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The Alcohol Paradox: Consumption, Regulation, and Public Houses in Three Maritime Colonies of Northeastern British America, 1749-1830

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The Alcohol Paradox: Consumption, Regulation, and Public Houses in Three Maritime Colonies of Northeastern British America, 1749-1830 The Alcohol Paradox: Consumption, Regulation, and Public Houses in Three Maritime Colonies of Northeastern British America, 1749-1830 By Emily Burton Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia September 2015 © Copyright by Emily Burton, 2015 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my mother, Rosa Elvira Bibiana Burton Rocha, and my son, Evan Nicolás Burton Kelly, who both lived this long experience with me. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables v Abstract vi List of Abbreviations Used vii Acknowledgements viii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Historical Studies of Alcohol 11 Sources and Chapter Outlines 55 Chapter 2 Rum and Authority in a British Imperial Outpost: Regulation in Nova Scotia 62 A Century (Or So) of Public Houses of British Nova Scotia 71 Debauchery in a Garrison Town, 1749 to 1767 83 Liquor Licencing and Local Revenue, 1768 to 1798 112 Rum and Roads, 1799 to 1831 120 Regulation and Consumption in Nova Scotia 130 Conclusion 148 Chapter 3 Public Houses of Entertainment and Alcohol Regulation: The Island of St. John / Prince Edward Island 151 “The Shadow of Government,” 1758-1785 156 Public Revenue and Public Houses, 1785 to 1830 173 Conclusion 232 iii Chapter 4 Trade, Taxation and Governance: Regulation in New Brunswick 235 “Our Scattered Situation,”1783-1794 243 The “Double Purpose” – Trade, Taxes, and Rum 1795-1830 301 Conclusion 324 Chapter 5 Conclusion 326 Bibliography 346 Appendix – Copyright Permission 361 iv List of Tables 2.1 License Holders in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1749-1751 87 3.1 Comparison of Statutes: 1758 (N.S.) and 1773 (I.S.J.) 172 3.2 Comparison of Statutes: 1763 (N.S.) and 1785 (I.S.J.) 177 3.3 Licensing Fee on the Island of St. John, 1785-1787 181 3.4 Licensing Fees on Prince Edward Island, 1809 187 3.5 Overview of License Ledgers: Prince Edward Island, 1825-1830 215 3.6 License Ledgers, Revenue Collected: Prince Edward Island, 1825- 1830 216 3.7 Licensing Fees on Prince Edward Island, 1821-1829 217 3.8 Tavern Names and Locations in Charlottetown, 1825 221 3.9 Tavern Names and Locations on Prince Edward Island 222 (not including Charlottetown), 1825 3.9.1 Taverns at Ferry Crossings on Prince Edward Island, 1825 226 3.9.2 Tavern Licenses Issued, 1832-1834 234 4.1 Sample of Alcohol Sellers and Types of Alcohol Sold in Saint John, New Brunswick, 1785-1786 299 v Abstract Despite the prominent role of alcohol in the culture of Atlantic Canada, we know remarkably little about the rise of rum and other alcoholic beverages prior to the rise of the temperance movement in the nineteenth century. This dissertation explores the consumption and regulation of alcohol in the three Maritime colonies of northeastern British America – Nova Scotia, The Island of St. John (later Prince Edward Island), and New Brunswick – in the contexts of changing patterns of consumption in the eighteenth- century Anglo-Atlantic world and early systems of colonial governance. It examines alcohol from the perspective of colonial authorities and their regulation of public houses, such as taverns, inns, and tippling houses. This thesis argues that alcohol, and rum in particular, presented a paradox to governors, council members and elected representatives because it was both an important source of colonial revenue and a cause of disorder which colonial authorities sought to contain. In all three colonies, the reliance on alcohol- generated revenue through import duties and fees and fines associated with public houses was weighed against the need to curb consumption. This dilemma played out differently in each of the three colonies, and this dissertation investigates questions of governance, fiscality, and morality with respect to alcohol consumption and regulation in each colony from 1749 to 1830. By employing alcohol as a lens through which broader processes can be studied, this dissertation contributes to the scholarship on early modern Atlantic-world trade, and on state formation in pre-Confederation Canada. It offers a new interpretive narrative of the development of the Maritimes from the founding of Halifax to the rise of the temperance movement. vi List of Symbols and Abbreviations Used ChT Charlottetown d. pence DCB Dictionary of Canadian Biography ECCO Eighteenth-Century Collections Online NSARM Nova Scotia Archives and Records Managements PANB Provincial Archives of New Brunswick PANL Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador PARO Provincial Archives of New Brunswick s. shillings vii Acknowledgements The project of writing a doctoral dissertation became a much longer one than I had anticipated in the beginning. The process has taught me much about both perseverance and the complex nature of striving. I owe tremendous gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Dr. Jerry Bannister, who had the wisdom to know when to hold back and when to keep me on track. This has been a long road for him, also, and I am thankful that he agreed to supervise this project, to negotiate the twists and turns of conceptualizing the topic of study given the challenges posed in identifying primary sources, and in seeing the dissertation through to the final stages. Thank-you also to the other members of my thesis committee, Dr. Krista Kesselring and Dr. John G. Reid, for their valuable feedback. A special thank-you to Dr. Reid for providing me the opportunity to work on other interesting projects as a graduate student, including the British-Asia British-Atlantic project, for teaching me about Aboriginal history, and for his insightful engagement with the dissertation. Thank-you to the External Examiner, Dr. Greg Marquis, for detailed observations on the dissertation, including feedback on how the project might be further developed. I received a doctoral award from The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, which was invaluable to my doctoral studies. The research for this dissertation cast a wide net, and not all of the research informed directly the final project, but I am also indebted to the individuals and institutions that were a part of the doctoral research project, in particular archivists at the Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management, the Provincial Archives and Records Office of Prince Edward Island, and the Provincial Archives of New Brunswick, who all helped me track down sources relating to alcohol licensing. With acknowledgement also to the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History for a Fellowship that allowed me to access archival sources at the New York Historical Society, the J.R. Smallwood Foundation for a Research Grant for dissertation research in three St. John’s archives, and to the Department of History at Dalhousie University for a travel grant to conduct research in Maritime archives. Thank-you to Dalhousie University’s Department of History, and in particular to Valerie Peck for her enduring patience, and to Tina Jones, Shirley Tillotson and Justin Roberts for interest and assistance along the way. A heartfelt thank-you to Katie Cottreau-Robins and LiLynn Wan in particular, and also Bob Harding, Jeffers Lennox, Roger Marsters, Keith Mercer, and Andrea Shannon, for my having had the good fortune to be a doctoral student with such a fine group of people. The spirit of intellectual inquiry can easily co- exist with warmth and collegiality, and they are all a testament to this. To my colleagues and former colleagues at the Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21 who were part of the final stretch, thank-you for your interest and support, and in particular to Dr. Monica MacDonald for the unequivocal value placed on three little letters, and to Steve Schwinghamer, Elizabeth Tower and Lindsay Van Dyk for attending the viii defence. Thank-you also to Dr. Dan Malleck, Brock University, for his interest and insights into the project from the vantage point of an alcohol historian. Mil gracias to all my family and friends, who have been such a heartwarming part of the process. In addition to my mother, Bibi, and son, Evan, I am ever grateful to my step- father, Jim Brown, for being both inquisitive and steadfast, to my sister Jennifer and brother Lawrence, who were supportive without perhaps understanding why I chose to embark on such an endeavour, and to Sean Kelly for helping to launch the project. With sadness that my father, Tony Burton, passed away a year before the finish line, I also appreciate the many phone conversations over the years from B.C., and his intellectual legacy in general that had much to do with the intergenerational pull towards this pursuit. Much gratitude to Linda Davis for being an anchor in more than a few windstorms, and to Olga Kits, for her kindness and much-needed support in the final stretch. For relentless encouragement, and with apologies to those I have left out, thank-you to Arturo Rocha Felices (a reminder that all endeavours should be from the heart), Bruce Gilbert, Andina VanIsschot, Ken Paul (slow and steady does win the race), Suezan Aikins, Robyn Badger, Lynette Reid, Ariella Pahlke, Pratima Devichand, Leticia Delgado, Edgar Hernandez, and, last but not least, Tim Bood. ix Chapter 1 Introduction Taxation will… contribute to guard the morals of society as well as be the means of its support. President of the Legislative Council of New Brunswick, 1807. In eighteenth and early nineteenth-century northeastern British America, the consumption of various types of alcoholic beverages was common practice for servants, merchants, military officers and others, and imported alcohol was also a source of local revenue for local governments.1 West Indian and New England rum were the most prominent alcoholic beverages that arrived in the ports and outports of the region, but other alcohols made their way into public and private houses as well.
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