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Download Download part 1 • The Artefact Reports 1.1 INTRODUCTION hammer flake (no. 145) was found in a gravel deposit in this period. ADRIAN Cox This period produced a small amount of pottery (24 sherds in total), comprising jugs and cooking pots of Scottish White The material from the main excavation encompasses a broad Gritty Ware, presumably of local production. Of most interest date range, mainly reflecting the site’s occupation from the is the single sherd that is apparently from a local copy of a medieval period until recent times, although a lithic assem- Yorkshire seal jug (756; Pot no. 13). If this identification is blage of prehistoric date was also present. The finds from the correct, the context that produced this sherd, namely backfill Queensberry House excavation provide additional insights, within the large boundary ditch 754, can date no earlier than particularly into the later periods of activity on the site. the 13th or 14th centuries. The full catalogue of the finds is deposited in the RCAHMS Archive, and a selective catalogue, including all the illustrated Period 2 (14th–15th centuries) objects and most other diagnostic finds, is included here. There are separate catalogues for the finds and the pottery Period 2.1 which are denoted here by the respective abbreviations no. 1, 2 etc and Pot no. 1, 2 etc. Since the main site excava- Even fewer finds were associated with Period 2.1, associated tion and much of the post-excavation work was completed with the formal division of the site, than was the case in before the Queensberry House work was commissioned, a Period 1. Among those recovered was the earliest of a number second archive has been constructed for the Queensberry of iron horseshoe fragments (no. 54). Other horseshoes were House material. In this, as for the main site, there are separate recovered from Periods 2.2 and 2.3. catalogues for the finds and the pottery. These are denoted here by the abbreviations QH no. 1, 2 etc and QH Pot no. Period 2.2 1, 2 etc. The pottery and finds from the main excavation are described first, followed by those from the excavation at Associated with the accumulation of medieval ‘garden soil’ Queensberry House. deposits and associated features in this period is a varied assemblage of artefacts, representing a diverse array of craft activities and domestic pursuits. As also in Period 1, a number 1.1.1 Summary of the artefact and ceramic evidence of finds provide tentative evidence of the types of buildings which existed on or near the site. Among this evidence are ADRIAN Cox AND DEREK HALL two lead alloy window came fragments, indicating glazed windows. Found in the upper fills of the Period 1 boundary Although almost no major concentrations of artefacts strongly ditch 754, a fragment representing the edge of an inlaid floor diagnostic of particular functions and activities occurred tile (no. 122) probably came from a prestigious building, anywhere on the site, the evidence highlights changes in the possibly with a religious function. nature of the site’s occupation and use through time, and illu- There is some limited artefactual evidence of non-ferrous minates aspects of daily life. A large majority of the recovered metal-working. A fragment of lead alloy waste, rolled up and artefacts came from deposits and features in the western half possibly intended for re-use (no. 51), came from one of the of the site, and many came from the extensive medieval and garden soil deposits, and a possible lead alloy offcut (no. 47) post-medieval ‘garden’ soils. Finds from the site’s eastern end, was found with the window came fragments referred to formerly occupied by the Scottish & Newcastle Breweries above. As well as being in demand to make cames, workers in complex, were scarce. lead would have been involved in the fabrication of roofs for In compiling this brief overview of the recovered evidence, ecclesiastical buildings and other large structures, and in the reference has been made to the work of all the contributing manufacture of pewter tableware, tokens and other artefacts specialists. For more detailed accounts of individual artefacts (Ewan 1990, 34). Evidence for the cold working of sheet and material assemblages, the reader should refer to their metal survives in the form of a riveted fragment of copper detailed reports (below). Measurements in the catalogue are alloy sheet, probably representing a vessel repair patch (no. generally expressed to the nearest 1mm; where appropriate 35), which was found in the fill of the boundary ditch 810 they have been expressed to the nearest 0.1mm. on the east side of Plot 2.2. This may have been fabricated on the site, although the vessel may possibly have been brought Period 1 (12th–14th centuries) to the site in its repaired condition. Analysis of the industrial debris from the site revealed a Few finds were associated with this period, although there sustained accumulation of iron smelting/smithing waste in an was some evidence of metallurgical activity. Among the area to the south of Queensberry House in Periods 2.2–2.3 other artefacts recovered is a horseshoe nail (no. 58), of a and Period 3, possibly indicating that metallurgical activities form generally thought to have been in use until the 13th were concentrated in this area during the medieval and post- century, although finds from Perth indicate that similar medieval periods. nails may have remained in use into the 14th century. The Many town-dwellers probably produced much of their excavations yielded a total of 44 pieces of struck stone domestic requirements themselves. Indeed, documentary (mainly flint), although probably none was in a primary sources reveal that many people owned spinning wheels and context. Two bipolar flakes of quartz (nos 143 & 144) other weaving equipment. Many would have clothed them- came from the natural silting in the boundary ditch 754 selves with home-produced textiles. A decorated spindle located along the southern edge of excavation, and a hard- whorl (no. 140), found in the fill of a well (1567, Plot 2.4) 3 in this period, represents one of the artefact types associated or earlier, whereas that from Period 2.3 dates from the late with this kind of activity most likely to survive in the archaeo- 15th to early 16th centuries. The evidence from documen- logical record. Generally only on waterlogged sites, where tary sources indicates that, by the late 15th century, there anaerobic conditions occur, are textiles and organic compo- were some wealthy and substantial dwellings bordering the nents of weaving equipment preserved. No. 140 is paralleled Canongate’s main street. by finds from 13th- to 15th-century contexts elsewhere in Finds of costume accessories become more numerous Scotland. Spindle whorls were used in the production of fairly in this period. Two copper alloy lace tags (nos 11 & 12), small quantities of yarn by the drop-spinning method. As designed to prevent the ends of clothing and shoe laces and Peter Yeoman (1995, 75) notes, the evidence recovered from thongs from fraying, came from ditch 913 on the west side Scottish urban excavations, in terms of spinning and weaving of Plot 2.3. The same feature produced a small, copper-alloy, equipment, and of textiles, suggests that most domestic cloth D-shaped buckle of 15th- or 16th-century date (no. 4). production was simple and small-scale. Documentary records reveal that workshops, wells and Limited evidence of costume survives in the form of dress gardens were situated to the rear of many burgage plots. accessories, such as a double-looped buckle from this period Skinners, tanners, shoemakers, cutlers, masons and brewers (no. 3), again recovered from a cultivated soil deposit, and all held property on the south side of the Canongate. The dating from the mid 14th century or later. This buckle may frontages of the plots offered opportunities for commer- have been used in conjunction with a spur. The individual cial enterprises, with booths serving as retail outlets. Some who wore it may therefore have been someone of at least recovered artefacts may have been associated with industrial moderate means, and perhaps the same can be said of the or craft-working activities, although there were no diagnostic person who owned a copper alloy mount of cruciform shape concentrations of artefact types. Clay-lined stone tank 775 (no. 16), which may have been worn on leather or textile (in Plot 2.2), thought to have been used in a tanning process, clothing. contained a possible knife blade (no. 61) in its fill. The primary Alongside subsistence and any commercial activities, the fill of stone-lined tank 843, also in Plot 2.2, contained the site’s inhabitants must have found time for leisure pursuits. heavily corroded iron head of a large, three-pronged fork (no. The smallest of four stone discs from the site (no. 136), again 60). The fork may simply represent a component of discarded recovered from a cultivated soil deposit, may represent a waste material, thrown into the feature once it had gone out gaming counter. The earlier of two bone dice (no. 189) was of use. However, given its location in the primary fill, a con- also found in Period 2.2. Dice could be used in different ways, nection with the feature’s primary function is a possibility. either by themselves in games of chance, or to determine the Perhaps the fork was used to agitate the contents of the tank. movement of pieces on a gaming board. On the boundary between Plots 2.1 and 2.2, a possible hone This period marks the first appearance of sizeable quanti- fragment (no.
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