ZESZYTY NAUKOWE TOWARZYSTWA DOKTORANTÓW UNIWERSYTETU JAGIELLOŃSKIEGO RADA NAUKOWA Przewodniczący Rady Naukowej Prof. dr hab. Wojciech Nowak | Rektor Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Dr Denys Azarov | Uniwersytet Narodowy „Akademia Kijowsko-Mohylańska” Prof. Martin Bier | East California University Prof. dr hab. Andriy Boyko | Lwowski Uniwersytet Narodowy im. Iwana Franki Prof. Hugh J. Byrne | FOCAS Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology Dr hab. Adrián Fábián | University of Pécs Prof. dr hab. Maria Flis | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Tadeusz Gadacz | Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny w Krakowie Dr Herbert Jacobson | Linköping Universitet Prof. dr hab. Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Dr Miklós Kiss | University of Groningen Dr Erdenhuluu Khohchahar | Kyoto University Prof. dr hab. Andrzej Kotarba | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Dr Oleksiy Kresin | Narodowa Akademia Nauk Ukrainy Prof. dr hab. Marta Kudelska | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Tomasz Mach | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Andrzej Mania | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Dr Kristin McGee | University of Groningen Prof. dr hab. Karol Musioł | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. Biderakere E. Rangaswamy | Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology Dr Melanie Schiller | University of Groningen Prof. dr hab. Jacek Składzień | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Leszek Sosnowski | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Bogdan Szlachta | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. Luigia di Terlizzi | Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro Prof. Matthias Theodor Vogt | Institut für kulturelle Infrastruktur Sachsen ZESZYTY NAUKOWE TOWARZYSTWA DOKTORANTÓW UNIWERSYTETU JAGIELLOŃSKIEGO ____________________________________________________ NAUKI SPOŁECZNE ~ NUMER 24 (1/2019) ~ TURKISH YOKE OR PAX OTTOMANA The Reception of Ottoman Heritage in the Balkan History and Culture Edited by Krzysztof Popek & Monika Skrzeszewska KRAKÓW 2019 Zeszyty Naukowe Towarzystwa Doktorantów UJ ul. Czapskich 4/14, 31-110 Kraków www.doktoranci.uj.edu.pl/zeszyty Redaktor naczelna: Joanna Świt Zastępczyni redaktor naczelnej: Agnieszka Ścibior Sekretarz redakcji: Stanisław Szufa Redaktor prowadzący serii: Krzysztof Popek Redaktorzy tomu: Krzysztof Popek, Monika Skrzeszewska Recenzenci: dr hab. Karolina Bielenin-Lenczowska, Uniwersytet Warszawski dr Kamil Bieniek, Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny w Krakowie prof. dr hab. Ilona Czamańska, Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu dr Rigels Halili, Uniwersytet Warszawski dr Kirił Marinow, Uniwersytet Łódzki dr Tomasz Jacek Lis, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu prof. Krystyna Pieniążek-Marković, Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu dr Tomasz Rawski, Uniwersytet Warszawski prof. dr hab. Jolanta Sujecka, Uniwersytet Warszawski dr Paweł Wierzbicki, Muzeum Miasta Krakowa prof. dr hab. Sławomira Żerańska-Kominek, Uniwersytet Warszawski Publikacja finansowana ze środków Towarzystwa Doktorantów UJ Ilustracja na okładce: A. Bozhilov, Na tursko-balgarska granica, „Balgaran” 1909, god. V, br. 13 (17 yanuari), p. 1. Współpraca wydawnicza: WYDAWNICTWO n o w a s t r o n a www.wydawnictwonowastrona.pl e-mail: [email protected] Portal naukowy ACADEMIC JOURNALS www.academic-journals.eu ___________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright by Towarzystwo Doktorantów UJ © Copyright by Wydawnictwo Nowa Strona All rights reserved Wydanie I, Kraków 2019 Nakład: 60 egz. e-ISSN 2082-9213 | p-ISSN 2299-2383 Contents INTRODUCTION 7 NEVYAN MITEV 9 The One Hundred Year Struggle of the Bulgarian People against the Turkish Invasion (from Momchil Yunak to the Crusades of Vladislav Varnenchik) KRZYSZTOF DOBOSZ 29 Rumeli in the Period of Dynastic Instability. Why Were the Ottoman Balkans So Important for the Dynasty in the First Half of the 15th Century? ALEKSANDAR ZLATANOV 45 Czajkowski’s Christian Army of the Sultan, 1853–1870 MATEUSZ SEROKA 59 Searching for “New Muslims.” Croatian Elite’ Stance Towards Bosnian Muslims Elites in Croatian Travelogues in the Second Half of 19th Century KRZYSZTOF POPEK 85 De-Ottomanisation of Land. Muslim Migrations and Ownership in the Bulgarian Countryside after 1878 MONIKA SKRZESZEWSKA 111 Poturica gori od Turčina or...? The Influence of Islam on “Our Muslims” in Serbian Nationalistic Discourse (Review from the Second Half of the 19th Century to the 1920s) AGATA PAWLINA 131 Traces of the Ottoman Musical Tradition in Early 20th-Century Western-Style Turkish Art Music PAWEŁ MICHALAK 143 The Image of Turkey in the Public Discourse of Interwar Yugoslavia During the Reign of King Aleksandar Karađorđević (1921–1934) According to the Newspaper “Politika” PIOTR MIROCHA 167 Semiotics of the Ottoman Bridge: Between Its Origins and Ivo Andrić ANGELIKA KOSIERADZKA 181 The Memory of Architecture, the Architecture of Contentious Memory. Post-Ottoman Edifices of Worship and the Contemporary Spaces of Bulgarian Cities— the Case of Dzhumaya Mosque and the Tomb of Bali Efendi ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS 199 Introduction The Ottoman Empire influenced the policy of the Balkan Peninsula for almost six ages. Since the 14th century, the Turkish rules were the source of the Balkan social models, lifestyle, and culture—the Ottomans are the reason why the South-East is different than the rest of the Old Continent. It is obligatory to combine the history, policy, and culture of the Balkans with the Ottoman heritage because it helps us analyse the most crucial processes took place in the past. What more, we notice the effects of those processes even nowadays. There were two general visions of the Ottoman rule in South-Eastern Eu- rope. The Balkan researchers usually talk about the “Turkish yoke”—the alien and oppressive occupation linked with the discrimination of Christians, even the physical destruction. On the other side, there are Turkish researches, who presented this period as the idyllic commonwealth of people of different faiths and cultures, lived side by side in peace by centuries under the tolerant sultans’ rule. The visions of the “Turkish yoke” and “Ottoman commonwealth” contain as much truth about the Ottoman Balkans as the false and distortions, arising from the simplifications or ideological motivations. As the American re- searcher of Balkan origin, Ali Eminov said: “The Ottoman rule in Bulgaria was not a golden age of tolerance and equality. However, it was not a centuries-long dark age of unrelieved cruelty toward Bulgarians either.”1 These words can be applied to the whole region, not only Bulgaria. The vision of the “common- wealth” fits the general description of the ethnic relations in the Ottoman Balkan during the peace and stabilization, however, the “yoke” can be related to the crises, wars, uprising, and times of anxiety, which was dramatic to the Christian subjects of sultan (but Muslims as well). In that way, in the Balkan cultures and mentalities, there is a place for the contradictory stereotypes of the Turks and Muslims. On the one hand, they are “cruel tormentors”, on the other—“good neighbor”, which—with a wider historical perspective—can be translated into the historiographical visions of the “Turkish yoke” and “Ot- toman commonwealth.” The articles collected in the volume present the history and culture of the Ottoman Balkans from the arrival of the Turks to the Peninsula through the 19th until 20th century and the present reception of the Ottoman heritage in the region. Nevyan Mitev writes about the Bulgarian resistance against the 1 A. Eminov, Islam and Muslims in Bulgaria: A Brief History, “Islamic Studies” 1997, Vol. 36, No. 2–3, p. 221. 8 KRZYSZTOF POPEK, MONIKA SKRZESZEWSKA __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Turkish invasion in the 14th and 15th century. The same period is the topic of the next article written by Krzysztof Dobosz, who tried to answer the question “Why were the Balkans so important for the Ottomans in the first half of the 15th century?” We moved to the 19th century, which is opened by text by Aleksandar Zlatanov, who presents the project of the Christian army of Sultan led by a Polish writer, political agent, and renegade Michał Czajkowski—Sadık Paşa. Mateusz Seroka analyses the relation between Croatian and Bosnian Mus- lim elites in the 19th century. We move ones again to the Eastern Balkans to see the effects of the collapse of the Ottoman rules and Muslim mass migrations on the Bulgarian countryside after 1878, which is analyzed by Krzysztof Popek. In the next article, Monika Skrzeszewska presents the stereotypes of poturice in the Serbian nationalistic discourse from the 19th to the 1920s. Agata Pawlina takes us in a little different reality of the “Turkish Five”—a group of composers whose works set out the direction for modern Western-style Turkish art music at the beginning of the 20th century. Paweł Michalak focuses on the image of Turkey in the public discourse of interwar Yugoslavia. Piotr Mirocha analysis the semiotics of the Ottoman bridge, focusing on the works of the Yugoslavian Nobel laureate – Ivo Andrić. The last but not least article by Angelika Kosieradzka is a reflection about the place of the Post-Ottoman architecture in the contemporary spaces of Bulgarian cities. We would like to thank reviewers for the titanic work and valuable remarks without which the book could not come into being. Special thanks go to Tomasz Jacek Lis Ph.D. and Agnieszka