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Study of MHD Instabilities in High Flowrate Induction Electromagnetic Pumps of Annular Linear Design Elena Martin Lopez

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Study of MHD Instabilities in High Flowrate Induction Electromagnetic Pumps of Annular Linear Design Elena Martin Lopez Study of MHD instabilities in high flowrate induction electromagnetic pumps of annular linear design Elena Martin Lopez To cite this version: Elena Martin Lopez. Study of MHD instabilities in high flowrate induction electromagnetic pumps of annular linear design. Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph]. Université Grenoble Alpes, 2018. English. NNT : 2018GREAI090. tel-02055466 HAL Id: tel-02055466 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02055466 Submitted on 4 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE LA COMMUNAUTE UNIVERSITE GRENOBLE ALPES Spécialité : IMEP2 / MECANIQUE DES FLUIDES, PROCEDES, ENERGETIQUE Arrêté ministériel : 25 mai 2016 Présentée par « Elena MARTIN LOPEZ » Thèse dirigée par Yves DELANNOY codirigée par Fabrice BENOIT préparée au sein du SIMAP/EPM dans IMEP2 / MECANIQUE DES FLUIDES, PROCEDES, ENERGETIQUE Etude des instabilités Magnétohydrodynamiques dans les Pompes Electromagnétiques à induction annulaire à fort débit Thèse soutenue publiquement le « 29/11/2018 », devant le jury composé de : Mr. Alain JARDY Professeur, Ecole des Mines de Nancy, Président du jury et Rapporteur Mr. Thierry ALBOUSSIERE Directeur de Recherche, CNRS à Lyon, Rapporteur Mr. Christophe GISSINGER Maître de Conférence, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris, Membre Mr. Yves FAUTRELLE Professeur Emérite, Université Grenoble Alpes, Membre Mr. Yves DELANNOY Professeur, Université Grenoble Alpes, Membre Mr. Fabrice BENOIT Ingénieur de Recherche, CEA Cadarache, Membre “Success consists of going from failure to failure without loss of enthusiasm.” Winston Churchill ABSTRACT Electromagnetic Linear Induction Pumps (EMPs) are an important research subject in the development of Gen IV sodium-cooled fast reactors. Especially, in the framework of the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission’s (CEA) R&D numerical simulation program, the prediction of the behavior of Annular Linear Induction Pumps (ALIPs) is been evaluated because of its safety advantages compared to mechanical pumps. For nuclear safety reasons, it is needed to know the behavior of an ALIP at off-design conditions. Consequently, the present work is focused on the study of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomenology and instabilities, these last occurring at the transition from linear to non-linear branch of the performance curve at the maximum of pressure. This phenomenon is associated to a consequent decrease of the pump developed pressure and efficiency and takes place at large magnetic Reynolds number (RmB), which quantifies the relation convection to diffusion of the magnetic field. This research aims to develop different tools permitting to describe phenomena and predict behavior for different performance regimes. This reasoning has been constructed following three main axes based on bibliographic researches on the subject. They consist of i) the characterization of main effects triggered during the performance of ALIPs using theoretical approaches and obtaining of stability thresholds from which the MHD flow might become unstable, ii) the development of accurate numerical models able to reproduce physical behavior close to real facilities and iii) the observation and analysis of phenomena using different methods for the post-treatment of big data acquired through the exploitation of the experimental facility PEMDyn, located in CEA Cadarache, France. In this work, the comparison of obtained results through these three different approaches has permitted to describe the MHD instabilities expected at operations with high values of slip magnetic Reynolds number (Rms). They are characterized by low frequency (LF) pulsations, velocity and magnetic field inhomogeneities, vibrations, etc. Here it has been obtained that these phenomena might be due to an amplification of inlet perturbations, triggered by the value of the slip velocity. Such amplification may be quantified with theoretical or numerical models, and has been observed on experiments. Furthermore, the current study puts the accent on the required level of detail in analytical and numerical models depending on their scope, and thus, an important number of models with different accuracies and assumptions has been developed. One of main conclusions extracted shows the importance of end effects due to the finite length of the inductor on the performance and stability of ALIPs. Keywords: Magnetohydrodynamic, annular induction pump, stability threshold, performance curve, sodium-cooled fast reactor. RESUMÉ Les pompes à induction linéaires électromagnétiques (PEMs) sont un sujet de recherche important dans le développement des réacteurs rapides refroidis au sodium de génération IV. En particulier, dans le cadre du programme de simulation numérique R&D du Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), la prédiction du comportement des pompes à induction linéaires annulaires (ALIP) a été évaluée en raison de ses avantages en termes de sécurité par rapport aux pompes mécaniques. Pour des raisons de sûreté nucléaire, il est nécessaire de connaître le comportement d'une ALIP dans des conditions hors conception. En conséquence, le présent travail se concentre sur l’étude de la phénoménologie magnétohydrodynamique (MHD) et de ses instabilités, ces dernières se produisant lors du passage d’une branche linéaire à une branche non linéaire de la courbe de performance au maximum de pression. Ce phénomène est associé à une diminution conséquente de la pression et du rendement développés par la pompe et intervient dans des régimes de fonctionnement à grand nombre de Reynolds magnétiques (RmB), lequel quantifie la relation convection-diffusion du champ magnétique. Cette recherche vise à développer différents outils permettant de décrire des phénomènes et de prévoir des comportements pour différents régimes de performance. Ce raisonnement a été construit selon trois axes principaux basés sur les recherches bibliographiques plus notables sur le sujet. Ils consistent en i) la caractérisation des principaux effets déclenchés lors de l'opération de l’ALIP à l'aide d'approches théoriques et l'obtention de seuils de stabilité à partir desquels l’écoulement MHD pourrait devenir instable, ii) la mise au point de modèles numériques précis capables de reproduire les comportements physiques proches de ceux des installations réelles et iii) l'observation et l'analyse de phénomènes utilisant différentes méthodes pour le post-traitement de données volumineuses acquises par l'exploitation de l'installation expérimentale PEMDyn, située au centre du CEA Cadarache. Dans ces travaux, la comparaison des résultats obtenus à travers ces trois approches différentes a permis de décrire les instabilités MHD attendues lors de l’opération à grand nombre de Reynolds magnétique de glissement (Rms). Ils sont caractérisés par des pulsations à basse fréquence (LF), des inhomogénéités de vitesse et de champ magnétique, des vibrations, etc. On a obtenu ici que ces phénomènes pourraient être dus à une amplification des perturbations à l'entrée, déclenchée par une certaine valeur de la vitesse de glissement. Cette amplification peut être quantifiée avec des modèles théoriques ou numériques et a été observée lors d'expériences. En outre, cette étude met l'accent sur le niveau de détail requis dans les modèles analytiques et numériques en fonction de leur portée. Un nombre important de modèles avec différentes exactitudes et hypothèses ont donc été développés. Une des conclusions principales extraites montre l’importance des effets de bouts dus à la longueur finie de l’inducteur sur les performances et la stabilité des ALIPs. 6 REMERCIEMENTS C’est en regardant en arrière qu’on se rend compte de la distance que l’on a parcourue. Cette période de trois ans a constitué une véritable étape charnière entre la fin des études, avec ses dernières traces de naïveté, et le début de la vie adulte, moment où les idées commencent à s’éclaircir, enfin. Pour cette métamorphose, je tiens à remercier le grand nombre de personnes qui m’ont apporté l’élan et le recul nécessaires pour aboutir cette course de longue haleine. En première lieu, je voudrais exprimer ma gratitude à mon directeur de thèse Monsieur Yves Delannoy, pour sa patience, son humilité et son savoir-faire. Il a été mon réfèrent de compétence technique et d’étique du travail. Je le remercierai toujours pour toute la formation scientifique qu’il m’a apporté. Je me suis sentie capable grâce à ton implication et ta confiance. Je tiens à remercier aussi à mon encadrant au sein du CEA, Monsieur Fabrice Benoit de son approche pragmatique et sa compréhension. Avec toi j’ai appris des véritables lésons de vie qui m’ont fait évoluer, tant sur le plan professionnel comme humain. Merci de me faire devenir un peu plus forte. Merci à Christine Biscarrat, ma tutrice spirituelle. Tu as été un de plus forts appuis pendant ces trois ans. Je te remercie pour tous tes bons conseils et pour l’amitié qui est restée après cette belle période. Merci à Emmanuel Sanseigne, chef du
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