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Potential Efficacy of the Monte Carlo Dose Calculations of 6MV Flattening

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Potential Efficacy of the Monte Carlo Dose Calculations of 6MV Flattening Potential Efficacy of the Monte Carlo Dose Calculations of 6MV Flattening Filter-Free Photon Beam of M6™ Cyberknife® System by Taindra Neupane A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Charles E. Schmidt College of Science in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Professional Science Master Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL December 2018 Copyright 2018 by Taindra Neupane ii Acknowledgements First, I would like to express my gratitude to my Advisor, Dr. Charles Shang for providing me the opportuinity to do this research at Lynn Cancer Institute, Boca Raton Regional Hospital at Boca Raton and his guidance, enthusiasm and motivation which helped me to accomplish this reasearch. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Theodora Leventouri, and Dr. Silvia Pella for their constructive guidance and support. I am particularly grateful to Dr. Theodora Leventouri, Professor of Physics, for her relentless encouragement, direction and assistance for my academics at the department. I am also thankful to all the faculty members and fellow graduate students in the department of physics who contributed to my learning process directly and indirectly. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Francescon and Dr. Reynaert for providing the sample input files, the EGSnrc Google Plus Forum for answering my questions during the MC simulations, Musfiqur Rahaman for his help in technical problems, and my family members for their continuous support. iv Abstract Author: Taindra Neupane Title: Potential Efficacy of the Monte Carlo Dose Calculations of 6MV Flattening Filter-Free Photon Beam of M6™ Cyberknife® System Institution: Florida Atlantic University Thesis Co-Advisors: Dr. Charles Shang Dr. Theodora Leventouri Degree: Professional Science Master Year: 2018 MapCheck measurements for 50 retrospective patient’s treatment plans suggested that MapCheck could be effectively employed in routine patient specific quality assurance in M6 Cyberknife with beams delivered at different treatment angles. However, these measurements also suggested that for highly intensity modulated MLC plans, field segments of width < 8 mm should further be analyzed with a modified (-4%) correction factor. Results of MC simulations of the M6 Cyberknife using the EGSnrc program for 2- 5 millions of incident particles in BEAMnrc and 10-20 millions in DOSXYZnrc have shown dose uncertainties within 2% for open fields from 7.6 x 7.7 mm2 to 100 x 100 mm2. Energy and corresponding FWHM were optimized by comparing with water phantom measurements at 800 mm SAD resulting to E = 7 MeV and FWHM = 2.2 mm. Good agreement of dose profiles (within 2%) and outputs (within 3%) were found between the MC simulations and water phantom measurements for the open fields. v Potential Efficacy of the Monte Carlo Dose Calculations of 6MV Flattening Filter- Free Photon Beam of M6™ Cyberknife® System List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures .................................................................................................................... xi List of Equations .............................................................................................................. xiv 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Radiation Therapy ................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 Photon Interactions with Human Tissue ....................................................... 4 1.1.2 Measuring Radiation Dose ............................................................................ 5 1.2 Cavity Theories .................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1 Bragg-Gray Cavity Theory ........................................................................... 7 1.2.2 Spencer-Attix Cavity Theory ...................................................................... 10 1.2.3 Burlin Cavity Theory .................................................................................. 12 1.3 Monte Carlo Simulations in Radiation Therapy ................................................ 13 1.4 Small Field Dosimetry ....................................................................................... 15 1.4.1 Background and Problems .......................................................................... 18 1.4.2 IAEA/AAPM Formalism for Reference Dosimetry of Small and Nonstandard Fields ..................................................................................... 19 vi 1.5 Diode Array (Mapcheck) ................................................................................... 20 1.6 M6 Cyberknife ................................................................................................... 22 2.1 Experimental Setup ................................................................................................. 24 2.2 Data Collection ....................................................................................................... 26 2.3 Dose Calculation Algorithms .................................................................................. 30 2.3.1 Ray-Tracing Dose Calculation Algorithm ....................................................... 30 2.3.2 Monte Carlo (MC) Dose Calculation Algorithm ............................................. 32 2.3.3 Finite-Size Pencil Beam Dose Calculation Algorithm .................................... 33 2.4 Monte Carlo Modeling ............................................................................................ 34 2.4.1 BEAMnrc Program .......................................................................................... 34 2.4.2 DOSXYZnrc Program ..................................................................................... 44 2.5 MC Model Validation Process ................................................................................ 47 3. Results and Discussion ................................................................................................. 52 3.1 Retrospective Measurements .................................................................................. 52 3.2 MC Model Validation ............................................................................................. 54 3.2.1 Field Size Verification: Dose Profiles ............................................................. 55 3.2.2 TMR Comparison: Depth Dose Curves ........................................................... 61 3.2.3 Gamma Evaluation........................................................................................... 65 4. Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 70 5. Future Works ................................................................................................................ 72 vii Appendices ........................................................................................................................ 73 A. BEAMnrc Input File .............................................................................................. 73 B. DOSXYZnrc Input File.......................................................................................... 81 7. References ..................................................................................................................... 85 viii List of Tables Table 1: Transformation of the IMLC coordinates between the treatment plans to MC plans for open fields. ................................................................................... 40 Table 2: Statistics for MapCheck QA measurements that were performed retrospectively on patient plans. ......................................................................... 52 Table 3:MapCheck calibration based on field size dependence tests against Edge detector and RTPS data ...................................................................................... 53 ix List of Figures Figure 1: Schematic diagrams of two radiation therapy modes: (A) Photon therapy mode, (B) Electron therapy mode1. .................................................................... 3 Figure 2: X-ray photon interactions with DNA ................................................................. 5 Figure 3: Schematics of Source to Surface Distance (SSD) and Source to Axis Distance (SAD) set-ups in photon reference dosimetry (Courtesy-AAPM TG-51). ............................................................................................................... 6 Figure 4: The schematics of B-G cavity theory for the particles passing through gas cavity enclosed by wall material. ....................................................................... 8 Figure 5: Schematics of the small field dosimetry. .......................................................... 16 Figure 6: Schematics of the broad field dosimetry. ......................................................... 17 Figure 7: Cyberknife (CK M6TM FIM) Robotic Radiosurgery System (Accuray Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) equipped with three interchangeable collimator systems (Fixed, Iris, and Incise 2 MLC). (http://www.accuray.co.jp/company-history/) ................................................. 22 Figure 8: Schematics of M6 Cyberknife with Incise 2 MLC (IMLC) (Courtesy: Asmerom et al 2016). ......................................................................................
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