Imagining Saigon: American Interpretations of Saigon in the Twentieth Century

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Imagining Saigon: American Interpretations of Saigon in the Twentieth Century W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2013 Imagining Saigon: American Interpretations of Saigon in the Twentieth Century Evan Cordulack College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, Asian Studies Commons, and the Journalism Studies Commons Recommended Citation Cordulack, Evan, "Imagining Saigon: American Interpretations of Saigon in the Twentieth Century" (2013). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623361. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-r50m-wm81 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Imagining Saigon: American Interpretations of Saigon in the Twentieth Century Evan Cordulack Decatur, Illinois Master of Arts, College of William & Mary, 2005 Bachelor of Arts, College of William & Mary, 2003 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy American Studies Program The College of William and Mary January 2013 © Copyright by Evan Cordulack 2012 APPROVAL PAGE This Dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Evan Cordulack Approved by the Committee, November, 2012 Committee Co-Chair, Associate Professor Lei^M eyer C ollege of William & Mary Committee Co-Chair Associate Professor Hiroshi Kitamura C ollege of William & Mary yAsspciaty professor Charles McCSdvern sge/of William & Mary A ssociate Professor Kristin H oganson University of Illinois ABSTRACT Saigon has occupied an important place in the American imagination. Captivated by its French colonial past, a diverse array of American writers romanticized the city’s “tree-lined streets” as the “Paris of the East” and the “Pearl of the Orient.” As the United States extended its influence in Vietnam over the course of the twentieth Century, culminating during the 1960s, Saigon experienced America’s growing presence. Americans composed photographs and writings, both personal and published, to make sense of the changing city and the changing public opinion of the war. The juxtaposition of American- occupied French colonial architecture with the visual manifestations of a city at war (such as overcrowding, military personal, and bombed buildings) runs throughout American representations of Saigon. These representations transformed the romantically remembered boulevards into a dystopian vision of the South Vietnamese capital brimming with corruption, street vendors, sex workers, and bars. In order to convey different ideas about Saigon, many media producers and government officials relied on the bodies of the people in Saigon to convey different meanings. This project argues that American understandings of Saigon often relied on a reciprocal relationship between human bodies and the environment around them. Bodies lent meaning to aspects of the city while the city helped construct meanings around people’s bodies. In some cases, the bodies in question were those of Western men, but more often, the bodies of Vietnamese women did the work of creating American meanings for the city. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Representations of Saigon in Print Culture through the 1950s 31 Chapter 3. The Quiet American: Graham Greene, Joseph Mankiewicz and the Imagining 1950s Saigon 77 Chapter 4. Protest and Public Space: Saigon during the 1963 “Buddhist Crisis” 109 Chapter 5. Else Baker: Viewing Saigon through American Domestic Spaces 157 Chapter 6. Sex, Policy, and Leisure: The American Impact on Saigon after Escalation 206 Chapter 7. Epilogue: Binaries, Myths and American Foreign Policy 249 Works Cited 260 Vita 276 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to my committee, Leisa Meyer (co-chair), Hiroshi Kitamura (co-chair), Charlie McGovern, and Kristin Hoganson for their guidance and help with this project. The research for my dissertation would have been impossible to conduct without the financial support of numerous sources. At the College of William and Mary, the American Studies Program and Arts and Sciences Office of Graduate Research both awarded me grants to conduct archival research. Outside of the College, the Massachusetts Historical Society’s support in the form of a short term research grant and inclusion in their vibrant academic community in Boston for several weeks was crucial in research Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.’s time in Saigon. I am also indebted to the U.S. Department of Education and the staff and faculty at Southeast Asian Studies Summer Institute for the Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowship that allowed me to study Vietnamese. I also wish to thank the staff at the Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri and at the National archives for their expert guidance in navigating their collections. Thank you to my friends and family both at William & Mary and elsewhere for their help and support over the past 9 years of graduate study. I can’t imagine completing this dissertation without them. Introduction Saigon has occupied an important place in the American imagination. Captivated by its French colonial past, a diverse array of American writers romanticized the city’s “tree-lined streets”1 as the “Paris of the East”2 and the “Pearl of the Orient.”3 As the United States extended its influence in Vietnam over the course of the twentieth Century, culminating during the 1960s, Saigon experienced America’s growing presence. Americans composed photographs and writings, both personal and published, to make sense of the changing city and the changing public opinion of the war. The juxtaposition of American-occupied French colonial architecture with the visual manifestations of a city at war (such as overcrowding, military personal, and bombed buildings) runs throughout American representations of Saigon. These representations transformed the romantically remembered boulevards into a dystopian vision of the South Vietnamese capital brimming with corruption, street vendors, sex workers, and bars.4 This project deconstructs Saigon’s trajectory from the romantic town Americans described before the American War in Vietnam to the sprawling, vice- filled city they left in 1975. However, we cannot examine these two poles, clean and 1 Jack Langguth, “Saigon Tries to Live in a Hurry,”New York Times, August 8, 1965. 2 Robert Trumbull “Still ‘Paris of the East’; South Vietnamese Live for Today Tomorrow May Bring Red Attack,”New York Times, June 3, 1961. 3 Homer Bigart, “Americans Placid Amid Saigon Peril,” New York Times, January 8, 1962. 4 R. W. Apple, Jr, “All Discomforts of Home,”New York Times, January 8, 1966; Stanley Kamow,Vietnam: A History (New York: Viking Press, 1983), 35. romantic/dirty and dangerous, using the convenience of timeline. The Saigon Americans encountered and represented in media did not start as safe and end as dangerous. Rather, this binary shifted constantly. At times, competing versions of the city emerged at the same time among different factions of Americans. Multiple versions of Saigon continually emerged in the American media, changing slightly each time, but generally orbiting the romantic/dangerous binary. The ability for Saigon to have multiple meanings flows from the relationship between the its built, lived, and imagined environments. French Colonial buildings carried a history of the French presence in Saigon while the Americans living in Saigon experienced changes in the city, such as an increase in refugees or violence. At the same times, American writers and readers, both in Vietnam and in the United States, watched, looked at, and read media that described the city—conjuring a version of the city in their imaginations. From each of these sources came different meanings of the city that combined to be how Americans understood Saigon. Along the same lines, in order to understand what Saigon “was” to Americans, this project takes into consideration different elements of the American presence in Saigon. It at once considers the ways in which the United States contributed to the physical environment in Saigon, the actions of American government and military officials who influenced the lived experiences of the Americans living in the city, and various constructions of the city through the media. In order to convey different ideas about Saigon, many media producers and government officials relied on the bodies of the people in Saigon to convey different 3 meanings. This project argues that American understandings of Saigon often relied on the interpretation of human bodies in order to lend meaning to aspects of the city. In some cases, the bodies in question were those of Western men, but more often, the bodies of Vietnamese women did the work of creating American meanings for the city. Depending on the viewer and the body being viewed, American, British, French, and Vietnamese bodies of different genders embodied meanings and judgments about their respective nations and ethnicities. While this project does not engage with the same primary sources, it builds on the work of Sue Sun’s work about the relationship between the US military population, Vietnamese prostitutes and venereal disease.
Recommended publications
  • The Rhetorical Antecedents to Vietnam, 1945-1965
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette College of Communication Faculty Research and Publications Communication, College of 9-1-2018 The Rhetorical Antecedents to Vietnam, 1945-1965 Gregory R. Olson Marquette University George N. Dionisopoulos San Diego State University Steven R. Goldzwig Marquette University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/comm_fac Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Olson, Gregory R.; Dionisopoulos, George N.; and Goldzwig, Steven R., "The Rhetorical Antecedents to Vietnam, 1945-1965" (2018). College of Communication Faculty Research and Publications. 511. https://epublications.marquette.edu/comm_fac/511 The Rhetorical Antecedents to Vietnam, 1945–1965 Gregory A. Olson, George N. Dionisopoulos, and Steven R. Goldzwig 8 I do not believe that any of the Presidents who have been involved with Viet- nam, Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, or President Nixon, foresaw or desired that the United States would become involved in a large scale war in Asia. But the fact remains that a steady progression of small decisions and actions over a period of 20 years had forestalled a clear-cut decision by the President or by the President and Congress—decision as to whether the defense of South Vietnam and involvement in a great war were necessary to the security and best interest of the United States. —Senator John Sherman Cooper (R-KY), Congressional Record, 1970 n his 1987 doctoral thesis, General David Petraeus wrote of Vietnam: “We do not take the time to understand the nature of the society in which we are f ght- Iing, the government we are supporting, or the enemy we are f ghting.”1 After World War II, when the United States chose Vietnam as an area for nation building as part of its Cold War strategy, little was known about that exotic land.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter Still Doesn't Have Any Reporting on Direct Queries and Submissions To: Recent Developments in U.S
    N ewsletter NoVEMbER, 1991 VolUME 5 NuMbER 5 SpEciAl JournaL Issue In This Issue................................................................ 2 The Speed of DAnksess ancI "CrazecJ V ets on tHe oorstep rama e o s e PublJshER's S tatement, by Ka U TaL .............................5 D D ," by DAvId J. D R ...............40 REMF Books, by DAvid WHLs o n .............................. 45 A nnouncements, Notices, & Re p o r t s ......................... 4 eter C ortez In DarIen, by ALan FarreU ........................... 22 PoETRy, by P D ssy............................................4 4 FIctIon: Hie Romance of Vietnam, VoIces fROM tHe Past: TTie SearcTi foR Hanoi HannaK by RENNy ChRlsTophER...................................... 24 by Don NortTi ...................................................44 A FiREbAlL In tBe Nlqlrr, by WHUam M. KiNq...........25 H ollyw ood CoNfidENTlAl: 1, b y FREd GARdNER........ 50 Topics foR VJetnamese-U.S. C ooperation, PoETRy, by DennIs FRiTziNqER................................... 57 by Tran Qoock VuoNq....................................... 27 Ths A ll CWnese M ercenary BAskETbAll Tournament, Science FIctIon: This TIme It's War, by PauI OLim a r t ................................................ 57 by ALascIaIr SpARk.............................................29 (Not Much of a) War Story, by Norman LanquIst ...59 M y Last War, by Ernest Spen cer ............................50 Poetry, by Norman LanquIs t ...................................60 M etaphor ancI War, by GEORqE LAkoff....................52 A notBer
    [Show full text]
  • SAY NO to the LIBERAL MEDIA: CONSERVATIVES and CRITICISM of the NEWS MEDIA in the 1970S William Gillis Submitted to the Faculty
    SAY NO TO THE LIBERAL MEDIA: CONSERVATIVES AND CRITICISM OF THE NEWS MEDIA IN THE 1970S William Gillis Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Journalism, Indiana University June 2013 ii Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee David Paul Nord, Ph.D. Mike Conway, Ph.D. Tony Fargo, Ph.D. Khalil Muhammad, Ph.D. May 10, 2013 iii Copyright © 2013 William Gillis iv Acknowledgments I would like to thank the helpful staff members at the Brigham Young University Harold B. Lee Library, the Detroit Public Library, Indiana University Libraries, the University of Kansas Kenneth Spencer Research Library, the University of Louisville Archives and Records Center, the University of Michigan Bentley Historical Library, the Wayne State University Walter P. Reuther Library, and the West Virginia State Archives and History Library. Since 2010 I have been employed as an editorial assistant at the Journal of American History, and I want to thank everyone at the Journal and the Organization of American Historians. I thank the following friends and colleagues: Jacob Groshek, Andrew J. Huebner, Michael Kapellas, Gerry Lanosga, J. Michael Lyons, Beth Marsh, Kevin Marsh, Eric Petenbrink, Sarah Rowley, and Cynthia Yaudes. I also thank the members of my dissertation committee: Mike Conway, Tony Fargo, and Khalil Muhammad. Simply put, my adviser and dissertation chair David Paul Nord has been great. Thanks, Dave. I would also like to thank my family, especially my parents, who have provided me with so much support in so many ways over the years.
    [Show full text]
  • Vietnam) to Attract Overseas Chinese (From 1600 to 1777
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 24, Issue 3, Ser. 1 (March. 2019) 74-77 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org The Policy of the Cochinchina Government (Vietnam) to Attract Overseas Chinese (from 1600 to 1777) Huynh Ngoc Dang1, Cao Dai Tri2 2Doctor of history 1Institute of Cultural History - Hunan Normal University (China) Abstract: Aiming at building a powerful administration to survive and secede, Nguyen clan in Cochinchina was smart and skillful in implementing policies to attract significant resources to serve the reclamation in southern Vietnam, build a prosperous kingdom of Cochinchina and even go further: to create a position to counterbalance and balance the political-military power with Siam (Thailand) in the Indochina Peninsula. One of the critical resources that the feudal government in Cochinchina smartly enlisted and attracted is the Chinese immigrant groups living in Vietnam. Keywords: Cochinchina government, Nguyen clan, Chinese, Policy, Vietnam. I. Overview of the Migration of Chinese to Cochinchina. It is possible to generalize the process of Chinese migration toward Cochinchina into three following stages: Phase 1: From the end of the 16th century to the year 1645. This period has two main events affecting the migration of Chinese to Cochinchina, namely: In 1567, Longqing Emperor (China) issued an ordinance allowing his civilians to go abroad for trading after almost 200 years of maintaining maritime order banning (Vietnamese: Thốn bản bất hạ hải) - do not give permission for an inch of wood to overseas. The second event was Nguyen Hoang’s returning to Thuan - Quang in 1600, began to implement the idea of secession.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vietnam Press: the Unrealised Ambition
    Edith Cowan University Research Online ECU Publications Pre. 2011 1995 The Vietnam press: the unrealised ambition Frank Palmos Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks Part of the Journalism Studies Commons Palmos, F. (1995). The Vietnam press: The unrealised ambition. Mount Lawley, Australia: The Centre for Asian Communication, Media and Cultural Studies, Edith Cowan University. This Book is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks/6774 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Reporting Asia Series The Vietnam Press: The Unrealised Ambition Frank Palmos Centre for Asian Communication, Media and Cultural Studies Director and Series Editor - Dr. Brian Shoesmith Faculty of Arts Edith Cowan University Western Austi·alia © 1995 Reporting Asia Series Published by - The Centre for Asian Communication, Media and Cultural Studies. Director and Series Editor- Dr Brian Shoesmith Faculty of Arts Edith Cowan University 2 Bradford Street Mount Lawley Western Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Intimate Perspectives from the Battlefields of Iraq
    'The Best Covered War in History': Intimate Perspectives from the Battlefields of Iraq by Andrew J. McLaughlin A thesis presented to the University Of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2017 © Andrew J. McLaughlin 2017 Examining Committee Membership The following served on the Examining Committee for this thesis. The decision of the Examining Committee is by majority vote. External Examiner Marco Rimanelli Professor, St. Leo University Supervisor(s) Andrew Hunt Professor, University of Waterloo Internal Member Jasmin Habib Associate Professor, University of Waterloo Internal Member Roger Sarty Professor, Wilfrid Laurier University Internal-external Member Brian Orend Professor, University of Waterloo ii Author's Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. iii Abstract This study examines combat operations from the 2003 invasion of Iraq War from the “ground up.” It utilizes unique first-person accounts that offer insights into the realities of modern warfare which include effects on soldiers, the local population, and journalists who were tasked with reporting on the action. It affirms the value of media embedding to the historian, as hundreds of journalists witnessed major combat operations firsthand. This line of argument stands in stark contrast to other academic assessments of the embedding program, which have criticized it by claiming media bias and military censorship. Here, an examination of the cultural and social dynamics of an army at war provides agency to soldiers, combat reporters, and innocent civilians caught in the crossfire.
    [Show full text]
  • About Saigon – Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Is the Largest and Most Dynamic City in Vietnam
    About Saigon – Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City is the largest and most dynamic city in Vietnam. It has changed names several times in history. While sources dispute between Vietnamese, Cambodian who controlled the land originally, the name later on was changed to Saigon (Sài Gòn in Vietnamese) in the 1700s by the local Vietnamese, then to Saigon by the French. The most recent change to Ho Chi Minh City came in 1976 after the collapsed of Saigon regime and the country became Reunification. Today, Ho Chi Minh City has an official population of eight to nine million, but in fact the population could be closer to twelve. The city center area (such as district 1, 3), still referred to as Saigon, the whole Ho Chi Minh City is growing at a rate that will equal Tokyo by 2020. Ho Chi Minh City is closed to the equator and has a tropical climate with an average humidity of 75%. Different with Hanoi with four distinctive seasons, in Ho Chi Minh City there are two seasons: wet and dry (sometimes say hot and hotter). If you visit Ho Chi Minh, be prepared for downpours during the wet season and expect daily showers from June to November. The rain does not last long but it could be pouring rain. Ho Chi Minh City life reflects much as the weather: a blend of harmony & chaos. Traffic of the city is heavy and dense, but we can always see locals lounging at street side coffee vendors, content to admire the passing free-for-all.
    [Show full text]
  • China Versus Vietnam: an Analysis of the Competing Claims in the South China Sea Raul (Pete) Pedrozo
    A CNA Occasional Paper China versus Vietnam: An Analysis of the Competing Claims in the South China Sea Raul (Pete) Pedrozo With a Foreword by CNA Senior Fellow Michael McDevitt August 2014 Unlimited distribution Distribution unlimited. for public release This document contains the best opinion of the authors at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the sponsor. Cover Photo: South China Sea Claims and Agreements. Source: U.S. Department of Defense’s Annual Report on China to Congress, 2012. Distribution Distribution unlimited. Specific authority contracting number: E13PC00009. Copyright © 2014 CNA This work was created in the performance of Contract Number 2013-9114. Any copyright in this work is subject to the Government's Unlimited Rights license as defined in FAR 52-227.14. The reproduction of this work for commercial purposes is strictly prohibited. Nongovernmental users may copy and distribute this document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this copyright notice is reproduced in all copies. Nongovernmental users may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies they make or distribute. Nongovernmental users may not accept compensation of any manner in exchange for copies. All other rights reserved. This project was made possible by a generous grant from the Smith Richardson Foundation Approved by: August 2014 Ken E. Gause, Director International Affairs Group Center for Strategic Studies Copyright © 2014 CNA FOREWORD This legal analysis was commissioned as part of a project entitled, “U.S. policy options in the South China Sea.” The objective in asking experienced U.S international lawyers, such as Captain Raul “Pete” Pedrozo, USN, Judge Advocate Corps (ret.),1 the author of this analysis, is to provide U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • An Oral History of the South Vietnamese Civilian Experience in the Vietnam War Leann Do the College of Wooster
    The College of Wooster Libraries Open Works Senior Independent Study Theses 2012 Surviving War, Surviving Memory: An Oral History of the South Vietnamese Civilian Experience in the Vietnam War Leann Do The College of Wooster Follow this and additional works at: https://openworks.wooster.edu/independentstudy Part of the Oral History Commons, and the Social History Commons Recommended Citation Do, Leann, "Surviving War, Surviving Memory: An Oral History of the South Vietnamese Civilian Experience in the Vietnam War" (2012). Senior Independent Study Theses. Paper 3826. https://openworks.wooster.edu/independentstudy/3826 This Senior Independent Study Thesis Exemplar is brought to you by Open Works, a service of The oC llege of Wooster Libraries. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Independent Study Theses by an authorized administrator of Open Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Copyright 2012 Leann Do The College of Wooster Surviving War, Surviving Memory: An Oral History of the South Vietnamese Civilian Experience in the Vietnam War by Leann A. Do Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of Senior Independent Study Supervised by Dr. Madonna Hettinger Department of History Spring 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii List of Figures iv Timeline v Maps vii Chapter One: Introduction 1 The Two Vietnams Chapter Two: Historiography of the Vietnam War 5 in American Scholarship Chapter Three: Theory and Methodology 15 of Oral History Chapter Four: “I’m an Ordinary Person” 30 A Husband and
    [Show full text]
  • Indians As French Citizens in Colonial Indochina, 1858-1940 Natasha Pairaudeau
    Indians as French Citizens in Colonial Indochina, 1858-1940 by Natasha Pairaudeau A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies Department of History June 2009 ProQuest Number: 10672932 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672932 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract This study demonstrates how Indians with French citizenship were able through their stay in Indochina to have some say in shaping their position within the French colonial empire, and how in turn they made then' mark on Indochina itself. Known as ‘renouncers’, they gained their citizenship by renoimcing their personal laws in order to to be judged by the French civil code. Mainly residing in Cochinchina, they served primarily as functionaries in the French colonial administration, and spent the early decades of their stay battling to secure recognition of their electoral and civil rights in the colony. Their presence in Indochina in turn had an important influence on the ways in which the peoples of Indochina experienced and assessed French colonialism.
    [Show full text]
  • African Warrior Culture
    African Warrior Culture: The Symbolism and Integration of the Avtomat Kalashnikova throughout Continental Africa By Kevin Andrew Laurell Senior Thesis in History California State Polytechnic University, Pomona June 10, 2014 Grade: Advisor: Dr. Amanda Podany Laurell 1 "I'm proud of my invention, but I'm sad that it is used by terrorists… I would prefer to have invented a machine that people could use and that would help farmers with their work - for example a lawnmower."- Mikhail Kalashnikov The Automatic Kalashnikov is undoubtedly the most recognizable and iconic of all weapon systems over the past sixty-seven years. Commonly referred to as the AK or AK-47, the rifle is a symbol of both oppression and revolution in war-torn parts of the world today. Most major conflicts over the past forty years throughout Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and South America have been fought with Kalashnikov rifles. The global saturation of Kalashnikov weaponry finds its roots in the Cold War mentalities of both the Soviet Union and Western powers vying for ideological footholds and powerful spheres of influence. Oftentimes the fiercest Cold War conflicts took place in continental Africa, with both Moscow and Washington interfering with local politics and providing assistance to one group or another. While Communist-Socialist and Western Capitalist ideologies proved unsuccessful in many regions in Africa, the AK-47 remained the surviving victor. From what we know of the Cold War, millions of Automatic Kalashnikovs (as well as the patents to the weapons) were sent to countries that were willing to discourage the threat of Western influence.
    [Show full text]
  • War News Coverage
    WAR NEWS COVERAGE A STUDY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES by PUNLEY HUSTON YANG B.L#, National Chengchi University Taipei, China, 1961 A MASTER 1 S THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Technical Journalism KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1968 Approved by: ajor Professor JCC? ii J3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my appreciation to the many persons whose guidance, suggestions, and services have helped to make possible the completion of this thesis. First of all, I am immeasurably indebted to Mr. Del Brinkman for his suggestions, criticism, and patience* I would also like to acknowledge Dr. F. V. Howe as a member of my Advisory Committee, and Professor Ralph Lashbrook as Chairman of the Committee for the Oral Examination. I wish to thank Helen Hostetter for her suggestions on the style of the thesis and English polishing. I wish to extend my thanks for Kim Westfahl's tremendous typing. Finally, sincere appreciation is due the Lyonses, the Masons, and Myrna Hoogenhous for their continual encouragement in the school years. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ii INTRODUCTION -V Chapter I. A WAR CORRESPONDENT'S PORTRAIT 1 II. EARLY PERIOD* WAR CORRESPONDENTS IN THE 19th CENTURY 6 III. COVERAGE OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR H* IV. COVERAGE OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR 26 V. COVERAGE OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR «f0 VI. COVERAGE OF THE KOREAN WAR 63 VII. COVERAGE OF THE VIETNAM WAR 75 VIII. CONCLUSION 98 BIBLIOGRAPHY 100 IV • • • • And let me speak to the yet unknowing World How these things came about: so shall you hear Of carnal, bloody and unnatural acts, Of accidental judgments, casual slaughters, Of deaths put on by cunning and forced cause, And, in this upshot, purposes mistake Fall'n on the inventors 1 heads: all this can I truly deliver.
    [Show full text]