Archäologie Und Politik

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Archäologie Und Politik 3 ROBERT BORN Zwischen Kulturschutz und Kulturgutraub Deutsche Archäologie in Rumänien vor und während der Besatzungszeit (1916–1918) De la protejarea patrimoniului cultural la furtul bunurilor culturale Arheologia germană în România înainte și în timpul ocupației (1916–1918) Between Cultural Protection and Looting German Archaeology in Romania before and during the Occupation (1916 to 1918) 84 ROBERT BORN Abb. 1: Alexandru Tzigara­Samurcaș Fig. 1: Alexandru Tzigara­Samurcaș împre­ Fig. 1: Alexandru Tzigara­Samurcaș gemeinsam mit Kaiser Wilhelm II. und ună cu Împăratul German Wilhelm al II­lea together with the German emperor Feldmarschall August von Mackensen vor și Mareșalul August von Mackensen la Wilhelm II and Field Marshal August von der Kirche in Curtea de Argeș im Septem­ biserica Curtea de Argeș în septembrie Mackensen at the Church in Curtea de ber 1917 (A. Tzigara­Samurcaș, Curtea de 1917 (Alexandru Tzigara­Samurcaș. Curtea Argeș in September 1917 (A. Tzigara­Samur­ Argeș, Rumanien in Wort und Bild 1.19/20, de Argeș, în: Rumanien in Wort und Bild caș, Curtea de Argeș, Rumanien in Wort 1917, 3–5). 1.19/20, 1917, 3–5). und Bild 1.19/20, 1917, 3–5). Die Übersetzungen dieses Artikels stammen vom Autor selbst. i Traducerile acestui articol au fost realizate de către autor. The translations of this article have been produced by the author. ROBERT BORN 85 Als Kaiser Wilhelm II. im Herbst 1917 În cadrul unei călătorii în Balcani în In the autumn of 1917, emperor Wil­ im Rahmen einer Balkanreise länger toamna anului 1917, împăratul Wilhelm helm II had an extended stay in Roma­ in Rumänien weilte, besuchte er neben al II­lea a petrecut o perioadă mai lungă nia as part of a trip to the Balkans den für die weitere Kriegsführung wich­ de timp în România. Cu această ocazie where he visited the royal tombs of tigen Ölfeldern in der Großen Walachei a vizitat câmpurile petroliere din Mun­ Carol I (1839–1914) and his wife, Elisa­ auch die könig lichen Gräber von Carol I. tenia, care au avut o importanță deose­ beth zu Wied (1843–1916), in Curtea de (1839–1914) und dessen Gattin Elisabeth bită pentru războiul în curs de desfășu­ Argeş (fig. 1) and the oil fields in Greater zu Wied (1843–1916) in Curtea de Argeş rare, precum și mormintele regale ale Walla chia, which were important for (Abb. 1). Der Kunsthistoriker Alexandru lui Carol I (1839–1914) și al soției sale the continuation of the war. Alexandru Tzigara­Samurcaş (1872–1952), der als Elisabeta (Elisabeth) zu Wied (1843– Tzigara­Samurcaş (1872–1952), the art offizieller Führer fungierte, berichtet, 1916) la Curtea de Argeș (fig. 1). Istori­ historian who served as the emperor’s dass auch ein Besuch der von Carl cul de artă Alexandru Tzigara­ Samurcaș official guide, reported that a visit to Schuch hardt (1859–1943) geleiteten Gra­ (1872–1952), care a servit drept ghid the excavation led by Carl Schuch­ bung bei Cernavodă geplant war, jedoch oficial, relatează că o vizita la săpătu­ hardt (1859–1943) at Cernavodă was kurzfristig abgesagt wurde [24]. Die Ein­ rile de la Cernavodă, conduse de Carl also planned but cancelled on short bindung der Visite der Grabungsstätte Schuchhardt (1859–1943), planificată ini­ notice [24]. Though Wilhelm II had a am Unterlauf der Donau in das offizielle țial, a fost anulată cu puțin timp înainte well­known enthusiasm for archaeolog­ Besuchsprogramm erfolgte vermutlich [24]. Integrarea vizionării sitului de pe ical field work, it was likely not the sole nicht nur aufgrund des bekannten Dunărea de Jos în programul oficial de reason for this visit to the excavation En thu siasmus des Herrschers für die vizită probabil că nu s­a datorat doar site at the lower course of the Danube archäologische Feldarbeit. entuziasmului cunoscut al împaratului being on the official itinerary. Die nachfolgende Analyse der pentru lucrările arheologice pe teren. The following analysis of archae­ archäologischen Aktivitäten während Analiza ce urmează va aborda activi­ ological activities during the occupa­ der Okkupationszeit (1916–1918) erfolgt tățile arheologice din perioada de ocu­ tion period (1916–1918) is done from aus der Perspektive einer Verflechtungs­ pație (1916–1918) din perspectiva unei the perspective of an entangled history geschichte (›histoire croisée‹). Dabei istorii conectate (›histoire croisée‹). (›histoire croisée‹). In addition to the werden neben den Verbindungen mit Alături de conexiunile cu inițiativele de monument protection initiatives, the den Kunstschutz­Initiativen vor allem die protejare a monumentelor, vor fi exami­ interactions between the occupying Interaktionen zwischen den Besatzungs­ nate interacțiunile dintre puterile ocu­ powers and the institutions and social mächten und den Institutionen und pante cu instituțiile și forțele sociale forces in the occupied territories will gesellschaftlichen Kräften in den besetz­ din teritoriile ocupate. be examined. ten Territorien in den Blick genommen. Explorarea siturilor preistorice și The exploration of ancient and pre­ Die Erforschung der vorgeschicht­ antice din teritoriile ocupate între 1916 historic sites in the occupied territo­ lichen und antiken Stätten in den be­ și 1918 nu a fost un ›produs secundar‹ ries between 1916 and 1918 was not a setzten Gebieten zwischen 1916 und al luptelor, ci a fost planificată în mare ›byproduct‹ of the fighting, but was 1918 war kein ›Nebenprodukt‹ der măsură cu scopul de a asigura resurse largely planned with the aim of secur­ Kampfhandlungen, sondern erfolgte pentru cercetare. La o examinare mai ing resources. On closer examination, weitestgehend geplant mit dem Ziel, atentă, activitățile arheologilor, antro­ the activities of the archaeologists, archäologische Ressourcen für die For­ pologilor și istoricilor de artă se dove­ anthropologists, and art historians turn schung zu sichern. Bei ein­ desc a fi un conglomerat out to be a conglomerate gehender Betrachtung er­ de inițiative individuale of individual and institu­ weisen sich die Aktivitäten DE și instituționale, din care RO tional initiatives in which EN 86 ROBERT BORN der Archäologen, Anthropologen und ocazional au rezultat cooperări între cooperation between the occupying Kunsthistoriker als ein Konglomerat von ocupanți și ocupați. Ultimul aspect a forces and occupied sometimes took individuellen und institutionellen Ini­ rămas tabu în România pentru mult place. The latter aspect remained taboo tia tiven, bei denen es bisweilen auch timp, întrucât narațiunile conturate for a long time, as the narratives that zu Kooperationen zwischen Besatzern imediat după sfârșitul războiului și care were shaped immediately after the end und Besetzten kam. Der letztgenannte au supraviețuit neschimbate și peri­ of the war that continued unchanged Aspekt blieb in Rumänien lange Zeit oada comunistă, au considerat coope­ through the communist period assessed tabuisiert, da die unmittelbar nach rarea ca o trădare a cauzei naționale. such cooperation as a betrayal of the Kriegsende geprägten Narrative, welche O deschidere față de noi întrebări de national cause. An opening for new unverändert die kommunistische Peri­ cercetare a avut loc doar în ultimele questions only became apparent in the ode überdauerten, die Zusammen arbeit două decenii, când frontul românesc last two decades when in the context of als Verrat an der nationalen Sache be­ ›necunoscut‹ și îndeosebi politica pute­ the centenary of the First World War the werteten. Eine Öffnung für neue Frage­ rilor ocupante au constituit centrul ini­ ›unknown‹ Romanian front and, above stellungen zeichnete sich erst in den țiativelor de cercetare la nivel intern all, the politics of the occupying powers letzten beiden Jahrzehnten ab, als die și în străinătate în cadrul centenarului became a focus of research initiatives ›unbekannte‹ rumänische Front und vor Primului Război Mondial [10; 8]. at home and abroad [10; 8]. allem die Politik der Besatzungsmächte În scopul unei contextualizări mai To further contextualise various im Kontext des Zentenariums des Ersten precise a activităților în condițiile actions under the conditions of the Weltkriegs den Schwerpunkt von For­ ocupației militare, vor fi prezentate în mili tary occupation, the following aims schungsinitiativen im In­ und Ausland prealabil principalele etape de dezvol­ to present the main stages of archae­ bildete [10; 8]. tare ale arheologiei în România și ale ological development in Romania and Im Sinne einer genaueren Kontex­ cercetărilor la monumentul Tro paeum the investigation of the Tro paeum tualisierung der Aktivitäten unter den Traiani lansate în acest context. Traiani in this context. Bedingungen der militärischen Beset­ zung werden im Folgenden einleitend die wichtigsten Stationen in der Entwick­ Arheologia și construcția națiunii Archaeology and Nation-Building lung der Archäologie in Rumänien und în tânărul stat național român in the New Nation-State of Romania der in diesem Rahmen initiierten Erfor­ schung des Tro paeum Traiani vorgestellt. Vizita lui Wilhelm al II­lea la Curtea de The aforementioned visit of Wilhelm II Argeș, menționată în introducere, pare to Curtea de Argeş appears to illustrate paradigmatică pentru relațiile complexe the paradigm of the complex relations Archäologie und Nation-Building dintre Imperiul German și România. Din between the German Empire and Roma­ im jungen Nationalstaat Rumänien perspectiva germană, vizita mormin­ nia. From a German perspective, the telor regale poate fi citită ca o expre­ visit to the royal graves may be read Die eingangs erwähnte Visite
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