Indicators Status and Trend Assessment

7/22/2015

BioRA Preparation Meeting Office of the Secretariat in Vientiane 04 – 11 July 2015

Frog and reptile Indicators Status and Trend Assessment

Sereywath Pich Hoang Minh Duc

Indicator: Ranid and Helid amphibian • Hylarana nigrovittata

Status: • Unwell known, even in the IUCN list is just considered as least concerned species • Hylarana, for the last 15 Statusyears In Abundancethe Lower estimates Mekong as % relative River, to is2015 slightly Area declining 2015 1900 1950 1970 2000

Mekong• Hylarana River in Laosis under PDR threat Cby some123 factors% 123 % 123% 110%

MekongThreats River in Laos PDR/Thailand C 123% 123% 123% 110% • Effort for food consumption Mekong• Loss River of habitat,in Cambodia forest canopyC over123 its% stream,123% caused123 %by destruction110%

Tonleand Sap degradation River for agricultural,- -wood and- power plan- -

Tonle Sap Great Lake - - - - -

Mekong Delta - - - - -

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Indicator: Ranid and Helid amphibian Status:• Hoplobatrachus rugulosus • Tiger frog inhabits in various environment refugium, such as paddy field, irrigation infrastructure, fish pond, agricultural farm, ditch, floodplain wetland, forest pools, and other wet area • Tiger frog also encounteredStatus fromAbundance sea estimates level as up % relative to to700m 2015 asl. (Diesmos Area et al. 2004) 2015 1900 1950 1970 2000 • The global population, generally, is believed in stable condition Mekong River in Laos PDR C 123% 123% 123% 111% (Diesmos et al 2004) but it become rare in the lowland

Mekong• Tiger River infrog Laos PDR/Thailand is listed asC Least Concern123% in view123% of its wide123% distribution, 111% tolerance of a broad range of habitats and presumed large population Mekong River in Cambodia C 123%This species is123% widespread 123% from central,111% southern Threats and south-western China including Taiwan, Hong Tonle• Over Sap River-exploitation forC food consumption,123%Kong and Macau notably123% to Myanmar VN’123% Mekong through Thailand, delta111% Lao People's Democratic Republic, Viet Nam and Tonle• Loss Sap Great of Lake habitat due toC transforming123%Cambodia for ricesouth123% promotion to the123% Thai -Malay111% peninsula • Pollution and hydrological change,159%(Diesmos and et others al159% 2004 , Nguyen et al. 2009). Mekong Delta C 159% 143%

Indicator: Aquatic serpents • Enhydris bocourti Status: This• Found species in isfreshwater endemic swamps, shallow lakes, pools and other stagnant to Southeast Asia water habitats in the lowland and low hills at elevation up to ca 200m including Thailand, Malaysia,(Das 2010, Cambodia, Murphy and 2007), and also near water bodies (Das 2010). Viet• Bocourt Nam (Murphy water 2007).snake was common in the rural areas surrounding Status Abundance estimates as % relative to 2015 AlongAreaBangkok Mekong (Smith,1914). River, this species• Bocourt is reported, in Cambodia,1991 to 2015 -2001,1900 declined1950 due to fishing1970 effort2000 for occurMekongmarket River in thein Laos in Cambodian PDR China (Zhou - and Jiang- 2004) - - - floodplain,• Bocourt the, in TonleVietnam, Sap reported as the most exploited reptile in the GreatMekong River Lake in Laos (Brooks PDR/Thailand et al. - - - - - Mekong Delta (Stuart 2000, Hoang and Ho 2013, Hoang and Vo 2013, 2007) and the Mekong Goodall and Simon 2010) deltaMekong River(Hoang in Cambodia and Vo D 250% 250% 250% 200% 2013, Nguyen et al. 2006,ThreatsTonle Sap NguyenRiver et al. D 250% 250% 250% 200%

2009).•TonleOver Sap Great exploitation Lake is theD main threat250% to this250 species% in250 its% range 200in %LMB.

Mekong Delta D 312% 312% 312% 250%

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Indicator: Aquatic serpents

Status: Cylindrophis ruffus • It inhabits both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. It occurs a wide range of habitat including natural and artificial ones such thrive in wet, open, lowland habitats, include rice fields, gardens, road-side ditches, canals, ponds, and lakes (Wogan et al. 2012) up to 1676 m (Das

2010). It is nocturnalStatus and subfossorialAbundance estimates. It feeds as % relativemainly to 2015 on other snakes Area and eels, and is a good2015 swimmer1900 (Das 2010).1950 1970 2000 • At the global population is more likely to be increasing than declining •MekongTonle River inSap Laos andPDR the floodplain- of- Cambodia- and in Vietnam’s- Mekong- Mekong River in Laos Delta rapidly decline- ? ? ? ? •PDR/ThailandIt steady decline and is about 30-50 percent of that for 15-20 years occursMekongago, River reportedfrom in Cambodia Myanmar by shop- throughowners,? Dongsouthern Thap? ,China, Hau Giang and? andsouthward Can? Tho . to IndonesiaTonle Sap River (Adler et alC. 1992). It 220appears% to198 %be absent,178% in Laos,143 %in the

UpperThreatTonle Sap Great Mekong Lake LowlandC and Southern220% Lowland198% (Bain178 and% Hurley143 %2011 ).

The•MekongOver species Delta-harvesting is quite for commonC local and in Cambodiaoutside257% market floodplain,231% 208 the% Tonle167 Sap% and the Mekong delta (Bain and Hurley 2011).

Status: Indicator: Semi-aquatic serpents •ThreatsThis species occurs in wide range of habitats including wet and dry •CoelognathusOverforests, exploitation particularly radiatusis the in clearings main threat and to edges, this species and in grasslands,in its range in LMB. plantations, agricultural fields, even in suburban and urban areas. Not much in the forest, but found much around human habitation and rice fields (Nguyen et al 2014). • Thailand were reported to be decline due to exporting to China 25 years ago but now are stable or increasing (Nguyen et al 2014) & In Status Abundance estimates as % relative to 2015 AreaVietnam, population decline estimated at least 50% 2015 1900 1950 1970 2000 • The species is traded for food and medicinal purposes (Stuart 2004).

Mekong• in Viet River Nam, in Laos this PDR species- is one- of the most- common- snakes - in MekongThis species River in Laosoccurs from India across southern China to Hong restaurants, and in snake- wine- (Stuart 2004,- Hoang- 2013). - PDR/ThailandThreatKong, then southward through Sumatra and Java to Borneo. It Mekong•is widespreadOverharvesting, River in Cambodia within habitat CLMB loss, (Bain land200% use and change, Hurley180% & 2011) urban150% enlargementand 110%has Tonle•beenthe Sap recordedspecies River may between be exposedC 20 to and200% pesticides 1,515180% andm asl other (Nguyen150% pollutants et110% al in Tonle2014).agricultural Sap Great Lake areas, includingC rice200% fields within180% its range,150% reported110% by Mekong Nguyen Delta et al. (2014) D 400% 330% 300% 200%

Threats • Over exploitation is the main threat to this species in its range in LMB. 7/22/2015

Status: Indicator: Semi-aquatic serpents •PythonBurmese bivittatus python is mostly found in forested areas, including mangrove forests and rainforests,Status but isAbundance also found estimates in open as % areas relative such to 2015 as Areagrasslands, or aquatic habitat such as marshes, streams and rivers 2015 1900 1950 1970 2000 (Stuart et al. 2012). This species is able to live on trees, on land and Mekongaquatic River environment. in Laos D 277% 277% 250% 200% •PDRBurmese python is rare in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Viet Nam (Stuart et al 2012). The population in Vietnam is estimated a decline of more Mekong River in Laos than 80% over 10 yearsD (MONRE277% and VAST277% 2007). 250% 200% PDR/Thailand • Burmese python is reported to be common in Thailand, where it is Mekongwell protectedRiver (Stuartin et al 2012). D 277% 277% 250% 200% Cambodia Threat Tonle Sap River D 277% 277% 250% 200% The• overexploitation Burmese Pythonfor food and is skins,a widely illegal trade, distributed habitat loss species and foundTonledegraded Sap Greatthroughout Lakeand prey depletion D Southeast (Stuart277% et alAsia 2012,277%. MONREThey250% and are VAST 200%also 2007). widespreadMekong Delta in LMB E(Stuart 1111% et al. 20121111% ). 1000% 500%

Indicator: Aquatic turtles Status: • Live in marshes, swamps, and large muddyAmyda rivers at cartilaginea lower elevations. • At global, population was estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 20% over the last 10 years • Reduction of at least 20%, projected or suspected to be met within the next ten years or three generations (Asian Turtle Status Abundance estimates as % relative to 2015 AreaTrade Working Group 2000). • Population reduction,2015 in Vietnam,1900 was estimated1950 of1970 up to 20%2000 in Mekong River in Laos some area (MONRE- and VAST- 2007). - - - PDR• In Ban Houaykhoualouang, Laos, found a low number of ‘large’ Mekongindividuals River in Laos caught , reported by local residents. The same status as C 200% 200% 180% 140% PDR/ThailandTheLaos Asiatic in Stung softshell Treng turtle, Cambodia is native (Timmins to Brunei 2006). Darussalam; Cambodia; MekongThreatIndonesia; River Lao in People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Myanmar; C 200% 200% 180% 140% Cambodia•Singapore;overexploitation, Thailand; illegal Viet Nam. trade, Along declination/ Mekong degradation River, this species of occupancy was Tonlerecordedarea Sap and River in preyCan Thodepletion (Vietnam),C (Stuart 200%Stung et al Treng 2012,200% (Cambodia) MONRE 180% and (Timmins VAST 140%2007). 2006), Vientiane (Stuart and Plat 2004), and up to Ban Houaykhoualouang Tonle• it isSap probably Great Lake impacted C by water200% regime 200%changes due180% to hydropower140% (Laosoperation. PDR) (IUCN 2013). Mekong Delta C 200% 200% 180% 140%

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Indicator: Aquatic turtles Malayan snail-eating turtle Malayemys subtrijuga Status • The population in the Tonle Sap system is reported to have decline by as much as 90% dueAbundance to overexploitation estimates as and % eggrelative Status Area collection (Platt et al. 2008).to 2015 • In Viet Nam, the population2015 1900 is estimated 1950 to have1970 been reduced2000 by c. 50% due to exploitation plus habitat loss and agricultural

Mekong Riverpollution in Laos (MONRE PDR and- VAST- 2007). - - - MekongIUCN River 2000 in Laos Threats: ? ? ? ? ? PDR/Thailand • harvesting pressure (overexploitation and egg TheMekong Malayan River snail in Cambodia eating turtle ? is native? to Cambodia,? ? Indonesia,? Lao collection); PDR,Tonle Malaysia,Sap River Thailand and? Viet Nam? (Asian? Turtle? Trade Working? Group •2000wildlife). Along trade; Mekong land River,use changes; the species was recorded up to Tonle Sap Great Lake E 2469% 2222% 2000% 1000% Vientiane• agricultural (Stuart and Platt pollution, 2004). and hydrological changes Mekong Delta D 400% 350% 300% 200 %

Indicator: Semi-aquatic Turtles Status: • The species occurs mainly tropical rainforestCuora areas amboinensis and often in the rice paddies, marshes, and shallow ponds in these tropical areas (Barbour and Ernst 1992, Bourret 1943). • Malayan box turtleStatus populations Abundance are declining estimates asdue % relative to national to 2015 Area and international 2015trade in Asian1900 countries.1950 1970 2000 • The species is considered Endangered in Cambodia, Lao, Viet Nam Mekong River in Laos and Vulnerable in Thailand- (IUCN- 2000).- Altherr and- Freyer -(2010) PDR reported that Cuora amboinensis is the most commonly Mekong River in Laos imported Asian turtle- in the -US between- 1993 and- 1995 -and PDR/Thailandhave suffered a precipitous decline within the past decade. •MekongThe Malayan River in box turtles Cuora amboinensis is numbernative to of Bangladesh, Malayan In Mekong Delta, NguyenD et al198. (2006)% reported198% 178% 143% CambodiaCambodia,box turtle Lao, has Vietbeen Nam greatly; Vulnerable reduced inrecently India, comparedIndonesia, toMalaysia, about TonleThailandten Sap years River (Asian ago Turtle on theD Trade basic ofWorking198 interview% Group198s with% 2000 local178). Withinpeople% 143.LMB, % the species occurs in the Mekong Delta, the Cambodia interior and up to ThreatTonleChampasak Sap Great Province Lake Dof Lao PDR198 to% Cambodia 198% and178 Vietnam’s% 143 Mekong% Delta (Bourret 1941). •Mekongoverexploitation, Delta illegalE trade,308 and% habitat 278 loss% 250% 200%

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Indicator: Semi-aquatic Turtles Status: • At global scale, the species is decline throughoutHeosemys its range grandis. Within LMB, the Heosemys grandis to be uncommon to rare, and presumed to be depleted in most areas (van Dijk, 1999). No information on population status in Viet Nam is available (Hendrie, 2000) Statusbut the speciesAbundance is estimated estimates to as reduce % relative up to to 2015 20% Area due to overexploitation2015 (MONRE1900 and VAST1950 2007) . 1970 2000 Mekong• Heosemys River ingrandis Laos is considered VU A1d+2d in Cambodia, Lao and - - - - - PDRViet Nam. The limited data for Thailand suggest at least VU A1d. Mekong River in Laos Threat ? ? ? ? ? PDR/Thailand • overexploitation and egg collection: Collection for consumption Mekong• A native River to Cambodia; in Laos; Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand; & VN • Land use changes: habitatD loss198 and% degra198 % 178% 143% Cambodia• Widespread in wetlands in lowlands, low hill terrain, limestone • region).change in water nhabitslevel and streams, irregular rivershydrological and freshwater regime will marshes cause loss Tonle Sap River It also i D 198% 198% 178% 143% of habitat, nesting places Tonle• Agricultural Sap Great Lake pollution, Dand 198% 198% 178% 143% Mekong• Climate Delta change: reproductivitiyD 277 % 277% 250% 200%

Amphibians available for human consumption

Status:LMB, the East Asian bullfrog Abundance estimates as % relative to •HoplobatrachusUp to now, most rugulosus studiesStatus, Asian on biodiversity in general and amphibian in Area 2015 grassparticular frog Fejervarya just focused limnocharis on species, richness and number of species crabthat-eating most frog harvested Fejervarya 2015by local people1900 than 1950the amount 1970 or quantity2000 of cancrivoraMekongamphibians River are thatmostin are exploited available in forthe human consumption •MekongCurrently, Delta there and the isC floodplainno systematic124% survey124% on amphibian124% trade112% and Laos PDR whileexploitation Limnonectes and spp., little Ordorrana is known about the trend of amount of Mekong River in spp.amphibian are often being caught exploitedC in upland 124% 124% 124% 112% areasLaos PDR/Thailand (Hoang and Vo 2013, Nguyen ThreatetMekong al 2006, River Timmins in 2006). Food and •AgricultureSteady decreased Organization dueC to habitat124% loss, unsustainable124% 124% harvesting, 112% Cambodiaagricultural pollution and extreme climatic events. •TonleLand Sap cover River changes, C Land use120% changes, Impoundments120% 120% 110% •TonleHarvesting Sap Great pressure • Agricultural pollutionC 124% 124% 124% 112% Lake

Mekong Delta C 140% 140% 140% 125%

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Aquatic/ semi-aquatic reptiles available for human exploitation

Status: Status Abundance estimates as % relative to 2015 Area• Generally, there are active activity for local consumption and trade. 2015 1900 1950 1970 2000 • Some information in relation to water snake is foundabl for Mekong River in Laos Cambodia, Laos andC Viet Nam185% 185% 167% 133%

PDR MekongAquatic River and in semi Laos- aquatic reptiles including turtles, large lizards, and Threat C 185% 185% 167% 133% PDR/Thailand•snakesLand coverare consumed changes: loss for of food habitats and traditionaland shelters, medicine, prey depletion or sold to Mekongtraders River who in visit villages in most study areas along Mekong River • Land use changes: Closs of habitats185% and shelters,185% prey167% depletion 133% Cambodia•(HoangUrbanisation and Ngo: loss2014, of Nguyen habitats et and al. shelters,2006, Stuart prey 1999depletion, Stuart et al. Tonle•2000,Harvesting Sap Stuart River and pressure: PlattC 2004, adult Stuart and185% eggs 2004, collection, Timmins185% illegal 2006167% )wildlife. Most 133%studies trade Tonle•identifiedAgricultural Sap Great numbers Lake pollution: ofD species pesticides, being296% fertilizers… exploited296% by cause local267% animalpeople death and200% some and others documented amount people harvested by day or season and the Mekongprey Deltadepletion. D 296% 296% 267% 200% trend of exploitation.

Species richness of riparian amphibians

Status Abundance estimates as % relative to 2015 MostArea amphibians are water dependent species2015. They1900 300 1950 1970 2000 Mekong River in Laos 250 prefer living in calm100% areas100% 100% 100% 100% PDR within stream and 200 Mekong River in Laos 100% 100% 150 100% 100% 100% wetlands,PDR/Thailand low level of water fluctuation and low 100 Mekong River in 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% sedimentCambodia flow. Change in 50 river and sediment flow 0 Tonle Sap River 100% 100% 100%MEK CMB SLU 100%SLL SAN CAN UML100%NAN NWU will lead to change in Tonle Sap Great Lake 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% species richness of riparian Total Amphibians Reptiles Mekong Delta 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% and floodplain amphibians.

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THANKS YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION