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LIFE OF ROBERT MARQUIS OF SALISBURY ROBERT, MARQUIS OF SALISBURY From a drawing by Lady Granby (Violet. Dachas of Rutland) 1889 LIFE OF ROBERT MARQUIS OF SALISBURY BY HIS DAUGHTER GWENDOLEN CECIL in VOL. Ill 1880-1886 HODDER AND STOUGHTON LIMITED LONDON MCMXXXI Volume III. published 1931. Volumes I. and II. published 1922. Volume IV. tofollow. DA SzCv- v.3 Made and Printed in Great Britain. R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, Edittiurgh. PREFATORY NOTE TO VOLUMES III. AND IV. 1 So many years have intervened since the publication of the first two volumes of this book that the correction of errors contained in them must appear hopelessly belated. But one or two mistakes to which my attention has been called must be mentioned for the acquittal of my historical conscience. The suggestion (Vol. I. page 27) that the great Darwin, in his old age, lost his appreciation of the beauties of nature was founded upon a single sentence in his autobiography. As his pleasure in beautiful scenery remained in fact peculiarly strong up to the end, it has been pointed out to me that the false impression left by this passage in the context in which it stands, ought to be corrected. In several passages in the second volume, Count " Andrassy is described as the Austrian Chancellor." He never bore that title, but was simply known as the Foreign Minister of the Empire throughout these years of office. The name of Lord Salisbury's personal private secretary, Mr. Richard Gunton, is wrongly given as Mr. Robert Guntan (Vol. II. page 13). In enumerating the sources of information to which I have been indebted in the production of the two present volumes, I must mention in the first place some memoranda of personal recollections which have 1 Volume IV. will be published shortly. V vi LORD SALISBURY been kindly communicated to me. Two of these, by the late Lord St. Aldwyn and Mr. G. E. Buckle, are specifically acknowledged and described in the text. I received and am grateful for two others, whose contents have been drawn upon in the seventh and eighth chapters of the third volume. One, recording Foreign Office memories, came from the late Lord Sanderson, who served under Lord Salisbury for many years, first as Assistant and then as Principal Permanent Under-Secretary. His marvellous memory for all the details of this country's various Treaty " " commitments and his perfect genius for drafting used to be commented on with warm appreciation by his chief. The other came from Mr. J. S. Sandars, who, as private secretary to the then Mr. Balfour, assisted actively in the work of the Central Conservative Office, and has supplied several interesting notes as to Lord Salisbury's relations with that office and its chiefs. Some explanation is due for the absence of acknowledgment to one source of information which naturally suggests itself in connection with those chapters mainly in the fourth volume which deal with foreign affairs. But, except for a few drafts, telegrams, and Cabinet memoranda preserved among Lord Salisbury's private papers, I have not made use of any official documents. I had intended at the outset to ask the Foreign Office for leave to do so, and have no doubt that, in so far as it accorded with the public interest, my request would have been met with the courtesy invariably displayed by that department. But at an early stage of my work I gave up the idea. My first and principal reason was that in the many volumes of private correspondence between Lord Salisbury and his agents abroad which have been preserved at Hatfield, and in the copies of his letters to the Queen, his colleagues, and other PREFATORY NOTE vii friends which have been so generously communicated for the purposes of this book, I found an amount of material already at my disposal so large as to make me frankly shrink from adding to it. The years here dealt with were those in which his reputation and influence abroad reached their highest point, and when, therefore, the subjects dealt with in his corre- spondence covered a wide field of bewilderingly diverse interest. I felt that to extract the biographical content from the mass of documents before me and transmute it into narrative form would be a sufficiently serious task without superposing the consideration of official telegrams and despatches, to be numbered probably by thousands. The neglect of them appeared the more justifiable because I soon became convinced that they would add little or nothing to the elucidation of Lord Salisbury's own personality and policy. Owing to his individual method of work, the only source of information which from this point of view could compete with his private correspondence would have been a fuller record of his conversations with foreign diplomats in London. They were carried on without witnesses, and, except where some definite conclusions had to be recorded, remained officially unnoted. He generally included some reports of them in his private letters to the Queen, but these are incomplete and at all times only briefly summarised. In this connection the German Diplomatic Documents published since the War have proved invaluable. If M. Waddington's confidential reports home were as full and as freely commented as those of Count Hatzfeldt their publication would do more than anything else to fill the gaps which I am conscious still remain in this account of Lord Salisbury's policy during this period. May, 1931. G. C. viii LORD SALISBURY LIST OF PUBLISHED WORKS CONSULTED edited Vol. Letters of Queen Victoria, by G. E. Buckle ; 2nd Series, III. ; 3rd Series, Vol. I. Die grosse Politik der europdischen Kdbinette. The bulk of the from this Collection are taken quotations " from Mr. Edgar Dugdale's translation German Diplomatic Documents, 2 Vols." The footnote references are to both works, except where the passage is not included in Mr. Dugdale's translation. The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, Vol. III. Disraeli's Life, by G. E. Buckle, Vol. VI. Lord Cranbrook's Memoir, by A. E. Gathorne-Hardy, Vol. II. Lord Randolph Churchill's Life, by W. S. Churchill, 2 Vols. Parliamentary Reminiscences, by Lord George Hamilton, 2 Vols. Modern Egypt, by the Earl of Cromer, 2 Vols. Lord Carnarvon's Life, by Sir Arthur Hardinge, Vol. III. Lord Goschen's Life, by the Hon. Arthur Elliot, Vol. II. Life of 8th Duke of Devonshire, by Bernard Holland. Correspondance diplomatique of Baron de Staal, edited by A. Meyendorff. Letters of the Empress Frederick, edited by Sir Frederick Ponsonby. Foreign Office Handbooks, 1920, edited by G. W. Prothero, Nos. 96-99 and 100-109. Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi, 1865. Britain Across the Seas, by H. H. Johnston. British South Africa, by H. H. Johnston. Making of North Nigeria, by C. W. I. Orr. Expansion coloniale de la France, 1870-1905, by Paul Gaffard. CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGE HOME AND FAMILY LIFE ..... 1 CHAPTER II 1880-1882. LEADERSHIP IN THE LORDS . .35 CHAPTER III 1883. OUTSIDE PARLIAMENT ..... 59 CHAPTER IV 1884. THE SOUDAN THE LORDS AND THE FRANCHISE BILL 90 CHAPTER V / LORD SALISBURY'S FIRST MINISTRY, 1885 . 125 CHAPTER VI As PRIME MINISTER . .165 CHAPTER VII AT THE FOREIGN OFFICE . .199 LORD SALISBURY CHAPTER VIII PAGE FOREIGN AFFAIRS, 1885 . 219 CHAPTER IX THE GENERAL ELECTION, 1885 .... 262 CHAPTER X THE HOME RULE BATTLE LORD SALISBURY'S SECOND MINISTRY, 1886 ...... 293 CHAPTER XI LORD RANDOLPH CHURCHILL, 1886 .... 315 INDEX 349 CHAPTER I HOME AND FAMILY LIFE LORD SALISBURY used often to declare that the " swing of the pendulum," which in his lifetime was looked upon as the most certain of electoral laws, was providential in the interests of efficient government. Five years of the strain of administration was as much as the average man could stand without a loss in mental vigour and, with it, of the fruitfulness in initia- tion and the capacity for instinctive judgment, and quick confidence in decision upon which effective statesmanship depends. In his own experience this limitation was, in fact, slightly exceeded. If the brief episodes of 1866 and 1885 be put aside, he was in office three times, for a period in each case of from six to six and a half years. On the earliest of these occasions that which closed with the general election of 1880 the normal fatigue consequent upon six years' tenure of office was aggravated by the serious illness with which it closed. His party's defeat was therefore a fortunate event for him personally. He was quite unfit that spring to continue his work at the Foreign Office, though, had the Conservatives re- mained in power, he would probably have found it impossible to abandon it. " But the equal rhythm of the swing," to pro- long the metaphor, did not accord in the same ideal fashion with his requirements. A brief interval of VOL. Ill 1 B 2 LORD SALISBURY rest sufficed for his mind to recover its spring, and within a year of leaving office his energies were again the this was calling for full employment. In eighties provided for him within the limits of his profession last in to a greater degree than when he had been he be- Opposition. After Lord Beaconsfield's death came the virtual, though not the acknowledged leader of his party. The course of the Gladstonian Government of 1880-1885 constituted a continuous challenge to Opposition attacks, and, under Lord Salisbury's guidance, the House of Lords took a a prominent part in the political battle. It was brilliant period in its oratorical history. To mention only the best-known names Lord Salisbury, Lord Cairns, and Lord Cranbrook among the Conservatives stood admittedly in the first rank of parliamentary speakers, and in a diversity of styles they were met on equal terms by the Duke of Argyll, Lord Selborne, Lord Derby, and the inimitably dextrous debating of Lord Granville.
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