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Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul – Ufrgs Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL – UFRGS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA COMPOSIÇÃO, ESTRUTURA E SAZONALIDADE DOS BANDOS MISTOS DE AVES EM UM REMANESCENTE DE FLORESTA PALUDOSA NO SUL DO BRASIL André Barcelos Silveira Orientador: Prof. Dr. Andreas Kindel Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ecologia Porto Alegre, abril de 2006. 2 Resumindo o ano de 2005... “Ando sozinho pelas ruas Nas esquinas de qualquer lugar Vejo um menino Um velho pássaro Que não se cansa de voar Ares de uma mulher Corpo que seduz Me leva um pouco para lá Paro e vejo uma luz Pode ser o sol E nada poderá mudar” Duca Leindecker, Cidadão Quem 3 DEDICATÓRIA Dedica esta dissertação à minha mãe, Neusa Barcelos, que de tão coruja chega a colocar faixas de parabéns na frente de casa (um tanto embaraçosas, digo). Também dedico à memória de meu avô, Florindo Barcellos, o único homem que eu queria imitar quando crescesse. Por final, também dedico à minha corujíssima avó Isabel Barcellos, que sabe como ninguém o significado da palavra “amor”. 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Nem em mil vidas eu poderei retribuir à altura o auxílio de todos aqueles que cruzaram o meu caminho na senda do mestrado. Desta forma, esta lista de agradecimento é uma tosca tentativa de mostrar minha gratidão. A primeira pessoa a quem devo agradecer, e que merece figurar com honra no topo desta lista, é Andreas Kindel, meu orientador, que encampou a idéia de trabalhar com comportamento de aves na floresta paludosa. A Sandra Hartz, Adriano Melo, Iury Accordi e Pedro Develey, pelas críticas e sugestões ao projeto original. As seguintes pessoas foram valiosas por sua companhia em campo e pela ajuda na “construção” da “Trans-Faxinal”: Clarissa Britz, Ricardo Dobrowolski, Roberson “Boliviano”, Ricardo Dalbem, e Anelise Azevedo. Estas corajosas criaturas foram companheiros de desbravamento e de “Camboja” (eles sabem do que estou falando). A Patrick Colombo, então diretor do Parque de Itapeva, que permitiu a abertura da “Trans” e sempre foi muito prestimoso, em tudo. A Cláudia Brandt, que cedeu com camaradagem algumas das fotos que ilustram o seminário, e cuja companhia no último (e mais difícil) campo ajudou a segurar a minha onda. Glauco Schüssler, Mariane Beretta, Igor Pfeiffer Coelho e Iury Accordi tornaram possível a tomada de dados de estrutura de hábitat. Sem eles, esta atividade seria impossível. Aos amigos e colegas Júlio de Sá, Priscila Miorando, Karina Amaral, Luciane Diehl, Ana Luiza, Josielma e Igor Coelho, que amenizaram a solidão e foram companheiros valiosos na claustrofobia do “Inferno Arbóreo”. 5 A CAPES pela concessão da bolsa, aos funcionários do PPG Ecologia, e a SEMA (DUC-DEFAP) pelas inúmeras autorizações para a entrada no Parque Estadual de Itapeva. A Leandro Duarte, pelo auxílio na análise estatística. A Jéssica Schmitz, pela revisão do Inglês. Aos Guardas-Parque Ariel, Antonio, Andraino, Noé, Jaime e Chico, pela geladeira, pelos churrascos, pela paciência e, sobretudo, pela companhia. Aos meus familiares e amigos por respeitarem minha ausência, mesmo quando não a compreenderam. 6 SUMÁRIO Lista de tabelas..................................................................................................................8 Lista de figuras................................................................................................................10 Lista de anexos…………………………………………………………………………12 Resumo…….…………………………………………………………………………...13 Abstract….…………………………………………………………………………….15 Apresentação……………………………………………………………………..…….17 Composition, structure and seasonality of mixed-species bird flocks in a swamp forest of southern Brazil……………………………………………………………..……..…28 Abstract (Resumo)………………………………...............................................28 Introduction (Introdução).....................................................................................31 Methods (Métodos)..............................................................................................33 Study area (Área de estudo).....................................................................33 Field sampling (Amostragem de campo).................................................35 Mixed-species flock sampling (Amostragem de bandos mistos)..........................................................................................35 Bird counts (Contagem de aves)..................................................36 Conventions (Convenções)......................................................................37 Statistical analyses (Análises estatísticas)................................................38 Results (Resultados)............................................................................................41 Flock composition and structure (Composição e estrutura dos bandos).....................................................................................................41 Flock seasonality (Sazonalidade dos bandos)..........................................47 Discussion (Discussão)........................................................................................48 7 Flock composition and structure (Composição e estrutura dos bandos).....................................................................................................48 Flock seasonality (Sazonalidade dos bandos)..........................................62 Acknowledgments (Agradecimentos)..................................................................64 Literature cited (Literatura citada).......................................................................65 Tables (Tabelas)...................................................................................................78 Figures (Figuras)..................................................................................................92 Considerações finais........................................................................................................99 Anexos...........................................................................................................................103 8 LISTA DE TABELAS TABLE 1. Attributes of 47 landbirds species found in mixed-species flocks at Faxinal, southern Brazil. Weights in g. (TABELA 1. Atributos de 47 espécies terrestres de aves encontradas em bandos mistos no Faxinal, sul do Brasil. Peso em g).....................................................................................................78 TABLE 2. Richness and relative abundance by diet type or residence statuses of birds recorded in flocks and/or point counts in Faxinal, southern Brazil (TABELA 2. Riqueza e abundância relativa por dieta e status de residência das aves registradas em bandos mistos e/ou em pontos de contagem no Faxinal, sul do Brasil)............................................................................................................83 TABLE 3. Number of co-occurrences in mixed-species flocks flocks of the eighteen most regular flocking species (those recorded in more than four flocks) in Faxinal, southern Brazil. Significant positive co-occurrences, according Chi- square and G-test (P < 0.05) are underlined. Significant negative co- occurrences are in bold and underlined (TABELA 3. Número de co- ocorrências em bandos mistos das dezoito espécies mais regulares (aquelas registradas em mais do que quatro bandos) no Faxinal, sul do Brasil. Co- ocorrências significativamente positivas, conforme teste de Qui-quadrado e teste-G (P < 0.05) estão sublinhadas. Co-ocorrências significativamente negativas estão em negrito e sublinhadas).....................................................84 TABLE 4. Coefficient of interspecific association of significant positive and negative co-occurrences of flocking bird species according to vertical distribution and diet type of species paired in flocks at the swamp forest of Faxinal, southern Brazil. Understory and midlevel ensembles categories pulled as understory. Significant negative co-occurrences are in bold. Both chi-square and G-test 9 with df = 1 and P < 0.05. (TABELA 4. Coeficiente de associação interespecífica das co-ocorrências positivas e negativas das duplas de espécies de aves em bandos mistos conforme sua distribuição vertical e dieta na floresta paludosa do Faxinal, sul do Brasil. “Ensembles” de sub-bosque e estrato médio foram agrupadas como sub-bosque. Co-ocorrências significativamente negativas estão em negrito. Tanto o Qui-quadrado quanto o teste-G com GL = 1 e P < 0.05).................................................................86 TABLE 5. The mean flock size and mean species richness of flocks where each of the ten most regular flocking species were recorded in Faxinal, southern Brazil. An asterisk indicates species means (or medians) that significantly differs from the total mean (median) of 92 mixed-species flocks sampled, at P < 0.05. (Tamanho médio de bando e riqueza média de espécies dos bandos onde cada uma das dez espécies mais regulares em bandos mistos foi registrada no Faxinal, sul do Brasil. Um asterisco indica médias (ou medianas) das espécies que significativamente diferiram da média (ou mediana) total dos 92 bandos mistos amostrados, em P < 0.05)...................88 TABLE 6. Composition and structure attributes of mixed-species flocks in different areas of Atlantic Forest in Brazil. (TABELA 6. Atributos de composição e estrutura dos bandos mistos em diferentes áreas de Mata Atlântica no Brasil)............................................................................................................90
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