
director of Atomic Energy Council for his always welcome me and my opinions.
My great regards to my Supervisor Dr •Omer Abd Elaziz, and Co- supervisor Mr •Elhussien Hassan , for giving me the chance to enter this new world of
knowledge and for their new way ofteaching "teach yourself by yourself
,would like to send a nice regards and deep appreciation for family of Mr . Karar آ and Mr •Nafei for their continues support and wishes .and specially regards to Mr.Nafei Ibrahim for guiding the tribe.
My greetings to my kind brother Engineer .Mutasim, my royal friend Mr. Harron
and uncle Suleiman for their fruitful helps.
I would not forget to thanks Ms.Nada Abas for support me with some scientific
papers, and my colleague Yagoub who helps me in data analyses.
Deep greetings to all friends and colleagues who send me wishes and prays.
M ajzoop ABSTRACTS
In this study BEAMnrc based on EGSnrc as Monte Carlo code has been used for modeling and simulating 60 Co machine in Radioisotope Centre of
Khartoum (RICK). Two fields size ( 5 cm x5 cm and 35 cm *35 cm), were been studied, to define the cauterizations of 60 Co machine and to investigate the effect of increasing the surface to skin distance (SSD) on the 60
Co machine properties, e.g.; beam profile and percentage depth dose (PDD)
•For the narrow field size there is a small change observed in the curves representing beam profile and the percentage depth dose when increasing the distance by 5cm , for the wide field size there relatively clear different in curves.
The study results been compared with other previous studies and clear consistence observed. ﻓ ﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام BEAMnrc إﺳﺘﻨﺎدآ ﻋﻠﻰ EGSnrc ﻛﺈﺣﺪى أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﻧﺘ ﻰ
ﻛﺎرﻟﻮ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺤﺎﻛﺎة ، وﺗ ﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻟ ﺖ “ 60 ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻰ ﻟﻠﻌ ال ج ﺑﺎ ألﺷﻌﺔ
واﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﻨﻮو ي ” اﻟﺨﺮﻃﻮم (RICK.) . ﺗﻢ دراﺳﺔ ﺣﻘﻠﻴﻦ أﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ذو ﻧﻄﺎق ﺿﻴﻖ
وا ألﺧﺮ وا ﺳﻊ ﻧﺴﻴﻴﺂ ر 5 ﺳﻢ 5 ﺳﻢ و 35 ﺳﻢ 35x ﺳﻢ إ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻰ وذﻟ ﻚ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ
درا ﺳﺔ ﺧ ﺼﺎﻧﻤ ﻦ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻟ ﺖ 60- ﺑﺎ إل ﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ أﺗﺮ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﻪ
ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻟ ﺖ و ﺳ ﻄ ﺢ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ وﻣﺪ ى ﺗﺎﺑ ﺮ ﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﻤﺮع ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻟ ﺖ ﻣﺶ ﺷﻜﻞ
اﻟﺨﺮج وﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻖ . ﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻞ ذو اﻟﻄﺎق اﻟ ﻀﻴ ﻖ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﺑ ﺴﻴ ﻂ ﻓ ﻰ ﺧ ﺼﺎﺋ ﺺ اﻟﻤﺌﺤﻨﻴﺎ ت اﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺨﺮج واﻟ ﺠﺮ ﻋﺔ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻋﻘﺪ زﻳﺎدة
اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻮاﻗﻊ 5 ﺳﻢ ، ﺑﻴﺌﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ وا ﺿ ﺢ ﻓ ﻰ ﺧ ﺼﺎﺋ ﺺ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ و
اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻮاﻗﻊ 5 ﺳﻢ ﻓ ﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮة ﻋﻨﺪ إﺟﺮاﺀ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻘﻞ ذو
اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﻮاﺳﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ
ﺗﻤ ﺖ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋ ﺞ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺘﺎﺋ ﺞ درا ﺳﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ، وﻗﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎﻟ ﻚ ﺗ ﻄﺎﺑ ﻖ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﺘﺘﺄﺋﺞ
ﺑ ﺼﻮرة ﻛﺒﻴ ﺮة. Contents
...... CHAPTER ONE...... CHAPTER
3 ...... INTRODUCTION 3
General background1 .1 ...... 3...... storical 4:...... ؛H1 .2 backgro^d about60 Co therapy machine 2.
.3 Interaction and Physical characteristics o f60Co source 1.3 5......
Cancer Treatment process 1.4...... 6
.5 EGS as Monte Carlo Code1 .5 6......
٠ ...... :1.6 Research problems ...... :1.6 7
The aim ofthe study and researeh method 7 ...... :1. 7
HAPTER TWO...... C 9
LITERATURE REVIEW...... 9
HAPTER THREE 12...... C
12...... Material and Methods 12...... Material
.1 Infroduction3 .1 12......
.2 MC simulation3 .2 ...... 15
Analyses ofthe results 3.3 ...... 18
.4 Comparison with other scientific studies3 .4 ...... 8 1
HAPTER FOUR...... C 9 1
LTS AND DISCUTION...... RESU 19
...... :4.1 Results ...... :4.1 19
...... :4.2 Discussions ...... :4.2 25
HAPTER FIVE...... C 27
LUTION AND RECOMMENDATION...... CONC 27 . c l u s i o n: ...... in ١ ؟
.2 Recommendations 5.2 ;...... 28
...... References 29
...... Appendix A: Technical Terminology...... Appendix 3 3
X B : installation process ofEGSnrc 4...... APPENDI 3
6 Appendix c : BEAMnrc Interfaces 36
40...... Appendix D:Reports ofMedical Physics Department in RICK 40...... Appendix CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General baekground Cancer has been present throughout human history. In Sudan ,cancer is one of the terrible diseases that spread widely among the people in the recent decades
(RICK annual reports for 2007 , 2008 and 2010 ); , however doctors and oncologists fight strongly to defeat it ; they use different methods for ^eatment such as surgery or surgery followed by radiation treatment ,which are an important method for treatment ; this process are being done through medical device that could emits radiation such as linear accelerator and 60Co therapy machine. The process could radiotherapy, which are a technique used to kill off a اا؛آا cancer cells to prevent a cancer from spreading, shrink a cancer, or .Gosta Forsell, Int . ٨[ cancer entirely (h tt^ // w ^ .wisegeek.com), (Del Regato J.19??). In Sudan as research area, there are approximately three radiotherapy centers for cancer treatment, (Regulatory Authority Information System(RAIS20I2)(
Marrowy hospital (under operation ) , National Cancer Centre ( Maddani ) and
Radiation and Isotope Centre - Khartoum (RICK) (where this study are conducted).
Caner increased widely in Sudan in the recent two decades RICK is the only one active centre in the country, four therapy machines are being used ; two linear accelerators and two 60 Co therapy machines (MDS Nordion and
EQUINOX ) , for that reason , patients waiting list are too long and take about three months from the dia^osis the detection of tumor cells ; e.g. leukemia , lymphoma , breast cancer ...etc (h ttp ://www.^cers.com /to ^ c /c a n c ^ ^ s).
,practical research on those machines are unavailable practically, so ,$٨٦٧ another method has to be adopt in order to investigate the characteristics ofthe therapy machines ;e.g. quality control, beam properties , machine output .....ect.
Thus, in our study we would try to simulate the beam characterization of MDS 60 Co therapy machine through Monte Carlo (MC) code, because it could give the possibility for that without direct contact with the machine, or change in the patient’s treatment time table.
1.2 Historical background about60 Co therapy machine; Scientists tried building sources of ionizing radiation called "radium bombs" for teletherapy, but radium radiation was too weak for the job. It was called a
bomb” because the large amount of heavy metal shielding reminded people ofa،‘
,gh-V©!tage radiation equipment like x-ray machines could do the trick؛bomb. H but they were expensive, bulky and limited in use to a few cancer centers that had the technical expertise required to maintain and operate them. Canadian
while (؛scientists who made this treatment a reality (Van DykJ et al 996 scientists around the world had theorized about the possible use o f 60 Co as a radiation source for the treatment of cancers inside the body.
Treatment machines incoiporating gamma ray sources for use in external beam radiotherapy are called teletherapy machines. They are most often mounted isocentrically, allowing the beam to rotate about the patient at a fixed Skin - Axis Distance (SAD). Modem teletherapy machines have SADs of 80 cm or 100 cm .The main components ofa teletherapy machine are: a radioactive source; a source housing, including beam collimator and source movement mechanism; a gantry and stand in isocentric machines or a housing support assembly in stand- alone machines; a patient support assembly; and a machine console. 60 Co therapy units contain a small cylinder of 60 Co radioactive source in the treatment head ofthe apparatos. As the patient lies on the table, a beam of gamma rays passes through a series of collimators and jaws which shape the beam as it is directed at the patient. Because the beam will destroy healthy cells as well as cancerous cells, placement ofthe beam and the radiation dose must be precisely calculated. Also the treatment head must be rotated at different angles to attack the cancer cells from different angles without overexposing healthy tissue. Thus , due to its effectiveness and simple design, for over 50 years the ^Co therapy machine has been used as an important tool , that doctors use in the treatment of cancer, and due to its low cost and little maintenance work , it remains as a good choice in many low income countries , however , in the western world , 60 Co therapy machine has been repiaced by other treatment techniques ;e.g. linear accelerators, Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy
(IMRT), (C-M Ma et al 2000), neutron and proton therapy , and that, because it needs to change the radioactive source due to decay process of the source which affect the machine output and result in increasing the treatment time which in turn will effectively reduce the patients output , beside the limited gamma energy and beam penumbra
1.3 Interaction and Physieal eharaeteristies o f60Co source 60Co is produced by placing rods of cobalt-59 inside the reactor, over time cobalt-59 absorbs a neutron to become 60 Co (artificially produced). After removal from the reactor, the 60 Co is encapsulated in double stainless steel layers by welding to form a sealed source and to prevent any leakage of the radioactive materials. The 60Co source as it shown in figure (1) ( 60Co production in CANDU power reactors) , i$ al.5cm (Hossain Deloar et al 2006) and 2 cm in Cobalt source has different manufacturing .(ث99ل diameter, (D.W.Rogers et al companies; e.g. MDS Nordion and Theratronix..., but it is a standard shape is cylindrical source encapsulated inside two stainless steel layers. The source activity measured in curies per gram, and each source has a unique serial number and certified according to prescribed international standards. (E.B. PODGORSAK, Montreal, Quebec, Canada).
The atomic number of cobalt is 27, and it is identified with the symbol Co on the periodic table of elements. The important characteristics of cobalt source in external beam radiotherapy are the high gamma ray energy, high specific activity and relatively long half-life.60 Co is a beta emitting radioactive isotope of cobalt-59 and has a half-life Ti/2 of 5.27 years. Decaying to Nickel-59, a stable isotope. During the beta decay of 60 Co gamma rays are produced with two energies; 1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV. 60 Co source emits gamma radiation, which are electromagnetic radiation. This
radiation has high energy and a short wave length. Gamma rays penetrate tissue
farther than do beta or alpha particles, but leave a lower concentration of ions in
their path to potentially cause cell damage (http://www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation )
1.4 Cancer Treatment proeess
Treatment is normally given as a series of short, daily doses in the radiotherapy
department, and it is individually planned, and even people with the same type
of cancer may have different types of radiotherapy treatment; a course of
curative (radical) treatment may last 2-7 weeks.(Cukier, Daniel, and Virginia
McCullough 2001 ) .The treatments are usually given once a day, with a rest at
the weekend. Each treatment is called a fraction (Thames et al 1987). Giving the
treatment in fractions ensures that less damage is done to normal cells than to cancer cells (http://topic.wisegeek.com/topics/radiation-therapy-treatment).
Damage to normal cells is mainly temporary, but this is what causes the side
effects of radiotherapy. $©me people may have more than one treatment daily or
treatment every day for two weeks, including the weekends. Sometimes treatment may only be given on three days each week - for example, Mondays,
Wednesdays and Fridays (Hall, Eric j. 2000) .Usually, each radiotherapy
treatment takes about 10-15 minutes. Most of this time is spent getting the patient in position and doing checks, but the treatment itself usually only lasts a few minutes. Palliative treatment (for symptom control) may involve only one or fr¥0 sessions of treatment, but it can be up to 10 sessions (http://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancerinformation/cancer treatment),
1.5 EGS as Monte Car!o Code
Monte Carlo (MC) code is stochastic method for numerical integration , it gives the possibility for implementation of different simulation process with realistic and accurate results instead of doing the actual experiment with expensive uipments (Komanduri M. Ayyangar et al 2009) . It has many applications in؛،e different fields e.g. in financial market simulations, traffic flow simulations,
nvironmental sciences ...... and in medical physics for particle transport as we
perform in this study. There are many types of MC codes in this field such as
ETRAN (Stephen M. Seltzer 2002) , PENELOPE (M. Assiamahl et al 2007),
FLUKA (Ferrari et al 2005 ) , MCTP (Briesmeister 1997) GEANT4 (Apostolakiset; CERN++ 1999) and EGS (D.W.O. Roger et al 2009,
I.Kawrakow et al 2010).
EGS (Electron - Gamma Shower ) as MC code would be used to track photon
transport through ^Co therapy machine •This machine has been built through ط BEAMnrc package , after the installation process which mentioned in details BEAMDP program for analyses the phase space files created by ء appendix c BEAMnrc (C.-M. Ma and D.W.O. Rogers 2010) ,( C.-M. Ma and D.W.O.
Rogers) and DOSXYZnrc as transport code to process phase space flies and computes dose distributions in computed tomo^aphy (CT) matrix or phantoms will be created automatically ( I. Kawrakow 2010 ) , (B. Walters et al 2009 ) .
Research problems:
conducted to simulate 60Co therapy machine and investigate its ةق'اا uThe stu d y properties and to define the characterizations of the generated beam through EGSnrc/ BEAMnrc as monte carlo code .
1.7The aim ofthe study and research method:
Despite the clear technological and practical advantages of linac machine over
60Co therapy machines, the latter still occupy an important place in the radiotherapy armamentarium, mainly because ofthe considerably lower capital, installation and maintenance costs of 60Co therapy machines compared with linacs. In the developing world, 60Co therapy machines are likely to play an important role in cancer therapy for the foreseeable future, because of their relatively louver costs, simplicity of design and ease of operation, for that, this study was carried out.
Two field size is being used to define the effect of increasing the SSD on the beam properties and characteristics; thus, SSD is being increased by add 5 cm, cm, and the resulted phase space file was analyzed لstarted from 80 cm to 00 through BEAMDP and DOSX¥Znrc programs, in order to investigate beam properties; spectrum, fluence, beam profile and dose distribution. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
most accurate method available to calculate radiation effects in ت؛أاا EGS, is now body tissue and determine doses. This code has undergone along levels of Nelson and llirayama 1980) develop EGS4 for) , ر970ل development; ( ford et al particle physics applications at SLAC in collaboration with Rogers of NRC
working on low-energy benchmarking for medical physics applications , In 1999 ,
I. Kawrakow made a great addition by upgraded the codes to use the new EGSnrc code system (Unix based system). In 2000 EGSnrc released, incorporating a
multitude of enhancements. Again I.Kawrakow et al in 2003 developed
EGSnrcMP (multi-platform) which is a new environment means that EGSnrc
W'orks on Windows & Unix/Linux systems. There is Graphical User Interface
(GUI) for most operations.
Researchers in ?revious studies had discussed varied applications of Monte Carlo
code in medical physics in radiotherapy field ; D.W.Rogers et al 1994 , used
BEAM Monte Carlo code to simulate the radiation beams from radiotherapy
treatment units including high - energy electron and photon beams ; G. M. Mora et
al in 1999 used BEAM as Monte Carlo code to simulate the 60Co beam from an
Eldorado 6 radiotherapy unit and to calculate the relative air-kerma output factors
as a function of field size , the unit is realistically modeled , including source
capsule, housing and collimator assembly with SSD = 80.5cm as simulation
distance . Monte carlo code was used by C-M Ma et al in 2000, to verify the
accuracy of dose distributions of intensity - modulated radiotherapy treatment
from a commercial treatment planning optimization system. They discussed the
dose distributions in the experimental phantoms and in the patients , they found that ,the dose distributions agreed with the measurements to within 2% of maximum dose for all the beam energies and field sizes for both the homogenous and heterogeneous phantoms. A reviewing progress was made in the field of nsing Monte Carlo calculation of particle transport in the period of 1970 until the early 1990 by Frank Verhaegen
and Jan Seuntjens in 2003 , The review was focused mainly on Monte Carlo modeling of linear accelerator treatment heads but sections was devoted to kilovoltage x-ray units and 60Co teletherapy sources .
t, low energy photons increase the surface dose in radiation therapy،؛It’s known th procedures involving treatment of sub - surface tumors , so that , Ahmed Al-
Basheer proposes new 60 Co beam collimation system to reduce the contribution of low energy scattered photons in 2004 . Moreover , MCNP as Monte C.arlo code was used to simulate the 60 Co beam from a Theratron 1000 unit, and to calculate the photon spectrum output and electron contamination produced from the photon interaction with the material surrounding the cobalt source . In 2006 , Sonia M.
Reda et al used Monte Carlo to assess radiation dose received by the target tumor cells and non-target organs during breast radiotherapy. The human body with its details, was modeled using three dimensional Monte Carlo Nuclear Particles Code
(MCNP-4B) ■The dose distributions from 60Co gamma rays, with average energy
1.25MeV in two fields in human theoretical model was calculated at selected points using the same code. In 2006, Sandro Carlos de Luelmo used BEAMnrc to at ,”١ emens Gammatron؛S؛؛,t؛characterize the beam of the 60Co therapy un Swedish Radiation Protection Authority (SSI) to calibrate therapy level ionization
, reference points and verified ؟.’chambers to know the spectra in the laboratory virtual model ofthe 60Co unit to be able to compare current and future experiments to Monte Carlo simulations .
EGS4/BEAM code (old version of EGS) was used by Hossain Deloar et al in 2007
, to model two varian high energy accelerators (2100C and 2100C/D) to obtain the phase-space data for 6 , 10 , and 18 MV photon beams. For each energy, particle information for field sizes ranging from 3cm X 3cm to 30cm X 30cm were stored in phase space files, and various parameters such as fluence, energy spectra and electron contamination were evaluated. These phase space files were then used to
10 calculate dose in a water phantom using the Monte Carlo dose calculation program
DOSXYZnrc . The simulated system was evaluated by comparison with standard percentage depth dose (PDD) data and profiles. Cancer treatment were importance issue in the medical physics field mainly , thus , James E. Rodgers in 2007 , discussed the application of Monte Carlo simulation of radiation transport to the various radiation procedures involved in the treatment of cancer patients with photons and electrons . The most important steps in the chain of events from dosimeter calibration to treatment plan calculations to dose verification are assessed with respect to their accuracy and precision impact in radiation therapy.
Monte Carlo simulations have been applied to every step of this chain and present
.in accuracy and understanding to the basic physical processes ؟significant gain
In 2009, P. Downes and E. Spezi discussed the application of a new source for the simulation of oblique incident irradiation was developed for the BEAMnrc Monte
Carlo code, for the simulation of component that is rotated at some angle relative to the central axis of the modeled radiation unit. The performance of the new
BEAMnrc source was validated against experimental measurements. The comparison with ion chamber data showed very good agreement between experiments and calculation for a number of oblique irradiation angles ranging to 30°. The routine was also cross-validated, in geometrically equivalent °٠ from conditions, against a different radiation source available in the DOSXYZnrc code.
The test showed excellent consistency between the two routines . Old 60Co therapy machine does not incorporate a multi-leaf collimator (MLC) , which used beam collimation , thus , Komanduri et al in 2009, design a practical multi-leaf collimator system for the cobalt teletherapy machine and check its radiation properties ,cobalt machine was modeled using the BEAMnrc , the results
ca)l}/ modeled؛compared with the standard depth dose data tables and the theoret beam showed good agreement within 2% . Studies and research work continued up to now in this field either to improve the treatment machines technique, or to benefit from Monte Carlo code to study the machine properties.
11 CHAPTER THREE
Material and Methods
3.1 Introduction
As it illustrated in figure (2) (D.W.O. Rogers et al 1994), and described in details in appendix c. BEAMnrc as Monte Carlo code was been installed on desktop machine with ?entium, dual - core processor 2.5 GHz speed and 2 GB of RAM, supported by Microsoft Windows 7 , by the end of this process , BEAMnrc interfaces had been created ; EGSnrcMP as software for tracks the electron- gamma transport, BEAMnrc (figure 3) ,Appendix c as tool for build the treatment machines , BEAMDP (C.-MS et a l) (figure 4),Appendix c for analyses the phase .I),( ه space files created by BEAMnrc and DOSX¥Znrc (B. Walters et al 2 0 9
Kawrakow 2009 ),(figure 5),Appendix c as transport code to define the dose distributions and beam profile in computed tomography (CT) matrix or water phantom .
By the end ofthe execution process (compiling and running) , a phase space file would generated from the running ofM C code , this phase space file can be used as source data for BEAMDP for beam characterization (flunce , spectrum ) and can be used as input source for DOSXYZ for defining the percentage depth dose and beam profile.
Figure (6) below which present 60Co therapy machine from MDS Nordion manufacturing company (www.mds.nordion.com) , which are similar to the machine that had been used in RICK , the figure show all the parts ofthe machine, however the part that has simulated are clearly defined in figure (7)
(www.mds.nordion.com and J.L.Norton,MDS Nordion) were found inside the head which contain the encapsulated source, primary collimator, secondary collimator (jaws) and air gap ; there are multi leaf collimator (MLC) in some modem 60Co therapy machine .
٧ ٠٠
أ ا8 ال ﻫ ﻮ 1 ،0؛ VI» م ؛ ﺋ ﺄ ﺀ ا ا ﺑ ﻢ *٢ •“.' ا - ﻣ ﺤ ﺎ ث ﺀ ﺀ ﻣ ﻤ ﻤﺘ ﺔ
T.U.. إ. و ا ﻣ ﺄ أ ؛ﻣﻌﺎو ؟ه PE:؛A-ﺋﻬﺔ€مءء$ ة آ ﻗ ﺘ ﺚ ؛ ﺀ ﺀ آ ة SCuRCt؛S؛SCuRCt j£ft TY؛S؛TY ﺋ ﻤ ﺄ د ا ﺗ ﺎ'« ﺀ ﺀ و ه ﺀ ذ ﺀ■
؛ ٠ ع٠،
' pellets encapsulated in double stainless steel ( 6OC0 production in CANDU power reactors (Co ٠ ؛ :)Figure ) 1 (
Figure (2): sequence of BEAMnrc, which w^s been mentioned in details in appendix c, the simulated machine has been built, simulation process was been performed, the generated phase space file was been in¥estigated through the analyst program (D.W.O. Rogers et al 1994).
13 Figure (6): one of MDS Nordion therapy machine. The components of the treatment machine that appears in this fi§ure are; cobah head, gantry, table, stand and m©vement remote control (www.mds.nordion.com).
. . ذ
= = ة ﺀ و ﻧ ﻠ ﺖ ﺀﻫﺖ
ﺀﺑﻢ*~ﺀت 5؛ 5H-nntH ٢۵٠
Figure (7): mechanical structure ofthe machine ; the radioactive source encapsulated in stainless steel and surrounded by depleted uranium as high density material for shielding purposes and lead for more protection (www.mds.nordion.com and J.L.Norton,MDS Nordion)
14 3.2 M C simulation
In this study , 60 Co MDS Nordion was simulated , the therapy machine consist
primary ,ر from the following component modules ;source capsule fig 1 and 23
collimator (fig 24), secondary collimator (outer collimator ) (fig 5,6 and 25) and air
gab (fig 26) in appendix C.
The main method ofthe research depends on the effect of increasing the SSI} on
the beam chacterizations ; so , the SSD increased by increments of 5 cm from
the nominal SSD (80 c m ), 85 cm ,90 cm ,95cm and 100 cm. This operation was
performed for both field size 5 cm x5 cm and 35 cm X 35 cm.
60 Co therapy machine has been built through the input file which define the
building of the machine from SLAB as source (capsule), PYRAMIDS as
primary collimator , PYRAMIDS as secondary collimator and SLAB as air gab between the machine and the water phantom (patient ). Two field size has been
used ; 5cm *5cm (as narrow field size), and 35cm *35 cm (as wide field size).
The simulation was been performed for different SSDs .BEAMdp as analysis
package from BEAMnrc has been used to define the spectrum and the flunse ,
and DOSXYZnrc as second terminal package from BEAMnrc has been used to
find out the percentage depth dose (PDD) and beam profile after transport the
resulted beam through water phantom .
The simulation for field size 5cm*5cm takes about 3 hours as computation time
with number of history 1.7 Billion and generate phase space files 38.7MB ,38.4
MB ,32.4 MB ,32.1 MB and 31.8 MB, and repeated for field size 35 cmx35cm
at the same number of history and the same SSDs ,this process take 5 hours as
computation time and generate phase space files 851 MB ,849 MB ,847 MB ,
845 MB and 845 MB. The phase space files was analyzed, then the phase space
file that generated before was been used as input source for DOSXYZnrc package in order to define the percentage depth dose and beam profile in water phantom which designed from the following details : 15 ٢
ذ ر X = 30 cm , with 2 layers , with voxel size 0.2
Y = 30 cm with 2 layers with pixel size 0.2 , and 1cm
. cm ا z = 30 cm , with 3 layers voxel size 0.2, 0.8 and
8 graphical program, beside ٠ ٢ ? The results was analyzed through Origin
Microsoft office excel program.
00؛4 14 . 900 28( * 2 اA R C 'C A R C drogerS egs4ir،p G3/CW/I و
?؛led e 5 cm* . ؛Figure (8): show the secondary collimator as it simulated by BEAMnrc for '، s ، 5cm at SSD 80 cm
16
3.3 Analyses ofthe results The generated face $pace files was analyzed through beamdp and DOSXYZnrc
program in order to get beam profile, spectrum and percentage depth dose. .8 program. ٢٥? Results was plotted through Origin studies ؛Comparison with other scientific 3.4
In order to qualify the obtained results through measurements or standard
manufactured data , thus , comparison process was been carried out with previous study of Komanduri et al as , to evaluate the percentage depth dose for field size 5cmx5cm at SSD 80 cm . CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUTION
4.1 Results; R esets presented below for beam profile and pereentage depth dose for R esets presented below for beam profile and pereentage depth dose for field؛field s ze 5cmx5cm and 35cmx35cm , at different SSDs , by beamdp and؛ze 5cmx5cm and 35cmx35cm , at different SSDs , by beamdp and DOSXYZnrc programs field size 5cmx5cm iit SSD 80cm ٠٢ ؛ beam profile ؛
.70
0.60 ٨ d ؛Q40 0
$ 0.30 e 0.20
0.10
— ■ ■ ■ ■ )■ nil.— 0.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 00 10.00• 0ﻣﻣت- 00.
off-axisdistance(cm)
.beam profile for field size 5cmx5cm at SSD 85 cm using beamdp program :(ا Figure ( 1
٩ ٦ SSDs ااﻟﻲ'ﻟﻲ'آاال'ا size 5*5 0111 at ا:اﻟﻳﺔ Beilin piotile foi
0.70
0.60 ssd 80cm
ssd85cm
ssd 90cm 0ﻣﺢa 0؛ ssd 95cm ه 30.ه ﺀ
30.00 - 20.00 - 10.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 off-axis distance (cm) cm ,95cmﺀ 85cm 90 , ١١٦€ Figure (12): beam profile for field size 5cmx5cm at SSD 80 and 100 cm using DOSXYZnrc program .
flunce v s position for field size 5*5 d l l at ssd s o cm 0.000001
-25-00 -20.00 -15.00 -10.00 -5.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20,00 25.00
off-axi$ distance(cm)
Figure (13 ): flunce versus position for field size 5cmx5cm at SSD 85 cm using beamdp program .
20 field size 35 *35 cm at ssd 80 cm ٢٠٢ Beam profile 1.0x10
ssd 80 cm 8.0x10'"-
6.0x10 - o ٧١ هT3 - م1؛ ره. 4
.0x10 -
0.0 35 30 *7 20 1؟ ت ة ة -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 off-axis distance
Figure (14): beam profile for field size 35cmx35cm at SSD 80 cm using beamdp program .
Beam profile for field size 35 *35 cm at ssd 100 cm ■ I ■ < ■ I ■ I • I I ■ I ■ t I ■ I ■ I ■ I ■ I ■ I
|ssd100cm - م0ا س
5.0x10^-
4.0x10~6 — o ■§ 3.0x10"6-
2.0x10'6-
1.0x1 O'6-
5ا ,3 ام3 , 5ا ,2 ام ,2 ﺀ اا - اام - ة - ة ' ة .- اام .- ﺀ ا1- ’ ام .-2 ﺀ ا2 . - ﻣ ﻦ- -35 off-axis distance
Figure (15 ): beam profile for field size 35cm*35cm at SSD 100 cm using beamdp program .
21 o ٠
35 0 د 25 20 15 ١٠ ه -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 off -axis distance
and 85 em ١٦١ ^ Figure (16): two beam profile for field size 35cmx35 cm at SSD 80 using beamdp program
field^؛s e 35*35 cm at ssd 80 cm آ ه ( Beam profile ( ^١١
1 0 0 - $sd 80cm 90 -
80 -
70 -
o ^0 - ٥CA ■o 50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
1 0 - 0 -35 '30 -25 -20 Tb To 0 To 20 7 T 7 o 35 axis distance - ٣ ٥
Figure (17): beam profile for field size 35cm*35em at SSD 80 cm using DOSXYZnrc program .
22 Beam ssd 100 cm؛Beam profile for field size 35*35 cm a؛ ssd 100 cm 110 I ■ I I I I
100 - s s d 100cm1 90- 80- 70- 60- ٠ A)ه ■o 50- 40- 30- 20-
1 0 - 0 35 ' 30 ' 25 ' 20 آ 5I 1 1 I0 1 غ ' إ ' ام 5,.' ا 0, ' ا \ءل 'ﻣت ' 3اة off -axis distance
Figure (18): beam profile for field size 35cmx35cm at SSD 100 cm using DOSXYZnrc program .
Beam profile for field size 35*35 cm at different SSD s 110 100- 90 - 80 - 70 - c> 60 - ٠to ■D 50 - 40 - 30 -
20 -
1 0 - 0 -35 off-axis distan
Figure (19): beam profiles for field size 35cm*35cm at SSD 80 cm , 85cm, 90 cm ,95 cm and 100 cm using DOSXYZnrc program .
23 Figures below describe percentage depth dose for field size 5x5cm and 35x35cm2 at SSDs 80cm ,85 ci^9 0 cm .9 5 cm and 100 cm
pdd for FS 5*5cm at SSDs 80cm ,85cm,90cm,95 and 100 cm
o ٥ ■o o
o
depth (cm)
Figure (20): percentage depth dose for field size 5x5cm2 at SSD 80 cm , 85cm ,90cm
95cm and 100 cm using DOSXYZnrc program
Comparison between pdd from Komanduri et al and current study
- ص
0-
a> 0- هQ■ CO - 40 ٤ -٥ - ٥ Figure (21): comparison relation between the percentage depth dose for Komanduri et at SSD 80 cm ٨١ ^ al work and current study for field size 5cm x5 24 1 PDD for field size 35x35 cm at different SSDs ﻟمص ه٧• Q) ب ﻉ depth (cm) (22): percentage depth dose for field size 35cmx35cm at SSD 80 cm ,85cm .90cm 95cm and 100 cm , through DOSXYZnrc program through phantom 4.2 Discussions. and 12) show beam profile for field size 5 X 5cm^ and fignres (14 to ا ا) Figures 19) for field size 35cm2 at different SSDs , all curves represented quite normal distribution for telecobalt beam profile , moreover , they present semi - normal consistence with the measured field size that applied by MC as in figures (14,17 and 18). Figure (12) beam profiles for field size 5cm X 5cm at SSDs 80 cm, 85 cm. 90 cm, or'؛ cm and 100 cm, all curves represented normal distribution for beam profile 95 telecobalt machine, but without possibility to disfinguish between curves representing each SSD, and that maybe due to the little field size, (narrow field size) Figure (19) collection ofthe beam profile for field size 35 cm X 35 cm at SSDs 80 95 cm and 100 cm, the resulted curves represent semi - sharp , ٢١٦ ، cm , 85 cm ,90 alignment in the ends ,and variation in each sides, . In the top ofthe curves there are relatively full alignment for all SSDs curves. Area under the curve are ٠٥! cm to SSD increased acceding to the increase in SSD started from SSD 80 cm to SSD 0 cm . This is typically similar to the normal profile of telecobalt machine. Also increasing ofthe area under the curve is proportional to the SSD increasing. 0cm and Figures (14) and (15) beam profile for field size 35cm*35cm at SSD 80cm and 00 cm , in order to evaluate the effects of SSD increasing. The result obtained 100 by beamdp program- Figure (20 and 22) percentage depth dose were obtained for field size 5cm* 5cm Figure (20 and 22) percentage depth dose were obtained for field size 5cm* 5cm 5cm and lOOcm.Its and 35cm*35cm, respectively at SSDs 80cm ,85cm ,90cm ,95cm and lOOcm.Its found that all the resulted curves present normal degradation for the doses with found that all the resulted curves present normal degradation for the doses with the increasing of the depth (cm) , this result are similarly to the normal results the increasing of the depth (cm) , this result are similarly to the normal results obtained for telecobalt machine PDDs , but relatively ,without any variation between each curve and the other representing different SSD as it cleared in uite figure (21) ,maybe because the field size are narrow size , however there are quite . (variation in figure (22) representing PDDs for filed size 35 x35cm2 (wide field(variation . figure (21) PDD for field size 5cm*5cm at SSD 80cm ,was compared with آه K©manduri؛et al, in th s figure , the current MC current study was present ص study clear consistence with previous study in term of degradation with depth .increasing 25 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion: From the previous results we can conclude that; BEAMnrc as Monte Carlo code were valid tool for simulation and could be used to characterize the telecobalt machine properties , beside that it could a source for obtaining accurate data for treatment planning. In case ©f little field size there is no variation between the curves of heam profiles or percentage depth dose with SSD increasing and for the same number of histories. The increasing of the SSD, and for the same number of histories, relatively, wouldn’t made change in the area under the beam profile for telecobalt machine in case of little field size , however, the increasing of the SSD, would made change and variation in the area under the beam profile for telecobalt machine in case of large field size, and that for the same number of histories, moreover , in case of large field size there are variation in beam profiles and percentage depth dose when SSD increased and for the same number ofhistories. found that in case of little field size, the increasing ^'١١ ,From the obtained results ofthe SSD wouldn’t lead to different dose at the same point of depth according to Monte Carlo simulation, but, in case of large field size, the increasing ofthe SSD, would leads to different dose at the same point of depth according to Monte Carlo simulation. By performing this research through MC, it present for us the importance of MC in the field of medical physics despite its timely consuming and need technical knowledge. 27 5.2 Recommendations. The previous study was conducted to define to what extend that Monte Carlo code could he a benefit tool in simulation of 60Co therapy machine .Through the research in this field I recommend to continue the work to design multi - leaf collimator (MLC) for 60Co therapy machine. Moreover, we can determine Monte Carlo approach as tool to generate accurate data for treatment planning purposes. Also BEAMnrc, MC code could be used to investigate the characterization of other particle e.g. electron, and electron & photon. Finally, and as one ofthe research field , I strongly recommend to continue the study through use of MC simulations to verify the intensive modulated radiotherapy treatment planning (IMRT), based on patient phantoms built from CT data. 28 References Active State - Active Tel User Guide . إ Ahmad AJ-Basheer. A New Approach for Reducing Scattered ?hotons and Electron Contamination In Cobalt-60 Therapy Beam. M.S. Thesis, University OfFlorida,2004.Availablefrom:http://etd.fcIa.edu/UF/UFE0004410/aIbasheer_a.pdf. [cited in 2004]. B Muir, □ Xiong, T. Palani Selvarn and D.W.O. Rogers : Co phase-space files generated using BEAMnrc, CLRP-Report CLRP-09-01 4. B. Walters, I. Kawrakow and D.W.O. Rogers, DOSX^Znrc Users Manual, NRCC Report ?^S-794revB cIe Transport Code؛Briesmeister j F (ed) 1997 MCNP-A General Monte Carlo N-part .ق Version 4B LA-12625-M. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory Rogers, BEAMDP as a General-Purpose Utility, NRCC Report PIRS-0509(E) revA C.-MS. Ma and D.W.O. Rogers, Ionizing BEAMDP Users Manual, NRCC ,2010,Report PIRS-0509(C) revA Carlsson Tedgren A, de Luelnio s, Grindborg JE ,Characterization of a 60Co unit at a secondary standard dosimetry laboratory: Monte Carlo simulations compared to measurements and results from the literature. Med Phys. 2010 Jun; 37(6):2777-86. s Li, j Deng, E Mok, A Kapur, L Xing, L Ma and A ت ,C-M Ma, T Pawlicki, s B Jiang Monte Carlo verification of IMRT dose distributions from a commercial ٠ L Boyer treatment 5)4 9(:2483-؛treatment planning optimization system , Phys Med Biol. 2000 Sep؛ 10. C-M. Ma and D.W.O. Rogers, Beam Characterization: a Multiple-source Model, January 2010Vassiliev ON, Titt U, Kry SF, Ponisch F, Gillin MT, Mohan R. Monte Carlo study of photon fields from a flattening filter-free clinical accelerator.^fed Phys.2006 Apr; 33(4):820-7. 11. Cukier, Daniel, and Virginia McCullough. Coping with Radiation Therapy. Los Angeles: Lowell House, 2001. 29 2. D.W.O. Rogers, B. Walters, L Kawrakow, BEAMnrc Users Manual NRCCReportPIRS-0509(A) revK. 13. DAV.Rogers, B.A. Faddegon, G.X.Ding, C.Ma, and J.We, BEAM: A Monte Carlo code to simulate radiotherapy treatment units. Medical Physics, Vol.22, N o.5, M a^ 995. 14. Del Regato JA. Gosta Forsell, Int. j. Radiation Oncol Bioi Physics,1977; 2; 783-70 15. E.B. Podgorsak Treatment Machines for External Beam Radiotherapy, Department Medical Physics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Can Stephen M. Seltzer و Electron-photon MonteCarlo calculations: ETRAN code .16 2002 Radiation Therapy ,Third Edition, central axis depth ؛ ٥ Faiz -M. Khan, The Physics .17 dose data for use in radiotherapy .Br j Radiol 1996 ;Supplement 11. Frank Verhaegen and Ian Seuntjens ,Monte Carlo modeling of external radiotherapy ,R107 ﻫ ﺘ ﻖphoton beams , Physics in Medicine and Biology , 2003 Phys. Med. 48 .1 Volume 4 8 . 19. G.M. Mora, A.Maio, D.w Rogers .Monte Carlo simulation o fa typical 60Co therapy source. Med ?hys. 1999 NTov; 2o(ll):2494-502 20. H.C.E .McGowan, B.A.. Faddegon and C.M.Ma, state dose for 3D dose distributions P ^ S -0509(F), 2009. Eric j. (2000). Radiobiology for the radiologist. Philadelphia: Lippincott WilUams , ه11 .21 Wiikins. p. 351. ISBN 0781726492, 9780781726498. 22. Hossain Deloar, Jonathan Griffin, M^r^ Bird, Ben Wilder, Steve Morgan, Wen-lon Hsieh, Graham Sorell and Etsuo Knieda ,Evaluation Of Clinical Dose Distributions Using Monte Carlo Methods, World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedic Engineering 2006, FFMBE Proceedings, 2007, Volume 14, Partl2 . http://www.activestate.com/Products/ActiveTcl [5], respectively. 24. http://www.irs.inms.nrc.ca/BEAM/beamhome.html. 25. http://www.irs.inms.nrc.ca/inms/irs/EGSnrc/EGSnrc.htmI) 26. http://w'ww.rtanswers.com/treatmentinformation/cancertypes/breast/possiblesideeffects aspx 30 The ﺀ D.W.O. Rogers , F. Tessier and B.R.B. Walters ﺀ Mainegra-Hing ٠ £ ,I. Kawrakow .27 EGSnrc Code System: Monte Carlo Simulation o f Elytron and Photon Transport, NRCC Report PIRS-701 28. I. Kawrakow, The dose visualization tool dosxyz _show, NRCC Report pIRS-0624 29. I.Kawfakow, E. Mainegra-Hing and D. w. 0 . Rogers, EGSnrcMP: the multi-platform environment for EGSnre, NRCC Report PIRS-877 30. IAEA Training Materials on Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 31. j. R. Treurniet, B. R Walters, I. Kawrakow and D. w. o. Rogers , BEAMnrc, DOSXYZnrc and BEAMDP GUI User’s Manual, NRCC Report PIRS-0623(rev C) 32. Jake Van Dyk and Jerry j. Battista, Cobalt-60: An Old Modality, A Renewed Challenge, Physics Department, London Regional Cancer Centre, London, Ontario, Canada. 33. James E. Rodgers ,Monte Carlo simulations of dose deposition applied to clinical radiation therapy, Elsevier ,Radiation Measurements 41, 20Q7. 34. Jennifer Campbell, Paul Gries, Jason M onto^ and Greg Wilson. Practical Programming. An Introduction to Computer Science Using Python Pradush Narayan, Fenedit Jesuraj, M. R ﺀ Komanduri M. A^angar, M. Dinesh Kumar .35 Raju , Monte Carlo simulation of a multi-leaf collimator design for telecobalt machine using BEAMnrc code, Journal ofMedical Physics, Vol. 35, No. 1, 23-32 ,2009 36. P.Downes and E .Spezi Simulating oblique incident irradiation using the BEAMnrc Monte Carlo code, 2009 Phys. Med. Biol. 54 N93 Ponisch F, Titt U, Vassiliev ON, Kry SF, Mohan R، Properties of unflattened photon .37 beams shaped by a multileaf collimator. Med Phys. 2006 Jun; 33(6):1738-46. 38. Radiation doses from low energy X-ray beams measured with synthetic diamond compared with calculated values obtained from the PENELOPEMonteCarlocode ,M. Assiamahl, T.L. Nam, and R.J. Keddy, 2007 39. Regulatory Authority Information System (RAIS). Characterization of the 60Co therapy unit Siemens ﺀ Sandro Carlos de Luelmo .40 Gammatron 1 using BEAMnrc Monte Carlo simulations ,Thesis for Master of Science in Medical Radiation Physics . Stockholm University, Sweden: 2006. 31 Sonia M. Reda^ Eman Massoud, Magda s. Hanafyl, Ibrahem I. Bashterl and Esmat A. Amin Monte Carlo Dose Calculations for Breast Radiotherapy using 6OC0 Gamma Rays, Journal ofNuclear and Radiation Physics, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2006, pp. 61-77,, Thames, HD, Hendry, JH. Fractionation in radiotherapy. Taylor and Francis, London, 1987. Timothy j. Barth, Michael Griebel , David E. Keyes, Risto M, Nieminen , Dirk Roose and Tamar Schlick .A Primer on Scientific Programming with Python 32 Appendix A: Technical Terminology SAS: Sudan Academy of Sciences RICK: Radioisotope Centre of Khartoum RAIS: Regulatory Authority Information System ©MEGA: Ottawa Madison Electron Gamma Algorithm NRC: National Research Council o f Canada MC: Monte Carlo ETRAN: Electron TRANsport PENELOPE: PENetration and Energy fOss ofPositron and Electrons (few hundred eV and 1 GeV.) GEANT4: GEometry ANd Tracking EGS: Electron Gamma Shower Tel: Active Tool kit CM: Component Modules GUI: Graphical User Interface DP: Data Processor MP: Multi-Platform MCTP: Monte Carlo Treatment Planning SSD: Surface to Skin Distance CT: Computed Tomography MLC : Multi-leaf Collimator RAM: Random Access Memory FWHM :Full Width at HalfMaximum 33 APPENDIX B : installation process ofEGSnrc Installing EGSnrcMP ل.ل The EGSnrcMP is available in atwww.irs.inms.nrc.ca/inms/irs/EGSnrc.1There is different operating system such as Linux/Unix, Windows and Mac osx, and the appropriate version for your system is downloadable, e.g. in this study we work on Windows operating system. 1.2 Installing OMEGA/BEAM Once EGSnrcM? has been successfully installed, the system now is ready to install the OMEGA/BEAM system (including BEAMnrc, DOSXYZnrc, BEAMDP, ctcreate , and other utility codes). The installation can be obtained onsiteat:www.irs.inms.nrc.ca/inms/irs؛from the OMEGA/BEAMdistribut 1.3 Use of BEAMnrc as user package Specifying the machine specify simulated machine by defining the names of the component modules which will form the machine, the CMs that are used in this study are discussed in details in Appendix c. Building the machine After specifying the machine, it has to be build, which corresponds to concatenating all of the relevant source code for the CMs and editing it to avoid duplicate variable names and orders, €Ms are not overlapped. Executing the machine The execution ofthe machine consists oftvvo steps: Compiling the machine By the end of this step file would been generated in the C: / directory under the name BEAM_my machine .e.g . B EAiM RICKMCOO. 34 Running the machine This step takes reiativeiy long time may be hours and by the end a phase space file would be generated may be from hundreds ofmega byte. 1.4 B E ^ n r c O utput Files By the end of the running process a phase space file would been generated inside C: / directory under the name BEAM_my machine , this file contains the simulation results ,e.g. spectrum , flunce , percentage depth dose ...... and beam profile . 35 Appendix c : BEAMnrc Interfaces r*n ٣ ؟ < i < BEAMnrc Graphical User Interface ؛؛ 2.0 أﺀ | أ4 آﺀاﻛﻢﺀهﺀ1 اﺀﺀأﺑﻢ؛ مii ٠دأ، •؛-؛ .-؛' ءم.؛ ا،اال أﺋت ؛oncnng Radtauon ١٠٠.؛‘ •" [• آ- ا.' ا-،! ﻧ ﺎ.-.ا ﻣﺎ>ء NalfOn.^i ٢١٢ ؛ ء ﻋ ﺎ أ أ أ15 ؛أ ١؛ - '> ؛؛ '؛Hip■؛ آ Pesean; h ﻣ ﺟ ﺂ ﻣ م£ هءأﻧﺢ^م ؛١ م.؛اﻛﻞﺀ أ'00ن ﺀ9م؟أ آ،ﻣﻮ ؛ *Copy ﻣﺛذﻣﺢن« ﺳ ﺪ ، ص Figure (3): BEAMnrc as tool for build the radiotherapy treatm ent machine Figure (4): BEAMDF for analyses the phase space files generated from running of BEAMnrc 36 ب ٠؛ A ر 4 DOSXYZnrc which play as transport code to define the percentage depth dose :( و) Figure and beam profile in eomputed tomography (CT) matrix or water phantom ز- 1ن• Figure (23): the source capsule as it simulated by BEAMnrc 37 Figure (24): !he primary collimator as it simulated by BEAMnrc Figure (25): secondary collimator as it simulated by BEAMnrc for filed size 5 cm x 5cm view from X and Y axis . 38 Figure (26) air gab as it simulated by BEAMnrc 39 Appendix D:Reports of Medical Physics Department in RICK Medical Physics Department report for patients treated in 2007, in RICK Months EQUINOX ELEKTA MDS January 150 350 ° 1679 ﻫ ﻪFebruary 11 ° March ^106 356 ٠ April 819 3125 ° 1682 3601 ٠ M ay June 1277 1^21 ° July 1284 ٠ August 170 505 ° September 3146 360 638 October 1917 1291 3122 Novem ber 1367 2994 2833 December 1343 456 4863 Total 14437 11466 25049 ELEKTA and MDS devices in RICK ٠ ^ ه ^ ا ال ه£ number of patients that treated by :(ل) Table in 2007 40 Medical ?hysies department report for patients treated in 2008 in RICK Months EQUINOX ELEKTA MDS Total January 73 28 92 193 February 36 14 55 105 March 26 53 85 6 April 26 30 86 142 45 26 19 ه May June 12 79 100 ■ ٠ July 4 68 75 ئ August 41 20 61 ° 70 ٥ September 64 6 65 31 96 ° November 66 57 118 ° 109 54 ه December 55 Total 465 112 622 1199 ELEKTA and MDS devices in RICK in , ^٠٧١ ^ ٥£ Table (2): number of patients that treated by 2008 41