Akhisar U Vrijeme Hasana Kafije

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Akhisar U Vrijeme Hasana Kafije TEMA BROJA AKHISAR U VRIJEME HASANA KAFIJE Fazileta HAFIZOVIĆ UDK 94(497.6 Donji Vakuf)”14/18” 929 Pruscak H.K. Sažetak: U ovom radu, prema relevantnim izvorima i literaturi, predstavljen je Akhisar (Prusac), mjesto u kojem je rođen a kasnije i živio Hasan Kafi Pruščak (1544–1615/16). Akhisar se dokumentovano spominje u kanun-nami Bosanskog sandžaka iz 1516. godine. Detaljniji podaci o naselju Akhisar nalaze se tek u popisima Kliškog sandžaka, kojemu je ovaj kraj priključen nakon njegovog osnivanja 1537. godine. U prvom popisu Akhisara u okviru Kliškog sandžaka iz 1550. godine, naselje je klasificirano prema važnosti uloge, najprije kao tvrđava, a zatim i varoš. 1574. godine Akhisar je upisan kao kasaba, što znači da je stekao sve uvjete za promjenu statusa iz varoši u kasabu. I nakon Kandijskog rata, dakle i nakon gubitka samog Klisa godine 1648. godine, ostao je u sastavu Kliškog sandžaka. Razvijao se i dalje kao kasaba, a posebno kao kulturno-prosvjetni centar, što posebno pokazuje djelovanje Hasana Kafije Pruščaka i drugih istaknutih učenjaka nakon njega. U namjeri preciznije identifikacije naselja gdje je Kafija radio i živio određeni period, autorica, analizirajući izvore s jednakom pažnjom predstavlja i lokalitet Nevabad/Novasel, i zaključuje da je Hasan Kafija zapravo, djelovao i u Novaselu/Nevabadu, odnosno današnjem Donjem Vakufu. Ključne riječi: Hasan Kafija Pruščak, Kliški sandžak, Akhisar/Prusac, Novasel/Nevabad/Donji Vakuf rijeme u kojem je živio Ha- bilo je uspostavljeno više sandžaka, Bosanskom sandžaku. Oko vreme- san Kafija Pruščak (1544– osmanskih upravnih jedinica: Bosan- na njegovog dolaska pod osmansku –1615/16) bilo je dobro vrijeme ski, Hercegovački, Kliški i Zvornički vlast postoji neslaganje kod različitih Vza jednog naučnika u Osmanskoj dr- sandžak. U to doba ovi su sandžaci autora. Zna se sigurno da je tvrđava žavi, iako su zapravo nauka i umjetnost pripadali ejaletu Rumelija, koji je, Akhisar, koja je kao utvrda bila od bili cijenjeni ne samo na osmanskom uz Budimski ejalet, bio jedan od dva značaja i u Bosanskom kraljevstvu, dvoru, nego i dvorovima svih ranijih ejaleta u evropskom dijelu Carstva. bila osvojena 1463. godine, a zatim dinastija, prethodnica Osmanlija. Već Međutim, već 1580. godine uspo- vrlo brzo izgubljena; smatra se da pod je poznato da se XVI stoljeće inače stavljen je Bosanski ejalet, kojemu stalnu vlast Osmanlija dolazi krajem smatra stoljećem uspona Osmanske su, uz gore spomenute sandžake, XV stoljeća.1 Tome u prilog govori i carevine, ponajviše zahvaljujući činje- priključeni Požeški i Pakrački sandžak, činjenica da u tvrđavi Akhisar postoji nici da je centralni dio tog stoljeća sandžak Krka/Lika, te nešto kasnije i džamija sultana Bajezida II već 1488. ispunila vladavina sultana Sulejmana Bihaćki sandžak. Pošto je svaki ejalet godine.2 Navedenu džamiju podigao Kanunija (1520–1566). Teritorij drža- imao jedan sandžak koji je smatran je u ime sultana bosanski sandžakbeg ve je značajno proširen, pa su se mogle centralnim – paša sandžak, u Bosan- Skender-paša, koji je u tri navrata poduzeti i aktivnosti na sređivanju skom ejaletu to mjesto je zauzimao bio bosanski sandžakbeg, a vezirom, upravnog i sudskog sistema Države. Bosanski sandžak. odnosno pašom imenovan je baš u Na teritoriju današnje Bosne i Akhisar, što je prijevod starijeg vrijeme Bajazita II.3 Istu džamiju Hercegovine sredinom XVI stoljeća naziva Biograd, najprije je pripadao je 1601/2. godine obnovio upravo 1 3 Hazim Šabanović, Bosanski pašaluk, Sa- gradskih naselja u Bosni u XVI sto- Safvet-beg Bašagić, Znameniti Hrvati, rajevo 1982, 43. ljeću – Uloga države i vakufa”, POF Bošnjaci i Hercegovci u Turskoj carevini, 2 Adem Handžić, “O formiranju nekih XXV/1975., OIS, Sarajevo 1977, 137. Sarajevo 1986., 423–424. 3 Novi Muallim • zima 2015 • god. XVI • br. 64 TEMA BROJA Hasan Kafija, kao kadija kadiluka Seoska naselja imala su izrazito Upravo u tom periodu rođen je i Akhisar.4 Nakon rušenja džamije, veliki broj domaćinstava, u nekim Hasan Kafi, čiji su preci u Prusac došli u vrijeme koje nije tačno poznato, slučajevima ih je bilo više nego u iz sela Zib, kako je poznato iz litera- kameni tarih same džamije prenesen pojedinim kasabama, samo nisu imala ture.9 Danas selo Zib ne postoji, ali u je u Kafijino turbe.5 sadržaje neophodne za kasabu, te popisima osmanskog perioda uvijek je Akhisar se dokumentovano spo- je isključivo zanimanje stanovnika navođeno zajedno sa selom Goruša.10 minje u kanun-nami Bosanskog u njima bilo poljoprivreda. Nahija Nije imalo ni tada status sela, nego sandžaka iz 1516. godine, kojom je Uskopje pripadala je carskim haso- je navođeno kao mezra – selište, čije naređeno da po pedeset vojnika čuva vima. U popisu iz 1550. godine upi- zemljište su koristili stanovnici Go- grad Akhisar na smjenu. Tvrđava se sana je ispod naslova Hasovi njegove ruše.11 eSama j Goruša spadala među i u popisu iz 1530. godine navodi sa ekselencije cara, čuvara svijeta, neka brojnije naseljena sela, sa pretežnim svojom posadom od šezdeset posa- vječno traje njegova vlast, u livi Klis.7 udjelom domaćina muslimana. dnika, od kojih su trojica bila topdžije, Te godine bila je u pravnim poslo- Što se tiče samog Akhisara, on što takođe govori o strateškoj važnosti vima podložna kadiluku Neretva, a je 1574. godine upisan kao kasaba, same utvrde.6 kao takva je zabilježena i u popisu iz što znači da je stekao sve uvjete za Međutim, podatke o naselju 1574, dok je 1585. pripadala kadiluku promjenu statusa iz varoši u kasabu. Akhisar nalazimo tek u popisima Akhisar, koji je, izgleda, tek bio i Imao je tri džamije, te tako i tri ma- Kliškog sandžaka, kojemu je ovaj kraj osnovan 1580. godine, u vrijeme širih hale formirane oko njih. To su bile priključen nakon njegovog osnivanja promjena granica administrativne i već spomenuta časna džamija sultana 1537. godine. Akhisar je bio centar sudske djelatnosti. Bajezid-hana, zatim časna džamija nahije Uskopje, budući da je imao Dakle, u prvom popisu Akhisara umrlog Jahja-paše,12 te džamija Bali- važnu utvrdu, te vremenom postao i u okviru Kliškog sandžaka iz 1550. -age, brata umrlog Rustem-paše.13 prosperitetna kasaba. Uskopje je bilo godine, naselje je klasificirano prema Kasaba je imala veći broj sta- nahija sa najvećim brojem sela u Kli- važnosti uloge, najprije kao tvrđava, novnika od svih drugih kasaba u škom sandžaku, i teritorijalno najveća a zatim i varoš.8 Varoš je svakako sandžaku, izuzevši Livno.14 Imala je nahija. Zbog svog položaja i konfi- predstavljala podgrađe tvrđave, u razvijeno zanatstvo, te je, uz to što guracije tla bila je izrazito pogodna kojem gradska privreda još nije do- je bila vojni i administrativni centar, za naseljavanje i život stanovništva, stigla viši stepen razvijenosti. U samoj postala i jedan od najznačajnijih kul- što se vidi po broju ne samo seoskih, varoši je u najvećem procentu bilo turnih centara ovog sandžaka.15 Taj nego i naselja gradskog tipa, kao naseljeno muslimansko stanovništvo. status je podrazumijevao postojanje što su bile kasaba Oborčan/Oborci, Prihvatanje islama od strane domaćeg škola višeg nivoa obrazovanja. Čak tvrđava Susid, te kasaba Novasel/ stanovništva u ovo doba već je bilo se, prilikom upisa stanovnika u ka- Donji Vakuf i kasaba Česta/Gornji dostiglo vrhunac, s obzirom na to tastarske deftere, uz imena nekih od Vakuf, koje su se počele razvijati kra- da je ovaj proces ovdje počeo dosta domaćina stavljala odrednica talibul- jem XVI stoljeća, te u XVII stoljeću ranije u odnosu na krajeve koji su -ilm, koja je stajala umjesto oznake doživjele svoj veliki razvoj. kasnije osvojeni. zanata kojim se dotični bavio.16 4 A. Handžić, “O formiranju nekih grad- uključujući dizdara i njegovog zamjenika. hana upisano je 95 domaćina, u Mahali skih naselja...”, 137. 9 Hazim Šabanović, “Hasan Kafi Pruščak”, časne džamije umrlog Jahja-paše bilo je 5 Džamiju u tvrđavi nije zatekao već POF XIV-XV/1964–65, Sarajevo 1969, 108 domaćina, a u Mahali džamije Bali- E. Čelebija, znači nestala je otprilike 8. U radu je dat i pregled autora koji su -age, brata umrlog Rustem-paše, bila su pedesetak godina nakon ove opravke. pisali o Hasanu Kafiji. 133 domaćina. BOA, TTD No. 622 – Vidjeti: Evlija Čelebi, Putopis, Sarajevo 10 Selo Goruša se nalazi jugoistočno od godine 1586. u prvoj mahali je bilo 80 1996, 132. Prilikom arheoloških istra- Bugojna, a time i od Prusca, udaljeno domaćina, u drugoj 70, a u trećoj svega živanja tvrđave nakon II svjetskog rata od Prusca oko 15 kilometara. 55 domaćina. U popisu iz 1604. – TK, pronađeni su temelji zgrade za koju se 11 . Vidjeti npr BOA TTD No. 622/91–92. TTD No. 475 – u prvoj mahali je bilo pretpostavlja da je bila ova džamija. 12 Jahja-paša je bio bosanski namjesnik 47 kuća i 5 neoženjenih lica; u drugoj 6 Aladin Husić, “Tvrđave Bosanskog san- krajem XV stoljeća u dva navrata: od 55 kuća i 8 neoženjenih pojedinaca, a džaka i njhove posade 1530. godine”, 1482. do 1484. i od 1494. do 1496. u trećoj 50 kuća i ponovo 8 neoženje- POF 49/1999, Sarajevo 2000, 214–216. godiine. nih pojedinaca. 7 . F Dž. Spaho, Opširni popis Kliškog san- 13 , Bali-aga je kako se vidi, u vrijeme po- 15 Omer Nakičević, Arapsko-islamske zna- džaka iz 1550. godine, 23. pisa 1574. godine bio živ, što znači da nosti i glavne škole od XV do XVII vije- 8 Godine 1550. u varoši su upisane 84 je džamiju podigao između ove i 1550. ka (Sarajevo, Mostar, Prusac), Sarajevo kuće muslimana sa 2 neoženjena lica, te godine. Umro je prije 1585.godine, jer 1999, 51–54. 6 kuća nemuslimana. F. Spaho, Opšir- se u defteru iz te godine spominje kao 15 Ovdje se vjerovatno radilo o polaznici- ni popis Kliškog sandžaka, iz 1550. godi- umrli. BOA TTD No. 622/96. ma različitih halki, a ne o pravim stu- ne, 334.
Recommended publications
  • ADEKSAM Gostivar Makedonya - Macedonia
    ULUSLARARASI HAKEMLİ İLMİ ARAŞTIRMA DERGİSİ INTERNATIONALINTERNATIONAL PEER-REVIEWED REFEREED SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OFRESEARCH SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL RESEARCH ADEKSAM Gostivar Makedonya - Macedonia Yayın yılı/Year of publication: XII, Sayı/No: 23, Yıl/Year 2014/1 HİKMET Uluslararası Hakemli İlmi Araştırma Dergisi International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Scientific Research Owner of the journal in the name of ADEKSAM adına Sahibi: Tahsin İBRAHİM Editör - Editor in Chief Prof. Dr. Fadıl HOCA / Prof. Dr. Fadil HOCA Editör Yardımcısı - Assist. Editor Doç. Dr. Mahmut ÇELİK / Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mahmut CELIK Yayın Kurulu - Editorial Board Doç. Dr. Abdülmecit NUREDİN Doç. Dr. Mensur NUREDİN Dr. Fatma HOCİN Doç. Dr. Aktan AGO Dr. Fahriye EMGİLİ Dr. Osman EMİN Dr. Taner GÜÇLÜTÜRK Mr.sci. Tülay ÇAKO Bilim ve Hakem Kurulu - Science and Arbitral Board Prof. Dr. Yusuf HAMZAOĞLU (Makedonya / Macedonia) Prof. Dr. Numan ARUÇ (Makedonya / Macedonia) Prof. Dr. Muhammed Nur DOĞAN (Türkiye / Turkey) Prof. Dr. Recai COŞKUN (Türkiye / Turkey) Prof. Dr. Oktay AHMED (Makedonya / Macedonia) Prof. Dr. Nazım İBRAHİM (Makedonya / Macedonia) Prof. Dr. Necati DEMİR (Türkiye / Turkey) Doç. Dr./Assoc.Prof./ Dr. Melahat PARS (Türkiye / Turkey) Prof. Dr. Mirjana TEODOSİJEVIC (Sırbistan / Serbia) Prof. Dr. Ksenija AYKUT (Sırbistan / Serbia) Prof. Dr. Gazmend SHPUZA (Arnavutluk / Albania) Prof. Dr. Lindita XHANARI (Arnavutluk / Albania) Prof. Dr. Kerima FİLAN (Bosna Hersek/BosniaHerzegovina) Doç. /Assoc.Prof./ Dr. Adnan KADRİÇ (Bosna Hersek/BosniaHerzegovina) Doç. /Assoc.Prof./ Dr. Tudora ARNAUT (Ukrayna / Ukrainian) Doç. /Assoc.Prof./ Dr. İrina DRİGA (Ukrayna / Ukrainian) Prof. Dr. Vugar SULTANZADE (Azerbaycan / Azerbaijan) Doç. /Assoc.Prof./ Dr.Mehseti İSMAİL (Azerbaycan / Azerbaijan) Sekreter/Tasarım - Secretary/Design: İlker ALİ Tercüme - Translation: Ayhan ŞABAN İrtibat - Contact: [email protected] / [email protected] web: www.hikmetdergisi.org / www.hikmetjournal.org .
    [Show full text]
  • Portable Archaeology”: Pashas from the Dalmatian Hinterland As Cultural Mediators
    Chapter 10 Connectivity, Mobility, and Mediterranean “Portable Archaeology”: Pashas from the Dalmatian Hinterland as Cultural Mediators Gülru Necipoğlu Considering the mobility of persons and stones is one way to reflect upon how movable or portable seemingly stationary archaeological sites might be. Dalmatia, here viewed as a center of gravity between East and West, was cen- tral for the global vision of Ottoman imperial ambitions, which peaked during the 16th century. Constituting a fluid “border zone” caught between the fluctu- ating boundaries of three early modern empires—Ottoman, Venetian, and Austrian Habsburg—the Dalmatian coast of today’s Croatia and its hinterland occupied a vital position in the geopolitical imagination of the sultans. The Ottoman aspiration to reunite the fragmented former territories of the Roman Empire once again brought the eastern Adriatic littoral within the orbit of a tri-continental empire, comprising the interconnected arena of the Balkans, Crimea, Anatolia, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, and North Africa. It is important to pay particular attention to how sites can “travel” through texts, drawings, prints, objects, travelogues, and oral descriptions. To that list should be added “traveling” stones (spolia) and the subjective medium of memory, with its transformative powers, as vehicles for the transmission of architectural knowledge and visual culture. I refer to the memories of travelers, merchants, architects, and ambassadors who crossed borders, as well as to Ottoman pashas originating from Dalmatia and its hinterland, with their extraordinary mobility within the promotion system of a vast eastern Mediterranean empire. To these pashas, circulating from one provincial post to another was a prerequisite for eventually rising to the highest ranks of vizier and grand vizier at the Imperial Council in the capital Istanbul, also called Ḳosṭanṭiniyye (Constantinople).
    [Show full text]
  • Croatian Franciscans at the Frontier Between Christianity and Islam From
    Edinost in dialog Unity and Dialogue 74 (2019) 2: 195–218 Izvirni znanstveni članek Original scientific paper (1.01) Besedilo prejeto Received: 29. 2. 2020; Sprejeto Accepted: 8. 5. 2020 UDK UDC: 27-789.32:94(497.5)"14/16" DOI: 10.34291/Edinost/75/Patafta © 2020 Patafta CC BY 4.0 Daniel Patafta Croatian Franciscans at the Frontier between Christianity and Islam from the 15th to the 17th Century Hrvaški frančiškani na mejišču krščanstva in islama od 15. do 17. stoletja Abstract: The conquest of the Ottoman state at the end of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th century put under its rule most of the territory inhabited by Croats. In the Croatian lands that came under Ottoman rule, the legal position of Catholics was built on the model of Muhammad's order towards those who recognized his political power and possessed »holy books« and did not accept Islam. The conqueror of Bosnia, Sultan Mehmed II gave the Bosnian Franciscans Hatisherif the so-called Ahdnama, by which he guaranteed to the Franciscans personal inviolability and freedom of religious activity, and to the Christian population unhindered possession of property and freedom of residence in the area of ​​his authority. It was a pragmatic act, because despite the legal guarantees, the position of Catholics and Franciscans was very difficult. Wars with Christian, mostly Catholic countri- es, often provoked terrible retaliation. The Franciscans were the only Catholic priests in the area under Ottoman rule. Although they often suffered great injustices from state and local Ottoman powerful people and resisted the proselytizing efforts of Orthodox bishops, they expanded their activities beyond the borders of medieval Bosnia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ottoman-Venetian Border (15Th-18Th Centuries)
    Hilâl. Studi turchi e ottomani 5 — The Ottoman-Venetian Border (15th-18th Centuries) Maria Pia Pedani Edizioni Ca’Foscari The Ottoman-Venetian Border (15th-18th Centuries) Hilâl Studi turchi e ottomani Collana diretta da Maria Pia Pedani Elisabetta Ragagnin 5 Edizioni Ca’Foscari Hilâl Studi turchi e ottomani Direttori | General editors Maria Pia Pedani (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Elisabetta Ragagnin (Freie Universität, Berlin) Comitato scientifico | Advisory board Bülent Arı (TBMM Milli Saraylar, Müzecilik ve Tanıtım BaŞkanı, İstanbul, Türkiye) Önder Bayır (TC BaŞbakanlık Devlet ArŞivi Daire Başkanlığı, Osmanlı Arşivi Daire Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Türkiye) Dejanirah Couto (École Pratique des Hautes Études «EPHE», Paris, France) Mehmet Yavuz Erler (Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun, Türkiye) Fabio Grassi ( «La Sapienza» Università di Roma, Italia) Figen Güner Dilek (Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye) Stefan Hanß (University of Cambridge, UK) Baiarma Khabtagaeva (Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Magyarország) Nicola Melis (Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italia) Melek Özyetgin (Yildiz Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye) Cristina Tonghini (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Direzione e redazione Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia Dipartimento di Studi sull’Asia sull’Africa mediterranea Sezione Asia Orientale e Antropologia Palazzo Vendramin dei Carmini Dorsoduro 3462 30123 Venezia http://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/it/edizioni/collane/hilal/ The Ottoman-Venetian Border (15th-18th Centuries) Maria Pia Pedani translated by Mariateresa Sala Venezia Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing 2017 The Ottoman-Venetian Border (15th-18th Centuries) Maria Pia Pedani © 2017 Maria Pia Pedani for the text © 2017 Mariateresa Sala for the translation © 2017 Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing for the present edition Qualunque parte di questa pubblicazione può essere riprodotta, memorizzata in un sistema di recupero dati o trasmessa in qualsiasi forma o con qualsiasi mezzo, elettronico o meccanico, senza autorizzazione, a condizione che se ne citi la fonte.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Balkans and Turkey After the Coup D'état Attempt
    ADAM AKADEMİ, 6/2 2016:75-94 WESTERN BALKANS AND TURKEY AFTER THE COUP D’ÉTAT ATTEMPT (15TH OF JULY 2016) MEVLUDIN IBISH Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University ABSTRACT There is a profound importance with regard to Turkey’s relationship and the Western Balkan states and their societies. This paper first analyses the Western Balkans from an historical developmental point of view and see its relationship ground towards the modern Turkish state having in mind their historical, cultural, religious, political, military and economical ties. Secondly it will be analysed the Turkish state policies towards the Western Balkans region and their states and societies. In the third part of the paper it will be focusing towards the Turkish coup d’états history and the civil-military issues that rise in the Turkish political history from the very beginning of its state formation and last until today. In the fourth part I will be structuring my paper while analysing the coup d’état attempt on the 15th of July and the Gulen movement as one the most important factor for the coup launch. In the last part actually the fifth I will be focusing on the coup d’état attempt of the 15th of July and its reflection in the Western Balkans as a political and universal event that dismantled the citizen sovereignty and legitimacy in general. Moreover, Turkish political relations with the Western Balkan states will be observed and future perspectives will be discussed. Keywords: Turkey, Western Balkans, Coup d’état, relationship, legacy, history 15 TEMMUZ DARBE GİRİŞİMİNDEN SONRA TURKİYE VE BATI BALKANLAR ÖZ Türkiye ile Batı Balkan devletleri ve toplumları arasındaki ilişkiler büyük önem taşımaktadır.
    [Show full text]
  • Virginia Commonwealth University Commencement Program
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass VCU Commencement Programs VCU University Archives 2019 Virginia Commonwealth University Commencement Program Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/vcucommence © Virginia Commonwealth University Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/vcucommence/71 This Program is brought to you for free and open access by the VCU University Archives at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in VCU Commencement Programs by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MAY 11, 2019 Congratulations to all ✦ ! CommencementGreater Richmond Convention Center Richmond, Virginia A VCU University Relations publication an equal opportunity/affirmative action university 005161-08 Dear Class of 2019: Virginia Commonwealth University takes pride in the work it does to educate, research, create, heal and serve. Our students’ experience here is relevant not only to what is happening today, but also to whatever may be in the future. Today we celebrate as you, the Class of 2019, become graduates of VCU. Your success at one of America’s nationally prominent public research universities signifies that you have done more than complete your courses and receive grades. Your degree means years of hard work and dedication to refining your skills and acquiring new ones. Your dedication to academic excellence will translate well to whatever you choose to do in the future. For 181 years, your alma mater has focused on preparing students for a future as creators, educators, healers, innovators and entrepreneurs. As a graduate of VCU, I hope you will remember that your opportunities are boundless because your potential is limitless.
    [Show full text]
  • 18 the Bridge Between Old and New: the Serbian Society In
    Cilt:5 Sayı:9 Ağustos 2015 Issn: 2147-5210 www.thestudiesofottomandomain.com THE BRIDGE BETWEEN OLD AND NEW: THE SERBIAN SOCIETY IN THE FIRST CENTURY OF THE OTTOMAN RULE ESKİ İLE YENİ ARASINDAKİ KÖPRÜ: OSMANLI YÖNETİMİNİN İLK YÜZYILINDA SIRP TOPLUMU Prof. Ema Miljković, Ph.D.1 Svetlana Strugarević, M.A.2 ÖZET Bu çalışma 1459 senesinde osmanlı’nın Sırbistan’ı fethinden sonra Sırp toplumunun temel durumunu konu edinmektedir. Çalışma, Sırp Ortaçağ hukukunun Osmanlı hukuku üzerindeki etkisinin yanısıra Sırp toplumunun iki temel gruba ayrılmasını incelemektedir. 15.yüzyılın ikinci yarısı boyunca Sırp halkının günlük yaşamındaki devamlılık ve devamsızlığına önem verilmesinin yanında tımar sistemine de titizlikle yaklaşılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Sırbistan, Sosyal Tarih, 15.yüzyıl, Kanunlar, Tımar Sistemi 1 Department of History, Faculty of Philosophy, Niš University [email protected] 2 Faculty of Philology, Belgrade University [email protected] 18 ABSTRACT This paper is dedicated to the basic postulates of the Serbian society after the Ottoman conquest of the Serbian Despotate in 1459. It discusses the division of the Serbian society into two basic groups (reaya and Wallaques), as well as the influence of the Serbian medieval law to the Ottoman legislative. Special attention was paid to the timar system, as well as continuity and discontinuity in the everyday life of the Serbian population during the second half of the 15th century. Key Words: Ottoman Empire, Serbia, Social History, 15th Century, Qanuns, Timar System The political implications of the Ottoman conquest of the Southeastern European countries are well known and transparent, as well as described in details in the historiography.
    [Show full text]
  • Marzena Maciulewicz Divided Cities. a Case Study of Mitrovica
    University of Warsaw Faculty of “Artes Liberales” Marzena Maciulewicz Divided Cities. A Case Study of Mitrovica Doctoral thesis written under the supervision of prof. dr hab. Jolanta Sujecka Faculty of “Artes Liberales”, UW Warsaw 2019 Table of Contents 0. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4 1. Chapter I: Methodology and Theoretical Framework ...................................................... 13 1.1. State of the art. Mitrovica – literature review ............................................................ 13 1.2. Theoretical basis and main research categories ......................................................... 21 1.3. Mixed methods research in practice .......................................................................... 37 1.3.1. Researcher’s positioning .................................................................................... 40 1.3.2. Research process ................................................................................................ 42 1.3.3. The idea of partnership in cultural research ....................................................... 44 1.3.4. Data collection – an overview ............................................................................ 48 1.3.5. Data analysis: transcription, coding patterns, field notes ................................... 52 2. Chapter II: Historical Overview of Mitrovica’s Development ......................................... 56 2.1. Diversity and richness
    [Show full text]
  • College Affairs Warden’S Report
    ST ANTONY’S COLLEGE RECORD 2010–2011 Designed and produced in the Development Office at St Antony’s College © The Warden and Fellows of St Antony’s College, 2011 Contact information: St Antony’s College, Oxford, OX2 6JF Tel – 01865 284 700 www.sant.ox.ac.uk CONTENTS 1 – Overview of the College The College................................................................................................................ 1 The Fellowship.......................................................................................................... 3 The Staff.................................................................................................................... 8 2 – College Affairs Warden’s Report....................................................................................................... 11 From the Bursar......................................................................................................... 12 The Graduate Common Room.................................................................................. 14 The Library............................................................................................................... 20 The St Antony’s/Palgrave Series.............................................................................. 21 3 – Teaching and Research..................................................................................... 22 African Studies.......................................................................................................... 24 Asian Studies............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Thirty the Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648
    Chapter Thirty The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648 In the late fifteenth and the sixteenth centuries, while the Portuguese and Spanish explored the oceans and exploited faraway lands, the eastern Mediterranean was dominated by the Ottomans. Mehmed II had in 1453 taken Constantinople and made it his capital, putting an end to the Byzantine empire. The subsequent Islamizing of Constantinople was abrupt and forceful. Immediately upon taking the city, Mehmed set about to refurbish and enlarge it. The population had evidently declined to fewer than two hundred thousand by the time of the conquest but a century later was approximately half a million, with Muslims constituting a slight majority. Mehmed and his successors offered tax immunity to Muslims, as an incentive for them to resettle in the city. Perhaps two fifths of the population was still Christian in the sixteenth century, and a tenth Jewish (thousands of Jewish families resettled in Constantinople after their expulsion from Spain in 1492). The large and impressive churches of Constantinople were taken over and made into mosques. Most dramatically, Mehmed laid claim to Haghia Sophia, the enormous cathedral that for nine hundred years had been the seat of the patriarch of Constantinople, and ordered its conversion into a mosque. It was reconfigured and rebuilt (it had been in a state of disrepair since an earthquake in 1344), and minarets were erected alongside it. The Orthodox patriarch was eventually placed in the far humbler Church of St. George, in the Phanari or “lighthouse” district of Constantinople. Elsewhere in the city Orthodox Christians were left with relatively small and shabby buildings.1 Expansion of the Ottoman empire: Selim I and Suleiman the Magnificent We have followed - in Chapter 26 - Ottoman military fortunes through the reigns of Mehmed II (1451-81) and Bayezid II (1481-1512).
    [Show full text]
  • Le Genti Della Citta, Delle Isole E Del Contado, Le Quale Al Tutto Volevano Partirsi”. Migrations from the Venetian to The
    UDK 297 (497.5 Dalmacija)”15” 314.7 (497.5 Dalmacija:497.6)”15” 94 (497.5 Dalmacija)”15” Izvorni znanstveni rad Primljeno: 20. 7. 2010. Prihvaćeno: 15. 4. 2011. Le genti della citta, delle isole e del contado, le quale al tutto volevano partirsi”. Migrations from the Venetian to the Ottoman Territory and Conversions of Venetian Subjects to Islam in the Eastern Adriatic in the Sixteenth Century1 Klemen Pust University of Primorska, Science and Research Center of Koper Garibaldijeva 1 6000 Koper Slovenia e-mail: [email protected] Migrations from the Venetian to the Ottoman territory and conversions of Venetian subjects to Islam were commonplace in the eastern Adriatic in the sixteenth century and were thus one of the most important factors within the frame of Ottoman- Venetian relations. Main internal reasons for migrations and religious conversions were of economic, social, existential, material and personal nature, while external reasons were above all influenced by Ottoman-Venetian wars and Ottoman raids to the Venetian territory. Key words: migrations, Venetian territory, Ottoman territory, conversions, Islam, eastern Adriatic, 16th century 1 This article is a revised and enlarged version of the paper “‘Mi faccio Turco’. Migrations from the Venetian to the Ottoman Territory and Conversions of Venetian Subjects to Islam in the Eastern Adri- atic in 16th Century”, presented at the Eleventh Mediterranean Research Meeting, Florence and Monte- catini Terme 24-27 March 2010, organised by the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute. 122 Klemen Pust, “Le genti della citta, delle isole e del contado, le quale al tutto ..
    [Show full text]
  • Settlements and Population of the Present-Day Montenegrin Polimlje in the Second Half of 15Th Century
    SETTLEMENTS AND POPULATION OF THE PRESENT-DAY MONTENEGRIN POLIMLJE IN THE SECOND HALF OF 15TH CENTURY MARIJAN PREMOVIĆ* Introduction Geographically, Polimlje (the Lim valley) region falls into three parts: Upper, Central and Lower Polimlje. According to geographers, Upper Polimlje stretches from Gusinje to Berane, Central – from Bijelo Polje to Prijepolje, while Lower Polimlje encompasses the area from Prijepolje to the confl uence of the Lim into the Drina river. However, it is a homogeneous geographic region of the Lim river basin comprising certain parts of the territories of the present-day Montenegro, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Administratively, the Montenegrin Polimlje comprises the municipalities of Gusinje, Plav, Andrijevica, Berane, Petnjica and Bijelo Polje.1 Ottoman rules at the end of 14th and in the fi rst half of 15th century did not, as it seems, result in any signifi cant changes or population movements in these parts. Not even after the fi nal conquest of this area (1455) did any major demographic change or an interruption in the population continuity occur. The fact that all the places in the parishes and wider areas kept their former names bears witness to this notion. Upon the conquest, the Ottoman authorities kept all the former toponyms frequently combining them with either new names or altered old ones.2 Fernand Braudel, one of the leading authorities on world history, designated the Ottoman rule as the liberation of the poor country folk with regard to the fact that * Assistant Professor, University of Montenegro, Faculty of Philosophy (History), Nikšić/ MONTENEGRO, [email protected] 1 Milisav Lutovac, “Dolina Lima – geografski značaj i privredno – geografske promene”, Glasnik Srpskog geografskog društva, Vol.
    [Show full text]