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Zero Emissions Power Cycles Zero Emissions Power Cycles © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 87916_Book.indb 1 3/26/09 12:17:17 PM Zero Emissions Power Cycles E. Yantovsky J. Górski M. Shokotov Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 87916_Book.indb 3 3/26/09 12:17:17 PM CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-8791-8 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher can- not assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy- right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro- vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yantovsky, Evgeny. Zero emissions power cycles / Evgeny Yantovsky, J. Górski, and M. Shokotov. p. cm. “A CRC title.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4200-8791-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Fossil fuel power plants--Equipment and supplies.. 2. Fossil fuel power plants--Energy conservation. 3. Pollution control equipment. 4. Internal combustion engines. 5. Electric power production--Environmental aspects. I. Górski, J. II. Shokotov, M. III. Title. TK1041.Y36 2009 621.31’2132--dc22 2008042182 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 87916_Book.indb 4 3/26/09 12:17:17 PM Contents Preface Biographical Notes Acronyms Chapter 1 Controversial Future.............................................................................1 1.1 Introduction and Forecast ...............................................................................1 1.2 Reasons for Climate Change ..........................................................................4 1.3 Controversial Statements ................................................................................5 1.4 Unavoided Carbon Capture at ZEPP (Zero Emission Power Plant)...............7 1.5 The Origin of Hydrocarbon Fuels ..................................................................9 1.6 Thermodynamics of a Reaction with Methane Formation of CO2 and Fayalite....................................................................................... 14 1.7 Emerging Task—The Sequestration ............................................................. 16 References................................................................................................................ 16 Chapter 2 Cycles Review .................................................................................... 19 2.1 Carbon Capture Methods.............................................................................. 19 2.2 Early Attempts.............................................................................................. 21 2.3 Industry First Becomes Interested................................................................23 2.4 Continued Development ...............................................................................26 2.5 ZEPP Cycles Incorporating Oxygen Ion Transport Membranes..................34 2.6 Zero Emissions Vehicle Cycle—Preliminary Section .................................40 2.7 Toward a Zero Emissions Industry............................................................... 43 2.8 An Important Paper ......................................................................................45 2.9 Some Additional Remarks............................................................................45 References................................................................................................................67 Chapter 3 Zero Emissions Quasicombined Cycle with External Oxygen Supply ............................................................73 3.1 Carbon Dioxide—Thermodynamic Properties, Pure and Mixtures ............73 3.2 Gas Mixtures ................................................................................................80 3.3 Efficiency of Compressor and Turbine for Real Gas Conditions .................83 3.4 Detailed Simulation of a Zero Emissions Power Cycle on Pure Carbon Dioxide ...............................................................................85 References................................................................................................................93 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 87916_Book.indb 5 3/26/09 12:17:18 PM Chapter 4 Oxygen Ion Transport Membranes.....................................................95 4.1 Nernst Effect.................................................................................................95 4.2 Oxygen Ion Transport Membrane Reactors for ZEPPS ...............................98 4.3 Chemical Looping Combustion.................................................................. 103 References.............................................................................................................. 105 Chapter 5 The ZEITMOP Cycle and Its Variants............................................. 107 5.1 The ZEITMOP Cycle with Separate ITMR and Coal-Powder Firing ....... 107 5.2 Gas-Fired ZEITMOP Version with Combined ITMR and Combustor...... 108 5.3 A Zero Emissions Boiler House for Heating and Cooling ......................... 111 5.4 A Transport Power Unit Version Using a Turbine...................................... 111 5.5 A Zero Emissions Aircraft Engine............................................................. 114 5.6 A Membrane Smokeless Heater.................................................................. 115 5.7 A Zero Emissions Rankine Cycle............................................................... 116 5.8 Boiler Integrated with ITM Combustor...................................................... 116 References.............................................................................................................. 118 Chapter 6 Detailed Simulation of the ZEITMOP Cycle................................... 121 6.1 Turbomachinery for Carbon Dioxide as a Working Substance.................. 121 6.2 ZEITMOP Cycle Analysis..........................................................................126 6.3 ZEITMOP Cycle with Combined Combustion Chamber and ITM Reactor......................................................................................... 130 6.4 Simulation of Oxygen Transport Membrane Units .................................... 133 6.5 Results and Discussion ............................................................................... 135 References.............................................................................................................. 138 Chapter 7 Zero Emissions Piston Engines with Oxygen Enrichment .............. 141 7.1 Main Culprit ............................................................................................... 141 7.2 ZEMPES Outline........................................................................................ 143 7.3 Hi-Ox ZEMPES ......................................................................................... 145 7.4 Addition of Thermochemical Recuperation (TCR).................................... 147 7.5 Membrane Reactor for Piston Engines....................................................... 148 7.6 Zero Emissions Turbodiesel ....................................................................... 151 7.7 Membrane Reactor for Turbodiesel ............................................................ 153 7.8 Numeric Example ....................................................................................... 154 7.9 High-Temperature Heat Exchanger for Turbodiesel................................... 157 7.10 Economics of ZEMPES on Different Fuels ............................................... 158 7.11 Piston Engine with Pressure Swing Adsorption Oxygen Reactor.............. 162 7.11.1
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