DOCSLIB.ORG

Sarcocystis Infection in Cattle and Pigs and Its Public Health Implications in Zaria, Nigeria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sarcocystis Infection in Cattle and Pigs and Its Public Health Implications in Zaria, Nigeria SARCOCYSTIS INFECTION IN CATTLE AND PIGS AND ITS PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS IN ZARIA, NIGERIA BY Ifeoma Nancy OBIJIAKU DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA FEBRUARY, 2012 1 SARCOCYSTIS INFECTION IN CATTLE AND PIGS AND ITS PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS IN ZARIA, NIGERIA BY Ifeoma Nancy OBIJIAKU (ABU, 2008) MSc./VET-MED/00332/08-09 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA. FEBRUARY, 2012 2 DECLARATION I declare that the work in the thesis titled: ‘Sarcocystis Infection in Cattle and Pigs and its Public Health Implications in Zaria, Nigeria’, has been performed by me in the Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine under the supervision of Prof. I. Ajogi, Prof. J. U. Umoh and Prof. Idris A. Lawal. The information derived from the literature has been duly acknowledged in the text and list of references provided. No part of this thesis was previously presented for another degree or diploma at any university. IFEOMA NANCY OBIJIAKU __________________ ___________________ Name of Student Signature Date 3 CERTIFICATION This thesis titled “SARCOCYSTIS INFECTION IN CATTLE AND PIGS AND ITS PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS IN ZARIA, NIGERIA” meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Master of Science of Ahmadu Bello University, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. Prof. I. Ajogi, DVM, MPVM, PhD ------------------------------ ------------------------ Chairman, Supervisory Committee Signature Date Dept. of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Prof. J. U. Umoh, DVM, MSPH, PhD ----------------------------- ------------------------ Member, Supervisory Committee Signature Date Dept. of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Prof. Idris A. Lawal, DVM, MSc, PhD ---------------------------- ------------------------ Member, Supervisory Committee Signature Date Dept. of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Dr. J. Kabir, DVM, MSc, PhD ---------------------------- ------------------------ Head of Department Signature Date Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Prof. A. A. Joshua ------------------------------ ----------------------- Dean, School of Postgraduate studies Signature Date Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank God Almighty for his protection, guidance and providence during the period of my study. My sincere thanks go to my supervisors Professors I. Ajogi, Idris A. Lawal and J. U. Umoh for their immeasurable advice and patience during the course of my study. I also thank my beloved parents for their love, understanding, moral and financial support. I could not have done this without them. They shall live long to see their great grand and grand children, Amen. I also thank Professor C.A. Kudi, Dr M. Bisallah and Dr O.O. Okubanjo for their professional guidance during the study. I wish to appreciate the Heads of Department and all the academic and technical staff of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine and Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology for their immense support and patience which contributed to the success of this work. I also thank Dr J.O.S. Asekome, Dr A.S. Oloruko-Oba and the medical director of the university health services main campus Samaru Zaria for their co- operation during the study. My immense gratitude also goes to the industrial training students from the Departments of Microbiology and Biological Science, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria whose contributions I cannot quantify. I also thank my course mates and friends for their encouragement and love. 5 ABSTRACT Sarcocystis infection is a parasitic zoonosis which causes acute and fatal clinical diseases in food animals and musculoskeletal pain, diarrhoea and cardiomyopathy in humans. Infected beef and pork are capable of causing systemic sarcocystosis in man; hence it is imperative to determine the prevalence of the infection. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Sarcocystis infection in slaughtered cattle and pigs, dogs and humans in Zaria and to identify risk factors associated with the infection. A cross sectional study was designed in which 200 dog faecal samples were collected from Ahmadu Bello University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and dog slaughter areas. Faecal samples were collected from 390 patients from randomly selected hospitals and volunteers and information on the type of food/meat eaten, source of water, and preparation of meat/food and access to pets were obtained. Sucrose floatation technique was used to analyse faecal samples. Tissues samples (oesophagus and diaphragm) were collected from 200 cattle and 100 pigs from slaughter houses. These were analysed by pepsin-hydrochloric acid digestion and stained with Giemsa. Histological sections of tissues were stained using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). Measurement of sporocyst and sarcocyst were performed for identification of species. One (0.5 %) dog was positive for sporocysts and no human sample was positive. Faecal samples from cattle and pigs were not positive. Eighty-five (42.5 %) cattle and 60 (60.0 %) pigs were positive for sarcocyst by tissue digestion. Tissue digestion was more efficient in detecting sarcocysts/bradyzoites than histology. In cattle, sarcocysts were found more in the oesophagus than the diaphragm (p < 0.05) while in pigs, there was no significant difference in the level of infectivity between oesophagus and diaphragm (p > 0.05). Age, sex and breed did not significantly influence the prevalence of Sarcocystis infection (p > 0.05). Leucocytic infiltrations were observed in oesophageal tissues of 6 cattle and pigs which were mostly lymphocytes and few eosinophils. Sarcocystis cruzi (99.0 %) and S. hominis (4.0 %) were identified in cattle while S. meischeriana (25.0 %) and possibly S. porcifelis (85.0 %) were identified in pigs. Species identified in dogs could be S. tenella, S. capracanis or S. bertrami or a mixture of the species. Questionnaire analysis shows that none of the respondents was aware of Sarcocystis infection. About 92.2 % reported boiling and frying meat before consumption. Sixty- one percent reported consuming suya, meat pie, sausages and burger occasionally while 22.2 % do so regularly. Also, 98.7 % consume vegetables which were mostly washed twice (49.8 %) with water and salt (64.8 %) and added directly to food to cook. Eight percent reported feeding raw meat to their pets and 62.2 % reported having wells which were covered, cemented and above ground level. This study has established the prevalence of Sarcocystis infection in cattle, pigs and dogs in the study area. Identified species were of public health importance. Adequate heat treatment of meat and none feeding of raw meat to pets is advocated. 7 TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii DECLARATION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii CERTIFICATION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS----------------------------------------------------------------------v ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi TABLE OF CONTENTS----------------------------------------------------------------------viii LIST OF FIGURES -----------------------------------------------------------------------------xii LIST OF TABLES------------------------------------------------------------------------------xiii LIST OF PLATES-------------------------------------------------------------------------------xiv LIST OF APPENDICES------------------------------------------------------------------------xv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION-------------------------------------------------------------1 1.1 Definition of the problem----------------------------------------------------------------1 1.2 Statement of research problem----------------------------------------------------------2 1.3 Justification--------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 1.4 Aim-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 1.5 Specific objectives------------------------------------------------------------------------5 1.6 Research questions------------------------------------------------------------------------5 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW----------------------------------------------------6 2.1 History-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 2.2 Taxonomy----------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 2.3 Life cycle, development and morphological stages of sarcocystosis-------------12 2.3.1 Stages in the intermediate (prey) host------------------------------------------------14 8 2.3.2 Stages in the definitive (predator) host-----------------------------------------------16 2.4 Ultrastructural characteristics of the developmental stages of Sarcocystis species-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 2.4.1 Sarcocysts--------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Spp. \(Eucoccidiorida
    Article available at http://www.parasite-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2007144335 PREVALENCE OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPP. (EUCOCCIDIORIDA: CRYPTOSPORIIDAE) IN SEVEN SPECIES OF FARM ANIMALS IN TUNISIA SOLTANE R.*, GUYOT K.**, DEI-CAS E.** & AYADI A.* Summary: Résumé : PRÉVALENCE DE CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPP. (EUCOCCIDIORIDA : CRYPTOSPORIIDAE) CHEZ SEPT ESPÈCES D’ANIMAUX DE FERME EN TUNISIE 1,001 faecal samples were obtained from 89 sheep (lambs and adult), 184 goats, 190 horses, 178 rabbits, 110 camels, 1001 prélèvements fécaux ont été obtenus à partir de 89 moutons, 200 broiler chicken and 50 turkeys housed in farms from different 184 chèvres, 190 chevaux, 178 lapins, 110 chameaux, localities in Tunisia. All samples were analysed for 200 poulets et 50 dindes élevés dans des fermes de différentes Cryptosporidium oocysts by microscopic examination of smears localités en Tunisie. Tous les prélèvements ont été analysés pour la stained by modified Ziehl Neelsen technique. The parasite was recherche de Cryptosporidium par examen microscopique des detected in ten lambs and adult sheep (11.2 %) and nine broiler frottis colorés au Ziehl Neelsen modifié. Le parasite a été détecté chicken (4.5 %). Molecular characterization, performed in four chez dix ovins (11,2 %) et neuf poulets (4,5 %). La caractérisation animals, identified C. bovis in three lambs and C. meleagridis in moléculaire réalisée pour quatre isolats a identifié C. bovis chez one broiler chicken. This work is the first report on trois agneaux et C. meleagridis chez un poulet. Ce travail est le Cryptosporidium in farm animals in Tunisia. premier rapport sur Cryptosporidium chez des animaux de ferme en Tunisie.
    [Show full text]
  • NEW CLASSIFICATION for Toxoplasma Gondii
    LETTER TO THE EDITOR NEW CLASSIFICATION FOR Toxoplasma gondii Claudio Bruno Silva de Oliveira Dear Editor, I have been following the latest publications in the field of parasitology and have noticed that, despite the changes in the group that host the parasite Toxoplasma gondii that have been suggested since 2012 (Adl et al. 2012), many articles in several journals have not been updated (Liempi et al. 2014; Ning et al. 2015; Lorenzi et al. 2016). This can be explained by a certain protectionism regarding the form that has been used for several years. However, it is important to consider that this can also be due to some unfamiliarity with the current classification of eukaryotes and protozoa. Classically this protozoan is classified within the Protista kingdom, Apicomplexa phylum, Sporozoasida class, Eucoccidiorida order, Sarcocystidae family, and Toxoplasma genus (Current et al. 1990). This classification has been used for many decades, and it is well accepted by research groups in the area. Recently, however, Adl et al. (2012) seeking to standardize and organize different groups of eukaryotes, mainly protists, suggested a new classification based on phylogenetic and ultra-structural similarity. Now Toxoplasma gondii appears within a super group called SAR comprising: Stramenopiles, Alveolata, and Rhizaria. More precisely, it appears inside the Alveolata group (first group); among Alveolata it is classified as Apicomplexa (second group); among the Apicomplexa it is classified as Conoidasida (third group); among these it is classified as Coccidia (fourth group); and finally among the Coccidia it is part of Eimeriorina group (fifth group), along with other associated parasites such as Cyclospora and Neospora.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyclospora Cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: an Update
    microorganisms Review Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update Sonia Almeria 1 , Hediye N. Cinar 1 and Jitender P. Dubey 2,* 1 Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Division of Virulence Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USA 2 Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 July 2019; Accepted: 2 September 2019; Published: 4 September 2019 Abstract: Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal–oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. Because oocysts are excreted unsporulated and need to sporulate in the environment, direct person-to-person transmission is unlikely. Infection by C. cayetanensis is remarkably seasonal worldwide, although it varies by geographical regions. Most susceptible populations are children, foreigners, and immunocompromised patients in endemic countries, while in industrialized countries, C. cayetanensis affects people of any age. The risk of infection in developed countries is associated with travel to endemic areas and the domestic consumption of contaminated food, mainly fresh produce imported from endemic regions. Water and soil contaminated with fecal matter may act as a vehicle of transmission for C. cayetanensis infection. The disease is self-limiting in most immunocompetent patients, but it may present as a severe, protracted or chronic diarrhea in some cases, and may colonize extra-intestinal organs in immunocompromised patients.
    [Show full text]
  • DETECTION of TOXOPLASMA GONDII in FRESH PRODUCE By
    DETECTION OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN FRESH PRODUCE by DANAYA AMINA BETHEA (Under the Direction of Ynes R. Ortega) ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular obligate protozoan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis in humans. This study aimed to detect and genotype T. gondii in fresh produce. Six PCR assays using various Toxoplasma gene targets were examined for their suitability in vegetable matrices. The SAG2 PCR was selected for this study. Collectively, DNA was extracted from 818 vegetable samples acquired from 16 markets in Atlanta, GA, U.S. and 5 in Lima, Peru. Nested polymerase chain reaction was conducted using characterized primers for T. gondii SAG2 locus. PCR products were purified and sequenced. Detection via PCR showed that 2.5% and 0.79% of U.S and Peru samples tested positive, respectively. The detection of T. gondii in fresh produce indicates that it may play a role in the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the U.S and Peru. It also emphasizes the need to develop methodologies to prevent dissemination and inactivation of viable oocysts in the environment. INDEX WORDS: Toxoplasma gondii, Fresh Produce, PCR, Genotyping, SAG2, Peru, Georgia DETECTION OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN FRESH PRODUCE by DANAYA AMINA BETHEA B.S., Clark Atlanta University, 2011 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE ATHENS, GEORGIA 2014 © 2014 Danaya Amina Bethea All Rights Reserved DETECTION OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN FRESH PRODUCE by DANAYA AMINA BETHEA Major Professor: Ynes R. Ortega Committee: Jennifer Cannon Joseph F. Frank Electronic Version Approved: Julie Coffield Interim Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2014 DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this manuscript to my family and friends, for their immeasurable love and support and my boyfriend Roderique John, for always being there for me.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology of Toxoplasma Gondii in Thailand
    Doctoral thesis University of Limoges Gay Lussac Doctoral School - Science for the Environment (ED 523) École Doctorale Gay Lussac - Sciences pour l’Environnement (ED 523) INSERM UMR 1094 Laboratory of Parasitology Thesis to obtain the grade of Doctor of University of Limoges Discipline/Speciality: Parasitology Presented and supported by Patcharee CHAICHAN 25 April 2017 Epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in Thailand Thesis directed by Pr. Marie-Laure DARDÉ, Pr. Yaowalark SUKTHANA, Dr. Aurélien MERCIER and Dr. Aongart MAHITTIKORN JURY: President of jury Prof. Gilles DREYFUSS, Professor, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, University of Limoges, France Reporters Prof. Marie-Hélène RODIER, Professor, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, University of Poitiers, France Dr. HDR, Dominique AUBERT, Lecturer, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France Examiners Prof. Gilles DREYFUSS, Professor, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, University of Limoges, France Prof. Marie-Laure DARDÉ, Professor, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, University of Limoges, France Prof. Yaowalark SUKTHANA, Professor, Department of Protozoology, University of Mahidol, Thailand Dr. Aurélien MERCIER, Lecturer, Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Limoges, France “Never compare yourself or others to other people. Everyone has their own struggles, own fights, and a different path that they choose to get to where they are. Everyone is who they are for a reason.” “Never give up on something you really want. However impossible things may seem. There’s always a way.” “Experience tells you what to do; Confidence allows you to do it.” 2 Acknowledgement Firstly, I would like to thank to my principle supervisors, Pr. Marie-Laure Dardé and Pr. Yaowalark Sukthana who kindly accepted me for this project, supervised and mentored my work and gave me many advices to overcome the obstacles for along my thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Paper Human and Animal Invasive Muscular Sarcocystosis In
    Tropical Biomedicine 30(3): 355–366 (2013) Review Paper Human and animal invasive muscular sarcocystosis in Malaysia – recent cases, review and hypotheses Tappe, D.1*, Abdullah, S.2, Heo, C.C.2, Kannan Kutty, M.2 and Latif, B.2 1Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Germany 2Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Received 8 July 2013; received in revised form 31 July 2013; accepted 1 August 2013 Abstract. Sarcocystosis, an unusual parasitic zoonotic disease, is caused by coccidian/ apicomplexan protozoa in humans and animals. The parasites usually develop in a heteroxenous predator-prey life-cycle involving final (carnivore) and intermediate (omnivore/herbivore) hosts. Besides the intestinal, non-invasive form of the disease in which humans and animals are the definitive hosts for certain Sarcocystis spp., the invasive form has come to recent attention. In the latter, humans and animals serve as intermediate host harbouring sarcocysts in their muscle tissue. Already in 1991 sarcocystosis was seen as a potential emerging food- borne zoonosis in Malaysia, and in 2011 and 2012 the largest cluster of symptomatic human muscular sarcocystosis world-wide was reported from Tioman Island, Pahang state. In this review, we focus on invasive sarcocystosis in humans and animals in Malaysia, review the recorded cases and epidemiology, and present hypotheses. INTRODUCTION second generations of merozoites are released from schizonts, and finally invade Sarcocystosis, a cosmopolitan zoonotic muscle cells in order to form the typical tissue parasitic disease, is caused by small sarcocysts. With the exception of humans, intracellular apicomplexan/coccidian the definitive host often does not show any protozoa of the genus Sarcocystis symptoms, or only mild disease, of the non- (Eucoccidiorida: Sarcocystidae).
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Studies on Coccidian Oocysts (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidiorida)
    Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ISSN: 0103-846X [email protected] Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária Brasil Pereira Berto, Bruno; McIntosh, Douglas; Gomes Lopes, Carlos Wilson Studies on coccidian oocysts (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidiorida) Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, vol. 23, núm. 1, enero-marzo, 2014, pp. 1- 15 Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária Jaboticabal, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=397841491001 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Review Article Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol., Jaboticabal, v. 23, n. 1, p. 1-15, Jan-Mar 2014 ISSN 0103-846X (Print) / ISSN 1984-2961 (Electronic) Studies on coccidian oocysts (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidiorida) Estudos sobre oocistos de coccídios (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidiorida) Bruno Pereira Berto1*; Douglas McIntosh2; Carlos Wilson Gomes Lopes2 1Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil 2Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil Received January 27, 2014 Accepted March 10, 2014 Abstract The oocysts of the coccidia are robust structures, frequently isolated from the feces or urine of their hosts, which provide resistance to mechanical damage and allow the parasites to survive and remain infective for prolonged periods. The diagnosis of coccidiosis, species description and systematics, are all dependent upon characterization of the oocyst. Therefore, this review aimed to the provide a critical overview of the methodologies, advantages and limitations of the currently available morphological, morphometrical and molecular biology based approaches that may be utilized for characterization of these important structures.
    [Show full text]
  • Highly Rearranged Mitochondrial Genome in Nycteria Parasites (Haemosporidia) from Bats
    Highly rearranged mitochondrial genome in Nycteria parasites (Haemosporidia) from bats Gregory Karadjiana,1,2, Alexandre Hassaninb,1, Benjamin Saintpierrec, Guy-Crispin Gembu Tungalunad, Frederic Arieye, Francisco J. Ayalaf,3, Irene Landaua, and Linda Duvala,3 aUnité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (UMR 7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 75005 Paris, France; bInstitut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CP51, 75005 Paris, France; cUnité de Génétique et Génomique des Insectes Vecteurs (CNRS URA3012), Département de Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; dFaculté des Sciences, Université de Kisangani, BP 2012 Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo; eLaboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; and fDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 Contributed by Francisco J. Ayala, July 6, 2016 (sent for review March 18, 2016; reviewed by Sargis Aghayan and Georges Snounou) Haemosporidia parasites have mostly and abundantly been de- and this lack of knowledge limits the understanding of the scribed using mitochondrial genes, and in particular cytochrome evolutionary history of Haemosporidia, in particular their b (cytb). Failure to amplify the mitochondrial cytb gene of Nycteria basal diversification. parasites isolated from Nycteridae bats has been recently reported. Nycteria parasites have been primarily described, based on Bats are hosts to a diverse and profuse array of Haemosporidia traditional taxonomy, in African insectivorous bats of two fami- parasites that remain largely unstudied.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Framework for the Study of Apicomplexan Diversity Across Environments
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/494880; this version posted December 12, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. An Original Article submitted to PLoS Pathogens A new framework for the study of apicomplexan diversity across environments Javier del Campo1,2*, Thierry Heger1,3, Raquel Rodríguez-Martínez4, Alexandra Z. Worden5, Thomas A. Richards4, Ramon Massana2 and Patrick J. Keeling1* 1University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada. 2Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 3Soil Science Group, CHANGINS, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Nyon, Switzerland 4Living Systems Institute, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK 5Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, US *Corresponding authors: University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada. Phone +1 (604) 822-2845; Fax: +1 (604) 822-6089; E- mail: [email protected] / [email protected] bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/494880; this version posted December 12, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Abstract Apicomplexans are a group of microbial eukaryotes that contain some of the most well- studied parasites, including widespread intracellular pathogens of mammals such as Toxoplasma and Plasmodium (the agent of malaria), and emergent pathogens like Cryptosporidium and Babesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Digitalcommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 4-1997 A Guideline for the Preparation of Species Descriptions in the Eimeriidae Donald Duszynski University of New Mexico, [email protected] Patricia G. Wilber University of New Mexico Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Duszynski, Donald and Wilber, Patricia G., "A Guideline for the Preparation of Species Descriptions in the Eimeriidae" (1997). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 156. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/156 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. A Guideline for the Preparation of Species Descriptions in the Eimeriidae Author(s): Donald W. Duszynski and Patricia G. Wilber Source: The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 83, No. 2 (Apr., 1997), pp. 333-336 Published by: The American Society of Parasitologists Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3284470 Accessed: 20/04/2010 00:03 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.
    [Show full text]
  • Sarcocystidae Genus: Toxoplasma Species: Gondii Laboratory Diagnosis of Malaria Dr.Tabatabaie عالیم پاراکلینیک ماالریای شدید
    Kingdom: Alveolata Phylum: Apicomplexa Class: Coccidia Order: Eucoccidiorida Family: Sarcocystidae Genus: Toxoplasma Species: gondii Laboratory diagnosis of Malaria Dr.Tabatabaie عﻻیم پاراکلینیک ماﻻریای شدید • پارازیتمی بیشتر از 2% در ﻻم خون محیطی ) بیش از 100 هزار انگل در میکرولیتر( • قند خون زیر 40mg/dl یا mmol/l 2.2 • کم خونی شدید نرموسیتیک )هموگلوبین زیر 7gr/dl در بزرگساﻻن و زیر 5gr/dl در کودکان( • اسیدوز ) بیکربنات زیر 15 میلی مول در لیتر( • افزایش ﻻکتات خون )بیشتر از 5 میلی مول در لیتر( • نارسایی کلیه ) کراتینین باﻻی 3( • هموگلوبینوری • وجود شواهد رادیولوژیک ادم ریه • CRP,Fibrinogen,IgMباﻻ-گاهی کاهش پﻻکت, و Tcellکاهش ،سدیم کمی پایین اما پتاسیم باﻻ– TNFباﻻ،آلبومین پایین گلوبولین باﻻ مخصوصا گاما ،افزایش ترانس امینازها و بیلیروبین والکالین فسفاتاز کبدی ومیوگلوبین The periodicity of malaria fever Erythrocytic schizogony is the time taken for trophozoites to mature into merozoites before release when the cell ruptures. It is shortest in P. falciparum (36 hours), intermediate in P. vivax and P. ovale (48 hours) and longest in P. malariae (76 hours). Typical paroxysms thus occur every 2nd day or more frequently in P. • falciparum (“sub-tertian” malaria) 3rd day in P. vivax and P. ovale • (“tertian” malaria) Days 1 and 3 for P.v., P.o., (and P.f.) - tertian Note how the frequency of spikes of fever differ according to the Plasmodium species. In practice, spikes of fever in P. 4th day in P. malariae infections, • falciparum, occur irregularly - probably (“quartan” malaria) Days 1 and 4 because of the presence of parasites at for P.m. - quartian various stages of development.
    [Show full text]
  • Suborder Adeleorina) Some Cases, Such As Between Lizards and in Five Holarctic Anuran Species Snakes (Tomé Et Al
    168 SHORT NOTE HERPETOZOA 27 (3/4) Wien, 30. Jänner 2015 SHORT NOTE data would be preferable given time (Will et al. 2005), but molecular examination has many advantages, besides being relatively quick and easy. For a start, sequence data is invaluable for placing parasites in a phyloge- netic framework. Furthermore, many times host samples are collected for other purpos- es, such as host genetic assessments, but these same samples are available for the study of parasites. Apicomplexan blood parasites are a prime example of a group where this molec- ular approach can be useful. Assessments of these have in the past focused on groups with strong anthropogenic interests due to health reasons, such as Plasmodium, or groups with significant economic impact. Others, such as Hepatozoon, despite being the most common blood parasite of reptiles (TElFORD 2009) gained little attention. Molecular analysis however, using primers specific for a section of the 18S rRNA gene, has greatly clarified phylogeny (e.g., BARTA et al. 2012; HARRiS et al. 2012), identified infections in new host orders (e.g., PiNTO et al. 2012), and indicated that predator-prey Scanning for apicomplexan trophic pathways may be widespread in parasites (Suborder Adeleorina) some cases, such as between lizards and in five Holarctic anuran species snakes (TOMé et al. 2013). At the same time, other parasites such as Stramenopiles Parasites are ubiquitous, but a poorly were detected (MAiA et al. 2012a). Tests known component of biodiversity, with esti- using specific primers can be misleading as mates of 0.1 % of species described for some some parasites may not be detected (ZEH- groups (MORRiSON 2009), while other scien- TiNDJiEv et al.
    [Show full text]