DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effect of Hybridization on Secondary Metabolites and Herbivore Resistance: Implications for the Evolution of Chemical Diversity in Plants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effect of Hybridization on Secondary Metabolites and Herbivore Resistance: Implications for the Evolution of Chemical Diversity in Plants Phytochem Rev (2011) 10:107–117 DOI 10.1007/s11101-010-9194-9 The effect of hybridization on secondary metabolites and herbivore resistance: implications for the evolution of chemical diversity in plants Dandan Cheng • Klaas Vrieling • Peter G. L. Klinkhamer Received: 29 January 2010 / Accepted: 17 August 2010 / Published online: 1 September 2010 Ó The Author(s) 2010. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The diversity of secondary metabolites parental SMs in hybrids generally is constrained by (SMs) has been poorly understood from both a that in parental plants, but transgressive expression mechanistic and a functional perspective. Hybridiza- was present in some hybrids. Hybrids may be as tion is suggested to contribute to the evolution of susceptible (resistant) as the parents or more suscep- diversity of SMs. In this paper we discuss the effects tible than the parents, but rarely more resistant than of hybridization on SMs and herbivore resistance by the parents. However, different hybrid classes (F1, evaluating the literature and with special reference to F2, backcrossing and mixed genotypes) show differ- our own research results from the hybrids between ent patterns in relation to herbivore resistance. The Jacobaea vulgaris (syn. Senecio jacobaea) and variation in SMs and herbivore resistance occurring Jacobaea aquatica (syn. Senecio aquaticus). We also in hybrids could be explained by complicated genetic review the possible genetic mechanism which causes mechanisms rather than a simple one-gene model. the variation of SMs and herbivore resistance in Most previous work in this field only reported mean hybrids. Most SMs in hybrids are present in the trait values for hybrid classes and few studies focused parents as well. But hybrids may miss some parental on genotype differences within hybrid classes. Our SMs or have novel SMs. The concentration of study in Jacobaea hybrids showed transgressive segregation in most SMs and herbivore resistance. To summarize, our article shows that hybridization may increase the variation of SMs and affect herbivore resistance, which may partially explain D. Cheng (&) Á K. Vrieling Á P. G. L. Klinkhamer the evolution of chemical diversity in plants. Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry Section, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands Keywords Chemical defense Á Pyrrolizidine e-mail: [email protected] alkaloids Á Jacobaea vulgaris Á Jacobaea aquatica K. Vrieling e-mail: [email protected] Abbreviations P. G. L. Klinkhamer AFLP Amplified fragment length polymorphism e-mail: [email protected] BC Backcrossing dw Dry weigh of plant material D. Cheng PA Pyrrolizidine alkaloid Institute of Ecology & Environmental Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University QTL Quantitative Trait Locus of Geosciences, Lumo Road 388, 430074 Wuhan, China SM Secondary metabolite 123 108 Phytochem Rev (2011) 10:107–117 Introduction (3) express novel SMs that are absent in each parent or (4) express a parental SM in other tissues than the parents. The last two are regarded as novelty. Rieseberg The role of hybridization with respect to the origin of and Ellstrand (1993) showed that, among 743 SMs biodiversity has been debated for over a century. identified in parents and their F1 hybrids of 21 genera Recent research indicates that hybridization plays a from 24 studies, 68% were present both in the hybrids role in the generation of novel traits, transgressive and their parents, 27% only occurred in parental plants, segregation, introgression of traits between species and 5% of the SMs were only found in the hybrids. The and speciation itself (e.g. Stebbins 1959; Arnold 1992; frequency of novelty was ca. 8% in later generation Rieseberg and Carney 1998). Furthermore hybridiza- hybrids and even higher (ca.18%) in hybrid-derived tion may contribute to the success of invasive species species. The survey by Orians (2000) based on 31 and cause the displacement and extinction of local studies including 80 hybrid crosses showed that at least species (Huxel 1999; Prentis et al. 2007). To elucidate one specific SM was missing in the hybrids in ca. 60% of the diversity in SMs and plant resistance from an the crosses and at least one novel SM was found in ca. ecological and evolutionary perspective, hybrids are 40% of the crosses. We extended the reviews of regarded as a good study system (Fritz et al. 1999; Rieseberg and Ellstrand (1993) and Orians (2000)by Orians 2000). In this paper we will focus on the including 7 studies published from 2000 to 2010. From consequences of hybridization for the generation of these studies we scored the presence and absence of SMs qualitative and quantitative variation in secondary in different hybrid classes. The combined results show chemistry and the possible effects on hybrids fitness in that 24.2% of the 1,112 SMs studied were not present in relation to herbivore resistance. We asked the follow- the hybrids, 5.5% were novel SMs only present in the ing questions: (1) Do hybrids have a greater qualitative hybrids and 70.3% were present in both the parents and or quantitative variation of SMs and herbivore resis- hybrids (Table 1). Adding more studies did not change tance relative to the parental taxa? (2) Does this pattern the results obtained by the previous review suggesting differ between different classes of hybrids? (3) Is the that the data are solid (Table 1,chi-square= 2.8, variation in SMs and herbivore resistance determined df = 2, P = 0.24). by simple genetic mechanisms? From an evolutionary point of view it is important to know if among a hybrid Quantitative variation of SMs in hybrids population some individuals show more extreme trait values than either of the parental species. Unfortu- Orians (2000) divided the quantitative variation of nately, most studies reported mean trait values for the concentration of SMs in F1 hybrids relative to the hybrid classes and only very few studies focused on parents in five categories: (1) higher than in either genotype differences within hybrid classes. Finally, parent (O-overexpression); (2) intermediate between we therefore, will summarize the development of our those of the two parental taxa (Im-intermediate research on Jacobaea hybrids as a case study with expression); (3) lower than in either parent special attention on within hybrid genotype variation. (U-underexpression); (4) similar to that in one of Hybridization occurs frequently in Senecio and Jac- the two parental taxa (D-dominance expression); or obaea species. The interaction of herbivorous insects and (5) not different from either parent when the parents plants of these species in relation to the pyrrolizidine show similar concentrations (ND-no difference). alkaloids (PAs) have been intensively studied (van der From an evolutionary point of view, we think the Meijden et al. 1989, 1992; Vrieling et al. 1991; Hartmann fourth category (Dominance) should be divided to 1999; Macel et al. 2002, 2005; Leiss et al. 2009a). two subcategories: Dl-dominance to the lower parent and Dh-dominance to the higher parent. A meta- The effect of hybridization on SMs analysis of 5 studies showed that among the 96 parental SMs present in the F1 hybrids, most are Qualitative variation of SMs in hybrids either expressed at concentrations similar to one of the parents or at intermediate concentrations (33 and Hybrids may: (1) express all of the SMs of the parental 29%, respectively), some are over expressed (19%), taxa; (2) fail to express certain parental SMs; while others occur at lower concentrations than in 123 Phytochem Rev (2011) 10:107–117 Table 1 Qualitative and quantitative variation of the secondary metabolites (SMs) in hybrid plants Taxa SM Hybrid Quanlitative variation Quantitative variation Reference class Missing Complementary Novel ND Im Dl Dh U O SMs SMs SMs Allium cepa 9 A. kermesinuma Cysteine sulfoxides and F1 0 26 0 7 8 4 1 2 4 Storsberg et al. (2004) volatile sulfur compounds Corymbia citriodora subsp. Hexane extracts of leaves F1 17 29 5 0 7 1 2 0 4 Nahrung et al. (2009) variegata 9 C. torellianab Citrus meyerii 9 C. limon cv. Essential oils F1 5 55 1 38 5 7 4 1 1 Verzera et al. (2005) Cavone C. medica 9 C. limon cv. Cavone F1 1 49 0 39 3 4 3 0 0 Eucalyptus globulusc Sideroxylonal and F1(SN) 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 O’Reilly-Wapstra et al. macrocarpal F1(NS) 0 6 0 1 0 1 3 0 1 (2005) Eucalyptus. grandis 9 Essential oils F1 14 10 3 0 7 1 0 1 1 Toloza et al. (2008) E. camaldulensisd E. grandis 9 E. tereticornisd F1 15 10 3 0 5 0 1 2 2 Quercus. gambelii 9 Q. griseae Ellagitannins F1 0 10 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 Yarnes et al. (2008) BC(gr) 0 10 0 2 4 2 0 1 1 BC(ga) 0 10 0 3 4 1 1 1 0 Salix caprea 9 S. repens Phenolic glucosides F1 0 7 0 0 2 4 1 0 0 Hallgren et al. (2003) F2 0 7 0 0 5 0 2 0 0 BC(c) 0 7 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 BC(r) 0 7 0 1 5 0 1 0 0 Results previous reviews:(qualitative data from 217 533 49 5 28 32f 13 18 Rieseberg and Ellstrand Rieseberg and Ellstrand 1993 and quantitative data (1993), Orians (2000) from Orians 2000) Total 269 782 61 96 88 84f 27 36 Percentage 24.2% 70.3% 5.5% 29.0% 26.6% 25.4%f 8.2% 10.9% F1, F2, BC (pure species parents indicated by the first or first two letters), ND (no difference from both of the parents), Im (intermediate between the parents), Dl (similar to the lower parent), Dh (similar to the higher parent), U (underexpression), O (overexpression) a The average concentration of individual SMs of 6 F1 hybrids b SMs appearing in [50% of hybrid individuals scored as present and those appearing \50% scored as missing c Intraspecies hybrids of two geographically distinct populations (races) of E.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Yorkhill Green Spaces Wildlife Species List
    Yorkhill Green Spaces Wildlife Species List April 2021 update Yorkhill Green Spaces Species list Draft list of animals, plants, fungi, mosses and lichens recorded from Yorkhill, Glasgow. Main sites: Yorkhill Park, Overnewton Park and Kelvinhaugh Park (AKA Cherry Park). Other recorded sites: bank of River Kelvin at Bunhouse Rd/ Old Dumbarton Rd, Clyde Expressway path, casual records from streets and gardens in Yorkhill. Species total: 711 Vertebrates: Amhibians:1, Birds: 57, Fish: 7, Mammals (wild): 15 Invertebrates: Amphipods: 1, Ants: 3, Bees: 26, Beetles: 21, Butterflies: 11, Caddisflies: 2, Centipedes: 3, Earthworms: 2, Earwig: 1, Flatworms: 1, Flies: 61, Grasshoppers: 1, Harvestmen: 2, Lacewings: 2, Mayflies: 2, Mites: 4, Millipedes: 3, Moths: 149, True bugs: 13, Slugs & snails: 21, Spiders: 14, Springtails: 2, Wasps: 13, Woodlice: 5 Plants: Flowering plants: 174, Ferns: 5, Grasses: 13, Horsetail: 1, Liverworts: 7, Mosses:17, Trees: 19 Fungi and lichens: Fungi: 24, Lichens: 10 Conservation Status: NameSBL - Scottish Biodiversity List Priority Species Birds of Conservation Concern - Red List, Amber List Last Common name Species Taxon Record Common toad Bufo bufo amphiban 2012 Australian landhopper Arcitalitrus dorrieni amphipod 2021 Black garden ant Lasius niger ant 2020 Red ant Myrmica rubra ant 2021 Red ant Myrmica ruginodis ant 2014 Buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris bee 2021 Garden bumblebee Bombus hortorum bee 2020 Tree bumblebee Bombus hypnorum bee 2021 Heath bumblebee Bombus jonellus bee 2020 Red-tailed bumblebee Bombus
    [Show full text]
  • Species List
    1 of 26 Garscube 14/04/2021 species list Group Taxon Common Name Earliest Latest Records amphibian Bufo bufo Common Toad 2020 2020 1 amphibian Rana temporaria Common Frog 2005 2020 63 annelid Lumbricus 2020 2020 1 bird Accipiter nisus Sparrowhawk 2001 2021 6 bird Aegithalos caudatus Long-tailed Tit 1978 2021 13 bird Alca torda Razorbill 2019 2019 1 bird Alcedo atthis Kingfisher 1975 2020 9 bird Alle alle Little Auk 1894 1896 1 bird Anas platyrhynchos Mallard 2001 2020 4 bird Apus apus Swift 2005 2013 6 bird Ardea cinerea Grey Heron 2019 2019 1 bird Bombycilla garrulus Waxwing 2010 2010 1 bird Buteo buteo Buzzard 2007 2020 7 bird Carduelis carduelis Goldfinch 2020 2020 2 bird Certhia familiaris Treecreeper 2003 2021 10 bird Chloris chloris Greenfinch 1982 2021 7 bird Cinclus cinclus Dipper 2020 2020 1 bird Coloeus monedula Jackdaw 2020 2020 1 bird Columba oenas Stock Dove 2019 2019 3 bird Columba palumbus Woodpigeon 1962 2020 8 bird Corvus corax Raven 2019 2019 1 bird Corvus corone Carrion Crow 2010 2020 2 bird Cyanistes caeruleus Blue Tit 1982 2021 13 bird Delichon urbicum House Martin 2001 2019 4 bird Dendrocopos major Great Spotted Woodpecker 1982 2021 7 bird Emberiza citrinella Yellowhammer 1996 1996 1 bird Emberiza schoeniclus Reed Bunting 2019 2019 2 bird Erithacus rubecula Robin 2001 2021 22 bird Falco peregrinus Peregrine 1975 1982 2 bird Falco subbuteo Hobby 2017 2017 1 bird Falco tinnunculus Kestrel 2008 2008 1 bird Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch 2001 2021 6 bird Fringilla montifringilla Brambling 1994 1994 1 bird Gallinago gallinago
    [Show full text]
  • State Weed List
    Class A Weeds: Non-native species whose distribution ricefield bulrush Schoenoplectus hoary alyssum Berteroa incana in Washington is still limited. Preventing new infestations and mucronatus houndstongue Cynoglossum officinale eradicating existing infestations are the highest priority. sage, clary Salvia sclarea indigobush Amorpha fruticosa Eradication of all Class A plants is required by law. sage, Mediterranean Salvia aethiopis knapweed, black Centaurea nigra silverleaf nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium knapweed, brown Centaurea jacea Class B Weeds: Non-native species presently limited to small-flowered jewelweed Impatiens parviflora portions of the State. Species are designated for required knapweed, diffuse Centaurea diffusa control in regions where they are not yet widespread. South American Limnobium laevigatum knapweed, meadow Centaurea × gerstlaueri Preventing new infestations in these areas is a high priority. spongeplant knapweed, Russian Rhaponticum repens In regions where a Class B species is already abundant, Spanish broom Spartium junceum knapweed, spotted Centaurea stoebe control is decided at the local level, with containment as the Syrian beancaper Zygophyllum fabago knotweed, Bohemian Fallopia × bohemica primary goal. Please contact your County Noxious Weed Texas blueweed Helianthus ciliaris knotweed, giant Fallopia sachalinensis Control Board to learn which species are designated for thistle, Italian Carduus pycnocephalus knotweed, Himalayan Persicaria wallichii control in your area. thistle, milk Silybum marianum knotweed,
    [Show full text]
  • Noxious Weed List  Reducing Crop Yields Garden Helleborine Epipactis Helleborine  Reducing Forage Quality Non-Native Lupines Lupinus Spp
    Class A Weeds: Non-native species whose Washington distribution ■South American spongeplant Limnobium laevigatum ►knotweed, Japanese Polygonum cuspidatum common St. Johnswort Hypericum perforatum Spanish broom Spartium junceum is still limited. Prevention and eradication are the highest priorities. ►kochia Bassia scoparia ►common tansy Tanacetum vulgare Syrian beancaper Zygophyllum fabago Eradication of all Class A plants is required by law. ■►lesser celandine Ficaria verna ►common teasel Dipsacus fullonum Texas blueweed Helianthus ciliaris ►loosestrife, garden Lysimachia vulgaris curlyleaf pondweed Potamogeton crispus Class B Weeds: Non-native species presently limited to portions of thistle, Italian Carduus pycnocephalus ►loosestrife, purple Lythrum salicaria English hawthorn Crataegus monogyna the State. Species are designated for control in regions where they thistle, milk Silybum marianum ►loosestrife, wand Lythrum virgatum ►English and Irish ivy - four Hedera helix 'Baltica’, are not yet widespread. Preventing new infestations in these areas thistle, slenderflower Carduus tenuiflorus ►Malta starthistle Centaurea melitensis cultivars only 'Pittsburgh', & 'Star'; H. hibernica is a high priority. In regions where a Class B species is abundant, variable-leaf milfoil Myriophyllum heterophyllum 'Hibernica' control is decided locally and containment is the primary goal. wild four-o'clock Mirabilis nyctaginea ►parrotfeather Myriophyllum aquaticum Eurasian watermilfoil hybrid Myriophyllum spicatum x M. ►perennial pepperweed Lepidium latifolium
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Development and Potential Ecological Impact of Genetically Engineered Taraxacum Kok-Saghyz
    Evaluating the Development and Potential Ecological Impact of Genetically Engineered Taraxacum kok-saghyz DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Brian J. Iaffaldano Graduate Program in Horticulture and Crop Science The Ohio State University 2016 Dissertation Committee: Professor Katrina Cornish, Advisor Professor John Cardina Professor David Francis Professor Allison Snow Copyrighted by Brian J. Iaffaldano 2016 Abstract Natural rubber is a biopolymer with irreplaceable properties, necessary in tires, medical devices and many other applications. Nearly all natural rubber production is dependent on a single species, Hevea brasiliensis. Hevea has several disadvantages, including a long life cycle, epidemic diseases, and rising production costs which have led to interest in developing new sources of rubber with similar quality to Hevea. One species that meets this criterion is Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TK), a widely adapted species of dandelion that can produce substantial amounts of rubber in its roots in an annual growing period. Shortcomings of TK include an inability to compete with many weeds, resulting in poor establishment and yields. In addition, there is variability in the amount of rubber produced, plant vigor, and seed establishment. In order to address these shortcomings, genetic engineering or breeding may be used to introduce herbicide resistance and allocate more resources to rubber production. We have demonstrated stable transformation in Taraxacum species using Agrobacterium rhizogenes to introduce genes of interest as well has hairy root phenotypes. Inoculated roots were subjected to selection by kanamycin and glufosinate and allowed to regenerate into plantlets without any hormonal treatments or additional manipulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence of Nine Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Senecio Vulgaris L
    plants Article Occurrence of Nine Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Senecio vulgaris L. Depending on Developmental Stage and Season Jens Flade 1,2,3 , Heidrun Beschow 1, Monika Wensch-Dorendorf 4, Andreas Plescher 2 and Wim Wätjen 3,* 1 Plant Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany; [email protected] (J.F.); [email protected] (H.B.) 2 PHARMAPLANT Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen Forschungs- und Saatzucht GmbH, Am Westbahnhof 4, 06556 Artern, Germany; [email protected] 3 Biofunctionality of Secondary Plant Compounds, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany 4 AG Biometrie und Agrarinformatik, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-345-5522380 Received: 16 January 2019; Accepted: 19 February 2019; Published: 5 March 2019 Abstract: The contamination of phytopharmaceuticals and herbal teas with toxic plants is an increasing problem. Senecio vulgaris L. is a particularly noxious weed in agricultural and horticultural crops due to its content of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Since some of these compounds are carcinogenic, the distribution of this plant should be monitored. The amount of PAs in S. vulgaris is affected by various factors. Therefore, we investigated the occurrence of PAs depending on the developmental stage and season. A systematic study using field-plot experiments (four seasons, five developmental stages of the plants: S1 to S5) was performed and the PA concentration was determined via LC-MS/MS analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Planning and Economic Development Creating Solutions for Our Future Joshua Cummings, Director
    COUNTY COMMISSIONERS John Hutchings District One Gary Edwards District Two Tye Menser District Three Community Planning and Economic Development Creating Solutions for Our Future Joshua Cummings, Director 2020 Thurston County Community Planning Field Screening Guidelines for Prairie Habitat Section 1 - 1.1 Purpose Under the development of the Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP), it is the long-term goal of Thurston County to conserve and restore large, intact areas of prairie habitat in addition to smaller tracts of land within 1/2 mi of larger prairies (Chapter 24.25.065 Thurston County Code (TCC)). While the screening process described in this protocol focuses on the detection of diagnostic prairie flora listed in the CAO, the overall intention for prairie conservation under the CAO and pending the HCP is to protect a much broader range of prairie butterflies, birds and mammals, and habitat. South Puget Sound Prairie ecosystems support a wide range of rare flora and fauna, some of which are listed under federal or state protection, including butterflies which are considered Species of Conservation Concern (SCC) or Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN). Particular attention is given to the protection of federally listed and imperiled butterfly species in Thurston County, such as the Taylor’s checkerspot (TCB, Euphydryas editha taylori), Puget blue (Icaria icarioides blackmorei), hoary elfin (Callophrys polios), Oregon branded skipper (Hesperia Colorado oregonia), Mardon skipper (Polites mardon), and valley silverspot (Speyeria zerene) butterflies, and the plant species known to serve as host and nectar plants for these butterflies. Other federally listed and candidate prairie species include the streaked horned lark (Eromophila alpestris strigata), Mazama pocket gopher (Thomomys mazama), and the Oregon vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus).
    [Show full text]
  • What Are Noxious Weeds
    What are noxious weeds? County noxious weed control boards provide Washington’s noxious weeds are invasive, exotic many benefits to their community, including: introductions. None of them are native to Washington. Local decision making and regulatory Noxious weeds create public health hazards, decrease authority 2021 agricultural productivity, lower property values, degrade Prevention of noxious weed infestations wildlife habitat and reduce enjoyment of recreational through education, county wide early- CLALLAM COUNTY areas, In essence, noxious weeds are everybody’s problem – the homeowner, the farmer, the detection surveys, quarantines, and other NOXIOUS WEED LIST programs environmentalist, the recreational visitor, the public land manager, and the elected official. Technical assistance for all landowners such as on-site plant surveys, weed identification, Who is responsible for controlling weeds control recommendations and cost/share under the state noxious weed control laws, assistance RCW 17.10 and WAC 16-750? Cooperative action from state and federal land All landowners, including, city, county, and state management agencies governments, are required to eradicate all Class A, Assurance that all landowners will control control and prevent the spread of any Class B noxious weeds on their property designate, and selected Class B or C species on their Influence on state noxious weed control policy property. There are many ways to control noxious decisions weeds; state law does not dictate method. For Class A species, prevention and eradication is the goal, while for Class B designates and selected weeds, containment YOU CAN HELP! Contact your local weed board if and eventual reduction is the objective. The type of you see or know of noxious weed infestations.
    [Show full text]
  • A Misplaced Sense of Risk: Variation in U.S
    United States Department of Agriculture A MISPLACED SENSE OF RISK: VARIATION IN U.S. STANDARDS FOR MANAGEMENT OF RISKS POSED BY NEW SPECIES INTRODUCED FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES Roy G. Van Driesche, Robert M. Nowierski, and Richard C. Reardon LEVEL OF REGULATION FISH & FUR-BEARING ANIMALS PETS HORTICULTURE ANIMALS VECTORING DISEASE BIOCONTROL AGENTS nutria LEAST REGULATED Burmese python MOST DANGEROUS kudzu smothering trees kudzu native frog killed by chytrid fungus fire belly toad thistle-feeding weevil trees being killed by nutria MOST REGULATED python eating deer LEAST DANGEROUS thistle seedhead destroyed by weevil HORTICULTURE ANIMALS VECTORING DISEASE FISH & FUR-BEARING ANIMALS PETS BIOCONTROL AGENTS LEVEL OF RISK Forest Health Assessment FHAAST-2019-02 and Applied Sciences Team July 2020 The Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 by the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. FHTET became Forest Health Assessment and Applied Sciences Team (FHAAST) in 2016. This booklet was published by FHAAST as part of the technology transfer series. https://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/applied-sciences/index.shtml Cover Photos: (a) nutria (Philippe Amelant, Wikipedia.org); (b) Burmese python (Roy Wood, National Park Service, Bugwood.org); (c) kudzu (Marco Schmidt, iNaturalist.org); (d) fire belly toad (Kim, Hyun-tae, iNaturalist.org); (e) thistle- feeding weevil (Eric Coombs, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org); (f) kudzu blanketing trees (Kerry Britton, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org); (g) native frog killed by chytrid fungus (Brian Gratwicke, iNaturalist. a b c d e org); (h) trees being killed by nutria (Gerald J.
    [Show full text]
  • How Plant–Soil Feedbacks Influence the Next Generation of Plants
    Received: 13 May 2020 Revised: 1 July 2020 Accepted: 10 July 2020 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12165 ORIGINAL ARTICLE How plant–soil feedbacks influence the next generation of plants Jonathan R. De Long1,2 | Robin Heinen1,3,4 | Renske Jongen1 | S. Emilia Hannula1 | Martine Huberty1,3 | Anna M. Kielak1 | Katja Steinauer1 | T. Martijn Bezemer1,3 1Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Abstract Wageningen, The Netherlands In response to environmental conditions, plants can alter the performance of 2Wageningen UR Greenhouse the next generation through maternal effects. Since plant–soil feedbacks Horticulture, Bleiswijk, The Netherlands (PSFs) influence soil conditions, PSFs likely create such intergenerational 3Institute of Biology, Section Plant effects. We grew monocultures of three grass and three forb species in outdoor Ecology and Phytochemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands mesocosms. We then grew one of the six species, Hypochaeris radicata, in the 4Lehrstuhl fur Terrestrische Okologie, conditioned soils and collected their seeds. We measured seed weight, carbon Landnutzung und Umwelt, Technische and nitrogen concentration, germination and seedling performance when Universitat Munchen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan fur grown on a common soil. We did not detect functional group intergenerational Ernahrung, Freising, Germany effects, but soils conditioned by different plant species affected H. radicata seed C to N ratios. There was a relationship between parent biomass in the differ- Correspondence T. Martijn Bezemer, Institute of Biology, ently conditioned soils and the germination rates of the offspring. However, Section Plant Ecology and these effects did not change offspring performance on a common soil. Our Phytochemistry, Leiden University, findings show that PSF effects changed seed quality and initial performance in P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Species List
    1 of 40 Glasgow Botanic Gardens 21/01/2021 Species List Group Taxon Common Name Earliest Latest Records acarine Brevipalpus oncidii 2019 2019 1 acarine Eriophyes leiosoma 1994 1994 1 acarine Eriophyes tiliae 2011 2011 1 acarine Eriophyes tiliae subsp. tiliae 1994 1994 1 acarine Hydrachnidae 2015 2015 1 amphibian Lissotriton helveticus Palmate Newt 2018 2018 1 amphibian Rana temporaria Common Frog 1963 2018 7 annelid Aporrectodea caliginosa s.l. Grey Worm 2017 2017 1 annelid Eisenia fetida Brandling 1987 1988 2 annelid Hirudinea Leech 2018 2018 1 annelid Lumbricus terrestris Common Earthworm 2017 2017 1 annelid Oligochaeta 2015 2015 1 annelid Stylaria lacustris 1995 1995 1 annelid Tubifex 1994 1994 1 bird Acanthis cabaret Lesser Redpoll 1998 2020 1 bird Accipiter nisus Sparrowhawk 1894 2020 7 bird Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper 1894 1901 1 bird Aegithalos caudatus Long-tailed Tit 1966 2020 16 bird Alauda arvensis Skylark 1894 1901 1 bird Alcedo atthis Kingfisher 1883 2020 31 bird Anas platyrhynchos Mallard 1894 2020 30 bird Anthus pratensis Meadow Pipit 1894 1901 1 bird Apus apus Swift 1894 1998 4 bird Ardea cinerea Grey Heron 1966 2020 11 bird Aythya ferina Pochard 1982 1982 1 bird Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck 1966 2020 2 bird Bombycilla garrulus Waxwing 1966 2020 15 bird Carduelis carduelis Goldfinch 1894 2020 14 bird Certhia familiaris Treecreeper 1894 2017 4 bird Chloris chloris Greenfinch 1894 2020 12 bird Chroicocephalus ridibundus Black-headed Gull 1894 2020 5 bird Cinclus cinclus Dipper 1966 2020 9 bird Coloeus monedula Jackdaw 1894 2020 3 bird Columba livia Feral Pigeon 1966 2020 31 bird Columba oenas Stock Dove 2019 2020 6 2 of 40 Glasgow Botanic Gardens 21/01/2021 Species List Group Taxon Common Name Earliest Latest Records bird Columba palumbus Woodpigeon 1894 2020 29 bird Corvus corone agg.
    [Show full text]
  • (Nok΄Shəs). Adj.1
    Class A Weeds Class B (designated) Weeds nox•ious (nok΄shəs). adj.1. Harmful or common crupina Crupina vulgaris blueweed Echium vulgare spurge, leafy Euphorbia virgata injurious to health or physical well-being. cordgrass, common Spartina anglica Brazilian elodea Egeria densa sulfur cinquefoil Potentilla recta cordgrass, dense-flowered Spartina densiflora bugloss, annual Anchusa arvensis thistle, musk Carduus nutans The Whatcom County Noxious Weed List is cordgrass, saltmeadow Spartina patens bugloss, common Anchusa officinalis thistle, plumeless Carduus acanthoides made up of all Class A, Class B designates, cordgrass, smooth Spartina alterniflora camelthorn Alhagi maurorum thistle, Scotch Onopordum acanthium Foeniculum vulgare and any selections by the Whatcom County dyer’s woad Isatis tinctoria common fennel¹ velvetleaf Abutilon theophrasti common reed(nonnative genotypes) Noxious Weed Board from the Class B or eggleaf spurge Euphorbia oblongata Phragmites australis water primrose Ludwigia hexapetala false brome Brachypodium sylvaticum Dalmatian toadflax Linaria dalmatica ssp.dalmatica white bryony Class C Weed List. Bryonia alba floating primrose-willow Ludwigia peploides European coltsfoot Tussilago farfara yellow archangel Lamiastrum galeobdolon flowering rush Butomus umbellatus fanwort Cabomba caroliniana yellow floatingheart Nymphoides peltata Class A weeds: limited distribution in French broom Genista monspessulana gorse Ulex europaeus yellow nutsedge Cyperus esculentus Washington. Preventing new infestations and garlic mustard
    [Show full text]