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Development and Validation of the Internalized Classism Scale for Poor and Working Class in the United States

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Development and Validation of the Internalized Classism Scale for Poor and Working Class in the United States University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2017 Development And Validation Of The nI ternalized Classism Scale For Poor And Working Class In The United States Aleska Randa Hagan Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Hagan, Aleska Randa, "Development And Validation Of The nI ternalized Classism Scale For Poor And Working Class In The nitU ed States" (2017). Theses and Dissertations. 2223. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2223 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE INTERNALIZED CLASSISM SCALE FOR POOR AND WORKING CLASS IN THE UNITED STATES by Aleska Hagan, M.S. Bachelor of Science, Ball State University, 2009 Master of Science in Education, Indiana University, 2011 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Grand Forks, North Dakota December 2017 c 2017 Aleska R. Hagan ii PERMISSION Title Development and Validation of the Internalized Classism Scale for Poor and Working Class in the United States Department Counseling Psychology Degree Doctor of Philosophy In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my dissertation work or, in her absence, by the Chairperson of the department or the dean of the School of Graduate Studies. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this dissertation or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my dissertation. Aleska R. Hagan December 2017 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................1 Social Class Hierarchy .................................................................................2 Cultural and Historical Factors in Social Class Hierarchies ............4 Classism and Oppression .............................................................................7 Internalized Classism .......................................................................9 Purpose of Study ........................................................................................11 II. LITERATURE REVIEW .....................................................................................12 Social Class ................................................................................................12 Social Class as a variable ...............................................................14 Defining Classism ......................................................................................17 Classist Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviors .................................................18 Classism and Mental Health .....................................................................23 v Internalized Classism .................................................................................24 Dimensions of Internalized Classism.............................................25 Current Scales ............................................................................................28 Experiences with Classism Scale (EWCS) ...................................28 Differential Status Identity Scale ..................................................29 Internalized Racial Oppression Scale (IROS)................................31 Summary ...................................................................................................33 Purpose of Study .......................................................................................35 III. STUDY 1 SCALE DEVELOPMENT, EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS, AND INITIAL RELIABILITY .............................................................................36 Study 1 Methods ........................................................................................37 Participants .....................................................................................37 Recruitment and Data Collection .......................................37 Participant Demographics .................................................39 Item Development for the Internalized Classism Scale .................42 Study 1 Results ..........................................................................................44 Exploratory Factor Analysis .........................................................44 Determining Factor Structure and Reduction of Items. ....44 Final Factor Structure ........................................................53 Scale Reliability ................................................................55 IV. STUDY 2: CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS, RELIABILITY, AND VALIDITY ............................................................................................................56 Study 2 Purpose and Rationale for Validity Tests .....................................56 vi Study 2 Hypothesis ........................................................................61 Hypothesis 1.......................................................................61 Hypothesis 2.......................................................................61 Hypothesis 3.......................................................................61 Hypothesis 4.......................................................................62 Hypothesis 5.......................................................................62 Hypothesis 6.......................................................................62 Study 2 Methods ........................................................................................62 Participants .....................................................................................62 Recruitment and Procedure ................................................62 Participant Demographics .................................................63 Instruments ....................................................................................67 Patient Health Questionnaire-9 ..........................................68 Shame Inventory ................................................................68 Short Social Dominance Orientation Scale........................69 Differential Status Identity Scale .......................................70 Social Desirability Scale ....................................................71 Study 2 Results .........................................................................................71 Cleaning the Data ...........................................................................71 Confirming the Factor Structure of the Internalized Classism Scale ........72 Hypothesis 1 ..................................................................................72 Testing hypothesized model. Confirmatory Factor Analysis ............................................72 vii Best practices for model modification ...............................77 Results of error covariation ................................................78 Hypothesis Two, Three, Four, Five, and Six .............................................82 Scale Validity ................................................................................82 Hypothesis Two ............................................................................84 Hypothesis Three ...........................................................................84 Hypothesis Four .............................................................................85 Hypothesis Five .............................................................................85 Hypothesis Six ...............................................................................86 V. DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................87 Interpretation of Results ............................................................................87 Limitations and Future Research ..............................................................96 Implications ...............................................................................................99 Future research ...............................................................................99 Practice and training ....................................................................100
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