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© CIC Edizioni Internazionali 07-MedicalHumanities_- 24/03/15 16:07 Pagina 27 Medical (dis)humanities Gli “esperimenti” pseudoscientifici sulla tubercolosi a Bullenhuser Damm durante l’olocausto Maria Pia Bernicchia Il Lager di Neuengamme dista circa 30 chilometri da Marek James costruiscono un paio di occhiali perché Amburgo; Neuengamme fu aperto il 13 dicembre le SS di Auschwitz glieli avevano rotti. Le lenti del nuo- 1938. Con i suoi 87 sottocampi diventerà il campo di vo paio non sono perfette, ma gli occhiali sono co- concentramento più grande della Germania setten- munque una gioia per Marek! trionale. È circondato da betulle e da un canale, co- struito dai primi prigionieri nel 1940. Nel museo che si Nel Krankenrevier, il settore per i malati, è stato alle- trova nell’area dove sorgeva il campo, ci sono pan- stito il Revier IV dove saranno ospitati i bambini quan- nelli enormi che riportano i nomi di tutti coloro che vi do diventeranno cavie per gli esperimenti sulla tuber- morirono; lì si leggono anche i nomi dei “nostri” 20 colosi: circondato da filo spinato, ha i vetri delle fine- bambini. stre imbiancati che impediscono di guardare dentro. Si possono vedere ancora alcune baracche e gli sci- voli dove i detenuti lavoravano fino allo sfinimento. I prigionieri arrivarono a essere 106.000, di questi ne Ma chi era il medico carnefice Kurt Heissmeyer? morirono 50.000. Chi sapeva dei suoi esperimenti? Chi gli ha dato auto- L’eliminazione dei cadaveri avveniva nel crematorio. Il rizzazione ad usare cavie umane, cavie bambini? Lager era noto per la fabbrica di mattoni rossi, i famo- Kurt Heissmeyer fu raccomandato dal cugino, August si “Klinker”; fu solo in un secondo momento che qui si Heissmeyer – generale delle SS e capo della Reichs- fabbricarono armi. bund für Kinderreiche – e dall’amico Oswald Pohl – Neuengamme era un campo di concentramento per capo dell’Ufficio Centrale dell’Amministrazione e del- prigionieri politici, nel quale furono in seguito internati l’Economia dei campi di concentramento – per convin- anche testimoni di Geova, omosessuali, “asociali” ed cere il presidente della Camera dei Medici tedeschi e ebrei. ReichsgesundheitsführerInternazionali(capo della Sanità del I “nostri” bambini vi giunsero di notte. Reich) che avrebbe scoperto un vaccino contro la tu- La dottoressa Trocki racconterà che i prigionieri pian- bercolosi polmonare. Con la sua approvazione, gli fu sero quando li videro; lei stessa ebbe il timore che li assegnato un laboratorio sperimentale nel campo di volessero usare per degli esperimenti, soprattutto Neuengamme (Revier IV) e poté disporre dei prigio- quando un detenuto, Jan von Everart, un ex studente nieri come cavie umane a partire dalla fine di aprile in medicina belga che lavorava nella farmacia del 1944. campo, parlandole in francese le confermò che I primi ad essere infettati furono 20 prigionieri sovieti- Neuengamme era un “Lager di adulti, nessun bambi- ci e polacchi già malati di tubercolosi che furono “scel- no …”. ti” dal dottor Trzebinski. Poi furono usati come cavie La dottoressa Trocki non rivide mai più i bambini. altri prigionieri. Si valuta che furono oltre 100 i prigio- E le tre giovani infermiere polacche che hanno accom- nieri sottoposti ad esperimenti da Kurt Heissmeyer, pagnato i “nostri” 20 bambini nel viaggio da Birkenau anche se abbiamo i nomi solo di 32. a Neuengamme? Dove sono finite quelle giovani infer- L’andamento degli esperimenti è documentato da te- miere? stimonianze e verificabile in BStU, HA, IX/11, ZUV, Nr. Vorrei dirvi che si sono salvate, che hanno rivisto la 46, Band 149, Blatt 85, 129. Dai documenti emerge un strada di casa, che hannoEdizioni trovato il coraggio di conti- agghiacciante dettaglio: ai prigionieri da usare come nuare a vivere, invece Neuengamme è stata la loro ul- cavie si promettevano razioni di cibo in più. Lo con- tima destinazione: le uccisero lì, impiccandole nel fermano i dati riportati nei documenti sul peso corpo- Bunker del campo. reo delle “cavie umane” BStU, HA, IX/11, ZUV46, Band 57. Natale 1944. I bambini ricevono dei regali dai prigio- E, nonostante l’evolversi fallimentare degli esperimen- nieri. Uno di loro, l’austriaco Jupp Händler, si veste ti, Heissmeyer ottenne dall’amico Oswald Pohl l’invio addirittura da Babbo Natale. Naturalmente questo è di 20 bambini per proseguire il suo micidiale program- CICvietato, si rischia la pena di morte se ci si avvicina al- ma. Saranno bambini ebrei detenuti ad Auschwitz-Bir- la baracca dei bambini, ma è Natale… non spareran- kenau: i “nostri” bambini. BStU, HA, IX/11, ZUV, Nr.46, no… Persino il cuoco, l’SS Longin Bladowski, mostra Band 154, Blatt 194. (fonte: “… dass du weisst, was un po’ di buon cuore: un prigioniero olandese, Jan van hier passiert ist” Medizinische Experimente im KZ © Bork, lo supplica di dargli dello zucchero; il cuoco si Neuengamme und die Morde am Bullenhuser Damm commuove e gli dà anche della farina… i prigionieri Iris Groschek, Kristina Vagt Edition Temmen 2012) preparano dolci, biscotti e giocattoli per i bambini. A http://edition-temmen.de/out/media/2022.pdf. Shortness of Breath 2015; 4 (1): 27-31 27 07-MedicalHumanities_- 24/03/15 16:07 Pagina 28 Maria Pia Bernicchia Abbiamo lasciato I “nostri” 20 bambini nel Revier IV, Quella sera furono operati soltanto sette bambini, do- era Natale… podiché furono riportati al Revier IV…* I medici francesi misero le ghiandole sotto formalina, Il dottor Kurt Heissmeyer torna a Neuengamme il 9 in vasi, che etichettarono con il nome dei bimbi e il nu- gennaio 1945. Nelle settimane precedenti aveva ese- mero loro assegnato. Heissmeyer portò i vasi etichet- guito i suoi esperimenti su prigionieri russi e serbi sen- tati contenenti le ghiandole nel laboratorio del sanato- za ottenere i risultati voluti. rio delle SS a Hohenlychen, dove lo aspettava il pato- Decide quindi di continuare la sua diabolica ricerca sui logo Hans Klein. bambini e costringerà due medici francesi prigionieri * Le date delle prove tubercoliniche e delle operazioni nel campo, il professor Gabriel Florence e il professor effettuate sui bambini sono state tratte dagli appunti René Quenouille, ad assisterlo. (Notizzettel) presi da Heissmeyer su ogni bambino. Florence e Quenouille cercarono di salvare i “nostri” Dai Notizzettel risulta che: 20 bambini, ma entrambi finiranno con loro a Bullen- a undici bambini fu incisa l’ascella destra il 9 gennaio huser Damm. 1945; a uno il 23 febbraio; a tre il 9 marzo. Quella sinistra fu incisa il 19 febbraio a due bambini, il Ecco come si svolsero gli esperimenti del dottor 9 marzo a quattro e il 23 marzo a un solo bambino. A Heissmeyer sui bambini nel Revier IV otto di loro fu incisa soltanto l’ascella destra, mentre Il 9 gennaio 1945 Heissmeyer fa incidere la pelle sul Heissmeyer non riporta alcuna data per cinque dei 20 torace di 11 bambini, sotto l’ascella destra, con tagli a bambini. X, lunghi da tre a quattro centimetri poi introduce con Esaminando gli appunti si nota che il medico-carnefi- una spatola i bacilli della tubercolosi e infine, copre le ce sbaglia le iniziali di uno dei “nostri” 20 bambini incisioni con un cerotto. – Ruchla Zylberberg è diventata A.S.; I bambini vengono così infettati con bacilli tubercoloti- – sbaglia l’indicazione dell’anno nei Notizzettel 4, 7, ci vivi, capaci di scatenare la malattia in forma molto 11, 14 nella data del giorno in cui sottopone i bam- virulenta. bini alle prove tubercoliniche; Heissmeyer riceve le colture da un certo dottor Mei- – e sbaglia l’età di più di un bambino. necke, batteriologo di Berlino, il quale proverà a con- vincere Heissmeyer a non usare i bacilli vivi su esseri Cosa sono i 20 Notizzettel? umani, ma non verrà ascoltato. Heissmeyer è acceca- I 20 Notizzettel (“promemoria”) di cui ne riportiamo to dall’ambizione: vuole emergere, vuole diventare uno quiInternazionali di seguito (Figura 1), sono appunti – conser- professore, vuole passare alla storia, vuole diventare vati a Berlino presso l’Archivio dei documenti della famoso, non si fa scrupoli, tratta i bambini come fos- Stasi (BStU) – presi da Heissmeyer durante gli espe- sero topi… come cavie per studiarne le difese immu- rimenti sulla tubercolosi che effettuò sui “nostri” 20 nitarie, per raccogliere anticorpi e preparare un vacci- bambini. Heissmeyer mise questi appunti insieme alle no. fotografie di ciascuno di loro in una scatola di zinco, Il 19 febbraio 1945 Heissmeyer fa nuovamente incide- che seppellì nel giardino di casa sua. re la pelle di Alexander Hornemann e Marek Stein- Ogni bambino aveva il proprio numero riportato su baum, questa volta sotto l’ascella sinistra e introduce una piastrina da tenere appesa al collo. altri bacilli vivi. I bambini sono apatici, sofferenti, han- Il carnefice studiava l’evolversi della malattia e teneva no la febbre. Heissmeyer ordina al professor Que- aggiornati i suoi appunti riportando il numero di ogni nouille di far loro delle radiografie. Nella baracca è en- bambino, le iniziali del nome, del cognome e l’età. Di trato un altro prigioniero: il medico polacco Zygmunt alcuni bambini l’età non è esatta. Lo confermano ricer- Szafranski; viene da Radom, come i figli del collega che storiche documentate. Sewern Witónski, pediatra di Radom, Eleonora e Ro- In ogni foglietto perciò troviamo il numero assegnato man Witónski, due dei “nostri” 20 bambini. al bambino; Edizionile iniziali di nome e cognome; Per effettuare le operazioni viene sfruttato il prigionie- ro ceco Bogumil Doclik, che da libero svolgeva la pro- l’età (Jahre); fessione di chirurgo. le sigle Moro – che sta per “prova tubercolinica se- Heissmeyer, infatti, non è capace di fare interventi, ha condo Ernst Moro” bisogno di un chirurgo per realizzare il suo progetto e Pi – che significa “prova tubercolinica secondo Kle- criminale! Ad assisterlo vi è un altro prigioniero, il po- mens Johannes Pirquet”, entrambe seguite da una data; lacco Franczisczek Czekalla… la parola “geimpft” (“vaccinato”**) seguita da due da- te.
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