(Nok΄Shəs). Adj.1

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

(Nok΄Shəs). Adj.1 Class A Weeds Class B (designated) Weeds nox•ious (nok΄shəs). adj.1. Harmful or common crupina Crupina vulgaris blueweed Echium vulgare spurge, leafy Euphorbia virgata injurious to health or physical well-being. cordgrass, common Spartina anglica Brazilian elodea Egeria densa sulfur cinquefoil Potentilla recta cordgrass, dense-flowered Spartina densiflora bugloss, annual Anchusa arvensis thistle, musk Carduus nutans The Whatcom County Noxious Weed List is cordgrass, saltmeadow Spartina patens bugloss, common Anchusa officinalis thistle, plumeless Carduus acanthoides made up of all Class A, Class B designates, cordgrass, smooth Spartina alterniflora camelthorn Alhagi maurorum thistle, Scotch Onopordum acanthium Foeniculum vulgare and any selections by the Whatcom County dyer’s woad Isatis tinctoria common fennel¹ velvetleaf Abutilon theophrasti common reed(nonnative genotypes) Noxious Weed Board from the Class B or eggleaf spurge Euphorbia oblongata Phragmites australis water primrose Ludwigia hexapetala false brome Brachypodium sylvaticum Dalmatian toadflax Linaria dalmatica ssp.dalmatica white bryony Class C Weed List. Bryonia alba floating primrose-willow Ludwigia peploides European coltsfoot Tussilago farfara yellow archangel Lamiastrum galeobdolon flowering rush Butomus umbellatus fanwort Cabomba caroliniana yellow floatingheart Nymphoides peltata Class A weeds: limited distribution in French broom Genista monspessulana gorse Ulex europaeus yellow nutsedge Cyperus esculentus Washington. Preventing new infestations and garlic mustard Alliaria petiolata grass-leaved arrowhead Sagittaria graminea yellow starthistle Centaurea solstitialis eradicating existing infestations is highest giant hogweed Heracleum mantegazzianum hawkweed oxtongue Picris hieracioides priority. Control of these species is required goatsrue Galega officinalis hawkweeds² Hieracium , subgenus Pilosella Class B - Whatcom County - Selected by law. hydrilla Hydrilla verticillata hoary alyssum Berteroa incana Johnsongrass Sorghum halepense houndstongue Cynoglossum officinale butterfly bush Buddleja davidii knapweed, bighead Centaurea macrocephala indigobush Amorpha fruticosa lesser celandine Ficaria verna knapweed, Vochin Centaurea nigrescens knapweed, black Centaurea nigra hawkweed, orange Hieracium aurantiacum Class B weeds: distribution limited in portions kudzu Pueraria montana var. lobata knapweed, brown Centaurea jacea hawkweeds³ Hieracium,subgenus Hieracium of the state. Class B weed species are meadow clary Salvia pratensis knapweed, diffuse Centaurea diffusa herb-Robert Geranium robertianum separated into two categories: Designated oriental clematis Clematis orientalis knapweed, Russian Rhaponticum repens knapweed, meadow Centaurea x moncktonii and County-Selected. Prevention of seedfall purple starthistle Centaurea calcitrapa knotweed, giant Polygonum sachalinense knapweed, spotted Centaurea stoebe reed sweetgrass Glyceria maxima knotweed, Himalayan Persicaria wallichii knotweed, Bohemian Polygonum x bohemicum of Class B-Designated weeds is required. ricefield bulrush Schoenoplectus mucronatus knotweed, Japanese Polygonum cuspidatum poison hemlock Conium maculatum Class B County-Selected weeds are targeted sage, clary Salvia sclarea kochia Bassia scoparia policeman’s helmet Impatiens glandulifera for control, mapping, educational or biological sage, Mediterranean Salvia aethiopis loosestrife, garden Lysimachia vulgaris tansy ragwort Jacobaea vulgaris efforts. silverleaf nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium loosestrife, purple Lythrum salicaria Scotch broom Cytisus scoparius small-flowered jewelweed Impatiens parviflora loosestrife, wand Lythrum virgatum Eurasian watermilfoil Myriophyllum spicatum Spanish broom Spartium junceum Malta starthistle Centaurea melitensis wild chervil Anthriscus sylvestris Syrian beancaper Zygophyllum fabago parrotfeather Myriophyllum aquaticum hairy willowherb Epilobium hirsutum Class C weeds: widespread in the state and Texas blueweed Helianthus ciliaris perennial pepperweed Lepidium latifolium are targeted for mapping, educational or thistle, Italian Carduus pycnocephalus puncturevine Tribulus terrestris biological efforts in Whatcom County. thistle, milk Silybum marianum rush skeletonweed Chondrilla juncea thistle, slenderflower Carduus tenuiflorus saltcedar Tamarix ramosissima variable-leaf milfoil Myriophyllum heterophyllum shiny geranium Geranium lucidum wild four-o'clock Mirabilis nyctaginea spurge laurel Daphne laureola Frequently Asked Questions Class C - Whatcom County - Selected How is a plant designated a “Noxious Weed”? common St. Johnswort Hypericum perforatum The Washington State Noxious Weed Board, a If you would like more information, contact: common tansy Tanacetum vulgare group of citizen volunteers representing all parts of the state, annually adopts and publishes a list curlyleaf pondweed Potamogeton crispus of weeds to be controlled or eradicated based on Whatcom County English hawthorn Crataegus monogyna public comment and input from county weed Noxious Weed Control Board English ivy4 Hedera helix boards. The Whatcom County Weed Board then 322 N. Commercial St., Suite 110 Eurasian watermilfoil Myriophyllum spicatum x M.sibiricum customizes this list and adopts the Whatcom Bellingham, WA 98225 County Noxious Weed List each year. These are evergreen blackberry Rubus laciniatus (360) 778-6232 or (360) 778-6234 priority weeds that may be required by law to be fragrant waterlily Nymphaea odorata controlled by the property owner. http://www.whatcomcounty.us/914/Weeds Himalayan blackberry Rubus armeniacus email: [email protected] Italian arum Arum italicum If it’s a “Noxious Weed” does that mean jubata grass Cortaderia jubata that it’s poisonous? Some noxious weeds are poisonous, but not all medusahead Taeniatherum caput-medusae of them are. Toxicity in a noxious weed may be nonnative cattail⁵ Typha spp. just one of the problems associated with it. By old man's beard Clematis vitalba legal definition, noxious weeds are non-native pampas grass Cortaderia selloana plants that have been introduced to Washington reed canarygrass Phalaris arundinacea State. Because of their aggressive growth and lack of natural enemies, these weeds can be spotted jewelweed Impatiens capensis highly destructive, competitive, or difficult to The Washington State Noxious Weed List is updated thistle, bull Cirsium vulgare control. They are harmful because they reduce annually. thistle, Canada Cirsium arvense crop yields, destroy native plant and animal Everyone is encouraged to participate in the process. tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima habitat, damage outdoor recreational For additional information, contact: ventenata Ventenata dubia opportunities, clog waterways, lower land values, create erosion problems and fire hazards, and yellowflag iris Iris pseudacorus they can also poison humans and livestock. Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board PO Box 42560 ¹(except F. vulgare var. azoricum) What should I do if I have these weeds on Olympia, WA 98504-2560 my property? (360) 902-2053 ²All nonnative species and hybrids of the meadow subgenus Under state weed law Chapter 17.10 RCW, ³All nonnative species and hybrids of the wall subgenus landowners are responsible for the eradication of website: www.nwcb.wa.gov Class A and the management of certain Class B ⁴Cultivars:'Baltica’, 'Pittsburgh', 'Star'; H. hibernica 'Hibernica' noxious weeds on their property. No specific ⁵including but not limited to Typha angustifloia, T.domingensis, method of control is required; the landowner may choose whatever cultural, mechanical, chemical, T.minima, T.x glauca or biological method that obtains the desired result. For best results, the type of control selected by the landowner should take into Noxious weeds identified with an underline consideration the weed, its life cycle and location. receive highest priority for education, survey All weeds are not alike and it is critical to identify Purple Loosestrife and/or notification to owners of infested and understand your target weeds. Whatcom (Lythrum salicaria) property. Bold type indicates species which County Weed Board staff can provide information Class B Noxious Weed have been recorded as present in Whatcom on the best methods for problem weeds and the County. particular site conditions. .
Recommended publications
  • Caution Restricted Use Pesticide
    RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE May Injure (Phytotoxic) Susceptible, Non-Target Plants. For retail sale to and use only by Certified Applicators or persons under their direct supervision and only for those uses covered by the Certified Applicator's certification. Commercial certified applicators must also ensure that all persons involved in these activities are informed of the precautionary statements. DOC ID 551929 June 23, 2017 For control of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds, woody plants, and vines on CAUTION • forest sites, conifer plantations • non-cropland areas including, but not limited to, Agricultural Use Requirements airports, barrow ditches, communication transmission Use this product only in accordance with its labeling and with lines, electric power and utility rights-of-way, fencerows, the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR part 170. Refer to label gravel pits, industrial sites, military sites, mining and booklet under "Agricultural Use Requirements" in the Directions drilling areas, oil and gas pads, parking lots, petroleum for Use section for information about this standard. tank farms, pipelines, railroads, roadsides, storage For additional Precautionary Statements, First Aid, Storage and areas, substations, unimproved rough turf grasses, Disposal and other use information see inside this label. • natural areas (open space), for example campgrounds, parks, prairie management, trails and trailheads, Notice: Read the entire label. Use only according to label recreation areas, wildlife openings, and wildlife habitat directions. Before using this product, read Warranty Disclaimer, Inherent Risks of Use, and Limitation of Remedies at end and management areas of label booklet. If terms are unacceptable, return at • including grazed or hayed areas in and around these sites once unopened.
    [Show full text]
  • Weed Risk Assessment: Centaurea Calcitrapa
    Weed Risk Assessment: Centaurea calcitrapa 1. Plant Details Taxonomy: Centaurea calcitrapa L. Family Asteraceae. Common names: star thistle, purple star thistle, red star thistle. Origins: Native to Europe (Hungary, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Albania, Greece, Italy, Romania, Yugoslavia, France, Portugal, Spain), Macaronesia (Canary Islands, Madeira Islands), temperate Asia (Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey) and North Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia) (GRIN database). Naturalised Distribution: Naturalised in New Zealand, South Africa, Central America, South America, the United States of America (eg. naturalised in 14 states, mostly in northwest including California, Idaho, Washington, Wyoming, New Mexico, Oregon, Arizona) (USDA plants database), and Australia (GRIN database). Description: C. calcitrapa is an erect, bushy and spiny biannual herb that is sometimes behaves as an annual or short-lived perennial. It grows to 1 m tall. Young stems and leaves have fine, cobweb-like hairs that fall off over time. Older stems are much-branched, straggly, woody, sparsely hairy, without wings or spines and whitish to pale green. Lower leaves are deeply divided while upper leaves are generally narrow and undivided. Rosette leaves are deeply divided and older rosettes have a circle of spines in the centre. This is the initial, infertile, flower head. Numerous flowers are produced on the true flowering stem and vary from lavender to a deep purple colour. Bracts end in a sharp, rigid white to yellow spines. Seed is straw coloured and blotched with dark brown spots. The pappus is reduced or absent. Bristles are absent. Seeds are 3-4mm long, smooth and ovoid. The root is a fleshy taproot (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001) (Moser, L.
    [Show full text]
  • Agri-Environment Nectar Chemistry Suppresses Parasite Social Epidemiology in an 2 Important Pollinator
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.30.428928; this version posted February 1, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Agri-environment nectar chemistry suppresses parasite social epidemiology in an 2 important pollinator (1,#) (2) (2) (2,3) (1) 3 Arran J. Folly* , Hauke Koch , Iain W. Farrell , Philip C. Stevenson , Mark J.F. Brown 4 (1) Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal 5 Holloway University of London, Egham, UK (2) Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK (3) Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, 6 Kent, UK 7 8 *Corresponding author: Arran J. Folly: [email protected] 9 #Current address: Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK 10 11 Emergent infectious diseases are a principal driver of biodiversity loss globally. The population 12 and range declines of a suite of North American bumblebees, a group of important pollinators, 13 have been linked to emergent infection with the microsporidian Nosema bombi. Previous work 14 has shown that phytochemicals in pollen and nectar can negatively impact parasites in individual 15 bumblebees, but how this relates to social epidemiology and by extension whether plants can be 16 effectively used as disease management strategies remains unexplored. Here we show that 17 caffeine, identified in the nectar of Sainfoin, a constituent of agri-environment schemes, 18 significantly reduced N.
    [Show full text]
  • Flowering Phenology As a Functional Trait in a Tallgrass Prairie
    Research Flowering phenology as a functional trait in a tallgrass prairie Joseph M. Craine1, Elizabeth M. Wolkovich2, E. Gene Towne1 and Steven W. Kembel3 1Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; 2Ecology, Behavior & Evolution Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0116, La Jolla, CA 92093,USA; 3Center for Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA Summary Author for correspondence: • The timing of flowering is a critical component of the ecology of plants and has the poten- Joseph M. Craine tial to structure plant communities. Yet, we know little about how the timing of flowering Tel: +1 785 532 3062 relates to other functional traits, species abundance, and average environmental conditions. Email: [email protected] • Here, we assessed first flowering dates (FFDs) in a North American tallgrass prairie (Konza Received: 18 August 2011 Prairie) for 431 herbaceous species and compared them with a series of other functional traits, Accepted: 29 September 2011 environmental metrics, and species abundance across ecological contrasts. • The pattern of FFDs among the species of the Konza grassland was shaped by local climate, New Phytologist (2011) can be linked to resource use by species, and patterns of species abundance across the land- doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03953.x scape. Peak FFD for the community occurred when soils were typically both warm and wet, while relatively few species began flowering when soils tended to be the driest. Compared with late-flowering species, species that flowered early had lower leaf tissue density and were Key words: climate, community assembly, drought, grass, Konza Prairie.
    [Show full text]
  • Yorkhill Green Spaces Wildlife Species List
    Yorkhill Green Spaces Wildlife Species List April 2021 update Yorkhill Green Spaces Species list Draft list of animals, plants, fungi, mosses and lichens recorded from Yorkhill, Glasgow. Main sites: Yorkhill Park, Overnewton Park and Kelvinhaugh Park (AKA Cherry Park). Other recorded sites: bank of River Kelvin at Bunhouse Rd/ Old Dumbarton Rd, Clyde Expressway path, casual records from streets and gardens in Yorkhill. Species total: 711 Vertebrates: Amhibians:1, Birds: 57, Fish: 7, Mammals (wild): 15 Invertebrates: Amphipods: 1, Ants: 3, Bees: 26, Beetles: 21, Butterflies: 11, Caddisflies: 2, Centipedes: 3, Earthworms: 2, Earwig: 1, Flatworms: 1, Flies: 61, Grasshoppers: 1, Harvestmen: 2, Lacewings: 2, Mayflies: 2, Mites: 4, Millipedes: 3, Moths: 149, True bugs: 13, Slugs & snails: 21, Spiders: 14, Springtails: 2, Wasps: 13, Woodlice: 5 Plants: Flowering plants: 174, Ferns: 5, Grasses: 13, Horsetail: 1, Liverworts: 7, Mosses:17, Trees: 19 Fungi and lichens: Fungi: 24, Lichens: 10 Conservation Status: NameSBL - Scottish Biodiversity List Priority Species Birds of Conservation Concern - Red List, Amber List Last Common name Species Taxon Record Common toad Bufo bufo amphiban 2012 Australian landhopper Arcitalitrus dorrieni amphipod 2021 Black garden ant Lasius niger ant 2020 Red ant Myrmica rubra ant 2021 Red ant Myrmica ruginodis ant 2014 Buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris bee 2021 Garden bumblebee Bombus hortorum bee 2020 Tree bumblebee Bombus hypnorum bee 2021 Heath bumblebee Bombus jonellus bee 2020 Red-tailed bumblebee Bombus
    [Show full text]
  • Thistle Identification Referee 2017
    Thistle Identification Referee 2017 Welcome to the Thistle Identification Referee. The purpose of the referee is to review morphological characters that are useful for identification of thistle and knapweed fruits, as well as review useful resources for making decisions on identification and classification of species as noxious weed seeds. Using the Identification Guide for Some Common and Noxious Thistle and Knapweed Fruits (Meyer 2017) and other references of your choosing, please answer the questions below (most are multiple choice). Use the last page of this document as your answer sheet for the questions. Please send your answer sheet to Deborah Meyer via email ([email protected]) by May 26, 2017. Be sure to fill in your name, lab name, and email address on the answer sheet to receive CE credit. 1. In the Asteraceae, the pappus represents this floral structure: a. Modified stigma b. Modified corolla c. Modified calyx d. Modified perianth 2. Which of the following species has an epappose fruit? a. Centaurea calcitrapa b. Cirsium vulgare c. Onopordum acaulon d. Cynara cardunculus 3. Which of the following genera has a pappus comprised of plumose bristles? a. Centaurea b. Carduus c. Silybum d. Cirsium 4. Which of the following species has the largest fruits? a. Cirsium arvense b. Cirsium japonicum c. Cirsium undulatum d. Cirsium vulgare 5. Which of the following species has a pappus that hides the style base? a. Volutaria muricata b. Mantisalca salmantica c. Centaurea solstitialis d. Crupina vulgaris 6. Which of the following species is classified as a noxious weed seed somewhere in the United States? a.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildflowers of Scotland
    Seed Origin and Quality Wildflowers of Scotland At Scotia Seeds we use our years of experience to ensure that the wildflower seed We are the leading producers of wildflower we supply is of the highest quality possible and seeds in Scotland and are committed to can be traced back to original collections in the providing the range and quality of seeds you wild. require. We have a wide range of species that we can Seed Origin provide. As well as the ones here in the All of the wildflower seeds we produce can be catalogue; please contact us if you are looking traced back to the sites where the original wild for a species not in our catalogue. plants grow. From these sites we collect a small amount of seed which is then sown on page Contents our farm to give us crops from which we can harvest a larger amount of seed. Seed Quality and Origin 2 We are signatories to the Flora Locale Code of Practice for Collectors, Growers and Suppliers Seed Packets 3 of Native Flora that ensures responsible collection and sale of native British plants. Establishing a Wildflower Meadow 11 Quality Yellow Rattle 13 We test samples of all our seed crops for germination and purity, to ensure that they have reached our stringent standards. Sowing Rates 14 Our quality laboratory specialises in testing the seeds of wildflowers and trees. For most of the Meadow Mixtures 15 species we test we have developed our own procedures in a research programme funded by How to Order 26 a Scottish Executive SMART Award.
    [Show full text]
  • Species List
    1 of 26 Garscube 14/04/2021 species list Group Taxon Common Name Earliest Latest Records amphibian Bufo bufo Common Toad 2020 2020 1 amphibian Rana temporaria Common Frog 2005 2020 63 annelid Lumbricus 2020 2020 1 bird Accipiter nisus Sparrowhawk 2001 2021 6 bird Aegithalos caudatus Long-tailed Tit 1978 2021 13 bird Alca torda Razorbill 2019 2019 1 bird Alcedo atthis Kingfisher 1975 2020 9 bird Alle alle Little Auk 1894 1896 1 bird Anas platyrhynchos Mallard 2001 2020 4 bird Apus apus Swift 2005 2013 6 bird Ardea cinerea Grey Heron 2019 2019 1 bird Bombycilla garrulus Waxwing 2010 2010 1 bird Buteo buteo Buzzard 2007 2020 7 bird Carduelis carduelis Goldfinch 2020 2020 2 bird Certhia familiaris Treecreeper 2003 2021 10 bird Chloris chloris Greenfinch 1982 2021 7 bird Cinclus cinclus Dipper 2020 2020 1 bird Coloeus monedula Jackdaw 2020 2020 1 bird Columba oenas Stock Dove 2019 2019 3 bird Columba palumbus Woodpigeon 1962 2020 8 bird Corvus corax Raven 2019 2019 1 bird Corvus corone Carrion Crow 2010 2020 2 bird Cyanistes caeruleus Blue Tit 1982 2021 13 bird Delichon urbicum House Martin 2001 2019 4 bird Dendrocopos major Great Spotted Woodpecker 1982 2021 7 bird Emberiza citrinella Yellowhammer 1996 1996 1 bird Emberiza schoeniclus Reed Bunting 2019 2019 2 bird Erithacus rubecula Robin 2001 2021 22 bird Falco peregrinus Peregrine 1975 1982 2 bird Falco subbuteo Hobby 2017 2017 1 bird Falco tinnunculus Kestrel 2008 2008 1 bird Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch 2001 2021 6 bird Fringilla montifringilla Brambling 1994 1994 1 bird Gallinago gallinago
    [Show full text]
  • State Weed List
    Class A Weeds: Non-native species whose distribution ricefield bulrush Schoenoplectus hoary alyssum Berteroa incana in Washington is still limited. Preventing new infestations and mucronatus houndstongue Cynoglossum officinale eradicating existing infestations are the highest priority. sage, clary Salvia sclarea indigobush Amorpha fruticosa Eradication of all Class A plants is required by law. sage, Mediterranean Salvia aethiopis knapweed, black Centaurea nigra silverleaf nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium knapweed, brown Centaurea jacea Class B Weeds: Non-native species presently limited to small-flowered jewelweed Impatiens parviflora portions of the State. Species are designated for required knapweed, diffuse Centaurea diffusa control in regions where they are not yet widespread. South American Limnobium laevigatum knapweed, meadow Centaurea × gerstlaueri Preventing new infestations in these areas is a high priority. spongeplant knapweed, Russian Rhaponticum repens In regions where a Class B species is already abundant, Spanish broom Spartium junceum knapweed, spotted Centaurea stoebe control is decided at the local level, with containment as the Syrian beancaper Zygophyllum fabago knotweed, Bohemian Fallopia × bohemica primary goal. Please contact your County Noxious Weed Texas blueweed Helianthus ciliaris knotweed, giant Fallopia sachalinensis Control Board to learn which species are designated for thistle, Italian Carduus pycnocephalus knotweed, Himalayan Persicaria wallichii control in your area. thistle, milk Silybum marianum knotweed,
    [Show full text]
  • Noxious Weed List  Reducing Crop Yields Garden Helleborine Epipactis Helleborine  Reducing Forage Quality Non-Native Lupines Lupinus Spp
    Class A Weeds: Non-native species whose Washington distribution ■South American spongeplant Limnobium laevigatum ►knotweed, Japanese Polygonum cuspidatum common St. Johnswort Hypericum perforatum Spanish broom Spartium junceum is still limited. Prevention and eradication are the highest priorities. ►kochia Bassia scoparia ►common tansy Tanacetum vulgare Syrian beancaper Zygophyllum fabago Eradication of all Class A plants is required by law. ■►lesser celandine Ficaria verna ►common teasel Dipsacus fullonum Texas blueweed Helianthus ciliaris ►loosestrife, garden Lysimachia vulgaris curlyleaf pondweed Potamogeton crispus Class B Weeds: Non-native species presently limited to portions of thistle, Italian Carduus pycnocephalus ►loosestrife, purple Lythrum salicaria English hawthorn Crataegus monogyna the State. Species are designated for control in regions where they thistle, milk Silybum marianum ►loosestrife, wand Lythrum virgatum ►English and Irish ivy - four Hedera helix 'Baltica’, are not yet widespread. Preventing new infestations in these areas thistle, slenderflower Carduus tenuiflorus ►Malta starthistle Centaurea melitensis cultivars only 'Pittsburgh', & 'Star'; H. hibernica is a high priority. In regions where a Class B species is abundant, variable-leaf milfoil Myriophyllum heterophyllum 'Hibernica' control is decided locally and containment is the primary goal. wild four-o'clock Mirabilis nyctaginea ►parrotfeather Myriophyllum aquaticum Eurasian watermilfoil hybrid Myriophyllum spicatum x M. ►perennial pepperweed Lepidium latifolium
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Development and Potential Ecological Impact of Genetically Engineered Taraxacum Kok-Saghyz
    Evaluating the Development and Potential Ecological Impact of Genetically Engineered Taraxacum kok-saghyz DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Brian J. Iaffaldano Graduate Program in Horticulture and Crop Science The Ohio State University 2016 Dissertation Committee: Professor Katrina Cornish, Advisor Professor John Cardina Professor David Francis Professor Allison Snow Copyrighted by Brian J. Iaffaldano 2016 Abstract Natural rubber is a biopolymer with irreplaceable properties, necessary in tires, medical devices and many other applications. Nearly all natural rubber production is dependent on a single species, Hevea brasiliensis. Hevea has several disadvantages, including a long life cycle, epidemic diseases, and rising production costs which have led to interest in developing new sources of rubber with similar quality to Hevea. One species that meets this criterion is Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TK), a widely adapted species of dandelion that can produce substantial amounts of rubber in its roots in an annual growing period. Shortcomings of TK include an inability to compete with many weeds, resulting in poor establishment and yields. In addition, there is variability in the amount of rubber produced, plant vigor, and seed establishment. In order to address these shortcomings, genetic engineering or breeding may be used to introduce herbicide resistance and allocate more resources to rubber production. We have demonstrated stable transformation in Taraxacum species using Agrobacterium rhizogenes to introduce genes of interest as well has hairy root phenotypes. Inoculated roots were subjected to selection by kanamycin and glufosinate and allowed to regenerate into plantlets without any hormonal treatments or additional manipulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating a Butterfly Bank
    MANAGEMENT FACTSHEET MANAGEMENT Creating a butterfly bank A butterfly bank will create habitat for butterflies of open grassland swards. The aim is to create an area of varied aspects where herbs predominate but where there is also abundant bare ground. BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS THAT CAN WHY CREATE A BUTTERFLY BANK? BENEFIT In many landscapes remnant semi-natural habitat is fragmented and isolated, so habitat creation schemes such as (top to bottom) butterfly banks have an important role in both providing additional breeding sites and improving connectivity. A butterfly Grizzled Skipper bank provides an open, sunny area rich in the early successional herbs that rely on disturbed ground. A variety of aspects Chimney Sweeper Moth are created, thus providing a range of breeding habitats for some of our most threatened butterflies and moths. Small Copper Six-spot Burnet Moth CONSTRUCTING THE BUTTERFLY BANK Common Blue Dingy Skipper 1. Planning and location Brown Argus Ÿ Decide on a suitable location where an unshaded south-facing bank can be created, then carefully survey the existing habitat. This is important as you do not want to destroy an existing flower-rich verge or the location of a rare orchid. Check for any archaeological interest (even if not a listed site) and be aware of possible restrictions on soil disturbance, seeding, planting or importing aggregate on designated sites such as a nature reserve or SSSI. Ÿ If possible choose a location that already has fairly nutrient-poor soil as this will better support the sparse vegetation habitat that you wish to create and maintain. 2. Bank formation and soil inversion Many different designs of bank can be effective, but a "C" shaped structure will ensure that a variety of aspects are created.
    [Show full text]