OBSERV(4~R Published by the American Psychological Soc i ety Vol. 10, No.2 March 1997
• LendingaHand. .. College professors work with Psychology Is Central at high school students in mentoringprogram ...... 8 National Institute on Aging • BilinguaIResearch.. . NRC sets new research Premiere aging-research agency supports $50 million in behavioral science priorities for educating children s the proportion of adults over 65 years old continues to grow, issues of aging have with limited English A become increasingly important in the United States in such diverse areas as employ proficiency ...... 12 ment, health care, and social services. Psychological research is playing a central role in addressing such age-related concerns of individuals and the nation as a whole. Consider the significant presence of psychologists at the National Institute on Aging (NIA; the nation's leading government agency devoted to research on adult development and aging), where three out of five associate directors have doctoral degrees in psychology and, in 1996 alone, psychologists were the principal investigators (PIs) on research grants totaling about $50 milJion. While these facts ilJustrate the integral nature of behavioral science to the science of aging and speak to psychology's influence on the Institute, to fully appreciate the level and diversity of psychology's contribution to the NIA mission see the list beginning on page 3 of the 157 extramural psychologist grantees who received supportinFYl996. Though the overwhelming majority oftheNIA' s support of psychological research is Journals Runnin' Late ... devoted to basic science (i.e., understanding the mechanisms of aging), a significant number Due to unforeseen circumstances, the De of projects are applied or intervention-oriented. Even in these projects, however, relevance cember and February issues of Current to elucidating basic psycho Directions in Psychological Science are a logical processes of aging is bit behind schedule and have not been Another B/START! emphasized. NIA Director mailed yet to subscribers. So please sit National Institute on Aging Director Richard Hodes an tight as we continue working to bring the nounces a BISTART·like small grants program exclu Richard Hodes provides journal back on schedule through the sivelyfor behavioral scientists. This makes the third NIH spring. Institute to develop this type of grant program. Page 5 SEE NIA ON PAGE 3 INSIDE NIA Research Prowams 4 Alcohol Research Offers WhatDo You.Think. 27 Departments Opportunities for Psychologists Presidential Column 2 ow does alcohol use begin? What are the effects of alcohol abuse? Why do some Member Profile· Janet Taylor Spence 10 H people begin using it in excess? Why is it so difficult for some to stop? How do we SPotliRht on Research 15 treat and prevent excessive alcohol use? Misce any 17 When you stop to think about it, virtually all ofthe major questions about alcohol Letters to the Editor 29 abuse and dependence involve behavior: So it shouldn't be surprising that psychology is Teaching Tips· Psychological Theories 30 one of the most common disciplines in alcohol research. Yet, some people might be People 33 surprised. Members in the News 34 Compared to mental health, aging, or other areas of psychological research, alcohol Obituaries 36 research traditionally has not been regarded as amajor specialty within psychology. But The Student Notebook 40 Organizational Profile - alcohol research presents a wide range of opportunities for psychologists, from basic brain Psychoneuroimmunology 43 research to treatment, prevention, and health services research. Mostofthese opportunities Announcements 44 are through the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NlAAA), which Meeting Calendar 46 Employment Bulletin 49 SEE NIAAA ON PAGE 14
American Psychological Society + 1010 Vermont Ave, NW + Suite 1100 + Washington, DC 20005-4907 + 202-783-2077 Presidential Column
•The American Psychological Society Behavioral Research at NIA President Sandra Scarr President-Elect Kay Deaux Past President Richard F. Thompson Past President Marilynn B. Brewer Richard J. Hodes Past President Gordon H. Bower Director Past President James L. McGaugh Past President Janet T. Spence National Institute on Aging Past President Charles A. Kiesler Secretary Milton Hakel From i.s inception in 1974, the Nati onal Institute on Treasurer Paul W. Thayer Members at Large Aging (NIA) has made behavioral and social research an Robert Bjork Stephen Ced integral part of the Institute's effort to understand and John Darley Lorraine Eyde improve the second half of life. The importance of J . Bruce Ovennier Lee Sechrest Staff behavioral and social research stems from the fact that £recul;v~ Dir.. ctor Alan G. Kraut social and psychological, as well as physical and biomedi Director ojA ccQul1Iing Emily Moore cal factors, are linked to the health and well-being of individuals and of our society as a Director of Communications Lee Herring AssislalU £dilor Elizabeth RuksZrli s whole. (See article on page I of this issue.) DireclorofGoVl:mment Relations Susan Persons SPSSISwfJ Paula Skedsvold It is gratifying that today's older generation of Americans is healthier and Director of Mee/illgs Will iam Ryan wealthier than any before. Recently, we have been heartened by important new Dire.lOr of Membership Debra Smilh Dawbase Manager Patricia Moore demographic research showing that the rate of disability among older people MembershipManager MllriaBurke including cognitive dysfunction and the inability to perform everyday activities like Science Policy Staff Sarah Brookhart bathing or using the telephone- is declining. Further analyses are needed to detennine The APS Observer more precisely how medical and psychosocial interventions and improved economic Publisher Alan G. Kraut conditions may have contributed to the health of the elderly. But these recent demo Editor Lee Herring graphic findings send us a clear and encouraging message: The aging of the population Assistant Editor Elizabeth Ruksznis Staff Writer Don Kent does not have to result in a less healthy and more frail population. Appropriate interventions can make a difference in the quality of life for older The APS Observer (ISSN: 1050-4672) is the monthly publication of the American Psychologi people and their families. At the same time, by keeping frai lty and illness at bay, these cal Society (FederallD Number: 73-1345573). On interventions will give us an opportunity to slow the growth in health care costs alternative months, beginning with February, the Observer consists of the APS Employment Bulle expected with the rapid aging of the popu lation. tin. The May and June issues and the July and To help achieve these goals, the NIA's behavioral and social research agenda has August issues are combined. Editorial and adver established three objectives: tising offices are at APS, 1010 Vermont Ave., NW, Sle. lIDO, Washington, DC 20005-4907; Tel: 202- 783-2077, Fax: 202-783-2083, Inlernet: LHerring I. To understand the agi ng process and how biological aging interacts with psycho @capcon.nel. Visit us on the world-wide web al URL: hup:/Iwww.hanover.edu/psychJAPS. logical and social agi ng within a changing environment. 2. To understand the place, potential, and problems of older people in society, Contents copyright © 1997 by Ihe American Psychological Society. All rights reserved. including the community, the family, the workplace, and other social institutions. AllAPS members receive the Observer. Domestic 3. To develop a knowledge base for prolonging the productive and healthy function non-member subscription rales are $35 (individual), ing of the middle years of life by preventing. reversing, or slowing the progress of $50 (institution) and foreign rates are $50 (indi vidual) and $65 (institution) per year. Send sub decrements associated with old age, such as chronic ill health, memory loss. scription requests to the address above. Third-class economic deprivation. and withdrawal from active participation in social and postage is paid at Merrifield, V A. Postmaster: economic roles. Send address changes 10 American Psychological Society, 1010 Vermont Ave., NW, Stc. 1100, Wash At its most basic, research supported and conducted by the NIA on adult cognition ington. DC 20005-4907. attempts to link behavioral changes in aging to the brain mechanisms in which they are Contributors: Unsolicited ruticles, announcemenLS. grounded. The search for clues to understanding the human brain-behavior relationship and letters 10 the editor should be submiued [Q the Editor at Ihe address above. seeks to defme how these relationships are affected by the aging process and how they impact the detection, early diagnosis, and ultimate treatment of pathological cogniti ve changes that occur with aging, such as those associated with Alzheimer's disease. We also look to these studies to provide explanations for the great individual differences The job classified ad rate is $6.50 per line that exist in cognition among people in late life. (approx. 34 cbaracters fit on a Line; 6-1ine mmimum). C opy must be received by the 15th of the month preceding the month of publication. Advertisers are invoiced after New Developments, Exciting Times publication. An editorial calendar and a dis This has been a particularly exciting year in the fi eld, as there have been several play ad rate sheet are available upon request. Contact important aging research-related developments. First, psychologists in vestigating APS Obsen 1er and Employmelll Bulletin learning and memory processes during aging have begun to integrate PET imaging and 1010 Vermont Ave., NW, Suite 1100 functional MRI into their studies. Now, particular areas of the brain can be linked to Washing.on, DC 20005 -4907 Attn: Advertis ing Manager Tel: 202-783-2077, Fax: 202-783-2083 SEE HODES ON PAGE 28
APS OBSERVER March 1997 Americ(ln Psychologico/ Society NIA FROM PAGE 1 psychological research: Adult Psychological Development and• Social Science Research on Aging. The Neuroscience and Neurop several examples in this month's "Presidential Column" for which sychology of Aging (NNA) Program has two branches relevant to he is the guest contributor (see page 2). psychology: Neuropsychology of Aging and Dementias of Aging. NIA also supported the development of the report "Vitality for Psychological research programs located in BSR and NNA are Life: Psychological Research for Productive Aging," which iden described in an accompanying box on the next page. In addition, tifies basic and applied research priorities in the psychology of two other extramural programs, Geriatrics Research and the aging. One of a series of research agendas developed under the Biology of Aging, support a few behavioral science projects. Human CapitalIllitiative, "Vitality for Life" focuses on health and behavior, functioning of the oldest old, productivity of older workers, and issues related to mental health and well-being of older individuals. This report also received recognition from Congress, Persistence Helps which strongly urged NIA to use it in determining future directions Fundingforpsychological research in FY 1997 is likely to in research. be slightly higher than last year, reflecting the 4.9 percent increase to the NlA's budget. Butone question we hear all the Interacting Processes time is "Is it worth the effort of submitting a grant application?" Since NIA was established by Congress in 1974, behavioral The answer is a definite "yes." The grant award success rate and social science research has been a key component ofNIA's (i.e., the ratio offunded applications to reviewed applications) for both the Behavioral and Social Research Program and mi ssion, reflecting the view that aging is not merely a biological the Neuroscience and Neuropsychology of Aging Program is process but rather an interaction of psychological. social and 28 percent and 30 percent, respectively; thafs higher than biological processes. many other NIH programs. This view is reflected in the breadth oftapics supported by Keep one caveat in mind, though. Persistence pays off. NIA: neuropsychological investigations of age-related changes The success rate is higher for revised s ubmissions than for brain structures and their relation to normal and pathological first-time grant proposal submissions. So, if you don't suc psychological functioning; cohort and individual changes in ceed on thefirsttry, consider revising and resubmitting your application. The odds are better than you might think, and cognitive function in later life; social influences on behavior; surely if you don't submit an application atall, your chances attitudes and beliefs and their role in the health behaviors of older of success are zero! people; formation and maintenance of social ties; and intervention NlA staff are available to advise potential grantees studi es to apply behavioral research to improvingthefunctioning. throughout the entire application process. On the next page Extramural psychological research is primarily funded by two are the contact names and numbers of NlA staff who can NlAprograms. The Behavioral and Social Research (BSR) discuss your research ideas and provide collegial and prac Program is comprised of three branches, two of which support tical advice.
NIA Projects Whose PIs Are Psychologists I I Fiscal Year 1996 NIA Psychology \ Principal \ Investigator \ Affiliation \ GrantTitie Grants in FY 1996 Continued on page 5
ALBERT, MARILYN S MASSACHUSETIS GEN HOSPITAL AGE-RELATED CHANGES OF COGNITION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE ALDWIN, CAROLYN M UN IV OFCALIFORNIA-DA VIS MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTHTRAJECTORIES IN ADULTHOOD ANDERSEN,GEORGEJ UNIVOFCALIFORNIA-RlVERSLDE AGING ANDPERFORMANCEOFCOGNITIVEANDPERCEPTUAL TASKS ANTONUCCI, TONI C UNIVOFMICHIGAN-ANN ARBOR CONVOYS OF SUPPORTIN OLD AGE- A CROSS NATIONAL STUDY ASKARI,NUSHA STANFORD UNIV COGNITIVEANALYSESOFLANGUAGEDEFICITSINALZHEIMER'S AVIS, NANCY E NEW ENGLAND RES INST INC. MEDIA TRAINING ON MENOPAUSE FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS BALL, KARLENE K UNIVOF ALABAMA-BIRMINGHAM ENHANCING MOBILITYINTHEELDERL Y BALL, KARLENEK UNlVOF ALABAMA-BIRMlNGHAM IMPROVEMENTOFVISUALPROCESSINGINOLDERADULTS BALL, KARLENEK UNlVOF ALABAMA-BIRMINGHAM COGNITIVETRAlNlNG&EVERYDA YCOMPETENCEINTHEELDERLY BARNES, CAROL A UNIV OF ARIZONA CELL ASSEMBLIES, PATTERN COMPLETION, AND THE AGING BRAIN BARNES, CAROL A UNIV OF ARIZONA NEUROBEHA VIORAL RELATIONS IN SENESCENT HIPPOCAMPUS BARNES, CAROL A UN IV OF ARIZONA TRANSCRWfION FACTOR GENES, NEURONAL PLASTICITY & AGING BATES,ELIZABETHA UNlV OFCALIFORNIA-SAN DIEGO AGING AND BILINGUALISM BECKER,lAMEST UNlVOFPITTSBURGH FUNCTIONALNEUROlMAGINGOFSEMANTICMEMORY IN ALZHEIMER'S BERRY,JANEM UNlVOFRlCHMOND MEMORY SELF EFFICACY AND MEMORY PERFORMANCEIN ADULTHOOD BLANCHARD-FIELDS.FREDDA GEORGIAINSTITUTEOFTECH AITRJBUTIO NALPRDCESSES IN ADULTHOOD AND AGING BOURGEOIS , MICHELLES UNIV OF PITISBURGH INCREASING EFFECTIVE COMMUNICA nON IN NURSING HOMES BRANDT,JASON JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV RESEARCH TRAINING IN DEMENTIAS OF AGING BURKE, DEBORAH M POMONA COLLEGE MEMORY AND LANGUAGE IN OLD AGE CAMPBELL, SCOTI S CORNELL UNIV MED CTR HOMEOSTATIC FACTORS IN AGE RELATED SLEEP DISTURBANCE CAPLAN, DA VID MASSACHUSETIS GEN HOSPITAL PROCESSING RESOURCES AND SENTENCE COMPREHENSION CARSTENSEN, LAURA L STANFORDUNIV SOCIALlNTERACnON IN OLD AGE CHARNESS, NEIL H FLORIDA STATE UNIV LIFE-SPAN EXPERTISE APS OBSERVER March 1997 Americau Psychological Society • Extramural Psychological Research Programs at the National Institute on Aging Behavioral and Social Sciences Research Program THE ADULT PSYCHOLOGICAL D EVELOPMENT BRANCH supports research and research training concerned with environmental, social, and behavioral influences on cogniti ve functioning, personality, attitudes, and interpersonal relationships overthe adult Iife course with an emphasis on the later years. Within thi s Branch are two psychology-relevant sections: • The Cognitive Functioning and Aging Section focuses attention on how external factors such as structure of the task and internal psychological process such as motivation and emotional state influence differences among people and affect a person's functioning overtbe life course. Human factors research (e.g., older drivers and older pilots) is also encouraged that optimizes environments, tasks, and equipment for older people and identifies interventions designed to improve fun ctioning and enhance quality of life. Research to develop standardized methods of cognitive assessment is also encouraged. • The Personality and Social Psychological Aging Section emphasizes thedynarnic interplay among psychological processes and personal relationships in the immediate social environment as people age. More information: Jared B. Jobe, Behavioral and Social Research, NIA, Gateway Bldg., Room 533, 720 I Wisconsin Ave., MSC 9205, Bethesda, MD20892-9205; 301-496-3137;email: Jared_Jobe@ nih.gov. Social Sciences Research on Aging Branch supports research and research training aimed at understanding the biopsychosocial processes linking health and behavior; the structure, process, and outcomes of health care and related services; and the social conditions influencing health, well-being, and functioning of people in the middle and later years. Within this Branch: • The Psychosocial Geriatrics Research Section supports research on psychosocial predictors of morbidity, functioning, and mortality; psychobiological linkages between health and behavior; preventive self-care behaviors and health behavior change; illness behaviors and coping with chronic conditions and disabilities; assessments of quality oflife outcomes; social and behavioral interventions to prevent illness and promote health; and gender differences in health and longevity with special emphasis on women's health and behavior. (Staff: Marcia Ory.) • The Health Care Organizations Section supports research on the antecedents of a wide range of formal health care and related services, as well as on the structure, processes, and outcomes of different formal care systems. (Staff: Sidney Stahl.) • The Older People in Society Section is concerned with how, and with what consequences, people are influenced by the network of social institutions in which they grow old. (Staff: Sidney Stahl.) More information: Marcia G. Ory, or Sidney Stahl, Behavioral and Social Research, NIA, Gateway Bldg .. Room 533, 7201 Wisconsin Ave., MSC 9205, Bethesda, MD 20892-9205; 301-402-4156; email: [email protected] or Sidney_Stahl @nih.gov . Neuropsychology and Neuroscience of Aging Program The Neuropsychology of Aging Branch supports research on neural and psychological mechanisms that underlie behavioral changes with aging. Research into the age-related structural, neurophysiological, biochemical, and cognitive processing changes that occur in the areas of learning. memory. attention, and communication are paramount to these endeavors. Studies in these domains should provide insights to understand the relationship between the brain and behavior, define how dtese are affected by the aging process, and impact on the detection, early diagnosis, and ultimate treattnent of pathological cognitive losses, such as Alzheimer's disease, that occur with aging. More information: Andrew Monjan, Neuropsychology and Neuroscience of Aging, NJA, Gateway Bldg., Room 3C307, 7201 Wisconsi n Ave., MSC 9205, Bethesda, MD20892-9205: 301-496-9350; email: Andrew [email protected]. The Dementias Branch fosters basic, clinical, and epidemiological studies of Alzheimer' s di sease, vascular dementia. and other brain disorders and delirium in old age. The branch supportsa broad range of studies of the etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical course/natural history, pharmacological treatments, diagnosis and functional assessment, behavioral management and intervention in the dememias and other psychiatric and cognitive di sorders oflater life. Psychological research is mosrrelevant to the latter two areas and is supported mostly in lhe Clinical Studies Section. More information: Neil S. Buckholtz, Neuropsychology and Neuroscience of Aging, NIA, Gateway Bldg., Room 3C307, 7201 Wisconsin Ave., MSC 9205, Bethesda, MD 20892-9205; 30 1- 496-9350; email: [email protected]. NIA Funding Mechanisms In addition to the traditional research grant (RO I), NIA supports new investigator research (R29), pi lot grants (R03) in selected areas, minority di ssertations (F3I), and small business research (R41, R42, R43 , R44). as well as Ipostdoctoral fellowship and career development awards to established investigators (F32, F33, K I, K2. K7 , K8 , and K 12) and institutional pre-doctoral and post-doctoral training grants (T32). More information can be obtained from NIA's internet home page (hUp:/Iwww.nih.gov/nia/).
APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society National Institute on Aging Seeks Small Grant Applications• For BISTART-like Program The Behavioral and Social Research Program (BSR) of the Nationallnstitu te on Aging (NIA) seeks small grant (R03) applications to stimulate res",",ch in underdeveloped topics in the behavioral and social sciences of aging. NIA Director Richard Hodes recently discussed this program with APS Executive Director Alan Kraut, calling it "B/START -like" (Behavioral Science Track A ward for Rapid Transition), and stating that it is designed to support pilot research that is likely to lead to a subsequent individual research projectgrant(RO I) or a First Independent Research Support and Transition (FIRST) (R29) award application and/or a significant advancement of aging research. Collection of new data or secondary analyses of existing data are allowed. (This is the third NIH institute 10 develop a small grants program specifically aimed at behavioral scientists. Both the National Institute of Mental Health and the National Institute on Drug AbusehaveBI START programs in place.) Applicants may request up to $50,000 (direct costs) for one year through the small grant (R03) mechanism. These awards are particularly suitable fornew investigators, but all investigators are eligible to apply. At press time, receipt dates have not been made final but are likely to be mid-March, mid-July, and mid-November. Contact(viaemail preferably) the appropriate program person below for information on the eight topics of interest. The general address and fax number for all inquiries are: Behavioral and Social Research. National Institute on Aging. Gateway Bldg., Suite 525.720 I Wisconsin Ave . • MSC 9205 Bethesda, MD 20892-9205. Fax 301-402-005 1 Direcl inquiries on Social Cognjtion, Personality, and BehaviorGenetics to: Jared B. Jobe. Chief, AdultPsychological Development. Tel.: 30 1-496-3 J:i7 • Email: [email protected] Direct inquiries on Interventions to Enhance SclrCare, Religiousness in Health and Aging, and AIDS in an Aging Society to: Marcia G. Ory. Chief, Social Science Research on Aging, . Tel.: 301-402-4156. Email: [email protected] Direct inquiries on Social and Structural Factors in Health Care, and Aging and Work Organizations to: Sidney M. Stahl. Chief, Health Care Organizations . Tel.: 301-402-4156. Email: [email protected].
NIA Projects Whose PIs Are Psychologists I I Fiscal Year 1996 NIA Psychology \ Principal \ Investigator \ Affiliation \ GrantTitle Grants in FY 1996 Continued on page 6
CONYERS. JACQUELINE R UNIVOFCALIFORNIA-IRVINE ALZHEIMER PATIENT'S CAPACITIES AND CAREGIVER ASSESSMENTS CORKIN. SUZANNE H MIT THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF LEARNING IN AGE-RELATED DISEASE COTMAN. CARL W UNIV OF CALIFORNIA-IRVINE ANIMAL MODEL OF HUMAN AG ING AND DEMENTIA CZAJA. SARA J UNIVOFMIAMI-CORALGABLES MIAMI CENTER ON HUMAN FACTORS AND AGING RESEARCH DISTERHOFf. JOH N F NORTHWESTERN UNIV CALCIUM REGULATION OF LEARNING IN AGING HIPPOCAMPUS DIVENYI, PIERRE L VAMEDICALCTR-MARTINEZ SPEECH PERCEPTION UNDER NONOPTIMALCONDITIONS IN AGING DIXON, ROGER A UN IV OF VICTORJA INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN MEMORY CHANGE IN THE AGED DORSEY. CYNTHIA M MCLEANHOSPITAL(BELMONT,MA) INSOMNIAINELDERLY- PASSIVEBODYHEATINGVSZOLPIDEM EINSTEIN, GILLES 0 FURMANUNIV COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS OF PROSPECTIVE MEMORY AND AGING ELIAS, MERRILL F UNIV OF MAINE AGE HYPERTENSION ANDINTELLECTIVE PERFORMANCE FAULKNER, BILLIEL YALE UNIV NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING AMYGDALAIPERIRHINALAREA FERRIS, STEVEN H NEW YORK UNIV ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE CENTER CORE GRANT FIELD. DOROTHY CA PUBLIC HEALTHFOUNDA TION RELATIONSHIP PRECURSORS OFWELL BEING IN OLD AGE FISHER,DONALDL UNlVOFMASSACHUSETfS-AMHERST MODELS OF AGING- THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF COGNITION FISHER, JANE E UNIV OFNEVADA-RENO CLASSIFICATION OF AGITATION IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE FISK, ARTHUR D GEORGIA INSTITUTE OFTECH AUTOMATIC AND CONTROLLED PROCESSING AND AGING FLEISCHMAN. DEBRA A RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE AGING AND IMPLICIT MEMORY- EVIDENCE FROM LESION STUDIES FRIEDMAN, HOWARDS UNIV OF CALIFORNIA-RIVERSIDE PREDICTORS OF HEALTH AND LONGEVITY GABRIELI. JOHN D STANFORD UNIV FUNCTIONAL MRI ANALYSIS OF MEMORY IN AGING AND AMNESIA GALLAGHER, MICHELA JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV COGNITION AND HIPPOCAMPAUCORTICAL SYSTEMS IN AGING GALLAGHER-THOMPSON.D PALO ALTO INSTITUTE TREATMENT OF DISTRESS IN HISPANIC AND ANGLO CAREGIVERS GA TZ, MARGARET J UNIV OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA DEMENTIA IN SWEDISH TWINS GILMORE.GROVERC CASE WESTERN RESERVEUNIV CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT AND READING IN ALZHEIMERS DISEASE GOLD, PAULE UNIVOFVIRGINIA AGING AND MEMORY GoLDGABER, DMITRY Y SUNY-STONY BROOK INHIBITION OF AMYLOID FORMATION BY TRANSTHYRETIN & APOE GREENOUGH. WILLIAMT UNIVOFILLINOIS-UC PHYSICALEXERCISE,MENTALACTIVITY,ANDBRAINPLASTICITY GREENWOOD, PAMELA M CATHOLIC UNIV OF AMERICA SPA TIALL Y CUED VISUAL PROCESSING OVER THE ADULT LIFESPAN HALE, SANDRA S WASHINGTON UNIV PROCESSING SPEED. WORKING MEMORY AND COGNITION IN DAT HARTLEY.JOELLENT CALIFORNIA ST ATEUNIV ·LONG BEACH AGING AND PROSE MEMORY- BEHAVIORAL AND EEG PREDICTORS HARTMAN,MARILYN D UNIVOFNORTHCAROLINA AGEDIFFERENCEIN ATTENTION-CONSEQUENCESFOR MEMORY HASHER, LYNN A DUKE UN IV AGE. INHIBITION. AND THE CONTENTS OF WORKING MEMORY HASHER, LYNN A DUKE UNIV AGE, OPTIMAL TIME OF DA Y, AND COGNITION HERTZOG,CHRISTOPHER K GEORGLAINSTITUTEOFTECH AGING METAMEMORY AND STRATEGY USE DURING LEARNlNG HORN,JOHNL UNIV OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA FORMING CAREERS INDEVELOPMENT AL NEUROCOGNITION APS OBSERVER March 1997 Americall Psychological Society • NIA Projects Whose PIs Are Psychologists I I Fiscal Year 1996 J NIA Psychology \ Principal Grants in FY 1996 \ Investigator \ Affiliation \ GrantTitle Continued on page 7
HOWARD, DARLENE V GEORGETOWN UN IV AGING, SEMANTIC PROCESSING AND MEMORY HOYER. WILLlAMJ SYRACUSE UN IV AGINGOFVISUAUCOGNITIVE MECHANISMS JANOWSKY, JERIS OREGON HEALTH SCIENCES UN IV SEX HORMONES ON COGNITION JASPER, JARROD E WAYNESTATEUNIV MINORITYPREDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP JETfE, ALAN M BOSTON UNIV RESEARCH CENTER ON APPLIED GERONTOLOGY JOHNSON, MARCIA K PRINCETON UNIV AGING EFFECTS ON MEMOR Y FOR SOURCE OF INFORMATION JONES,JAMESM AMERICANPSYCHOLOGICALASSN PREDOCTORALRESEARCHSCIENTISTPROGRAMINPSYCHOLOGY JONIDES,JOHN UNIVOFMICHlGAN·ANN ARBOR AGE& WORKING MEMORY- NEUROIMAGING& BERA VIORALSTUDIES KAPLAN,GEORGEA CA PUBLIC HEALTH FOUNDATION HEALTHANDFUNCTIONOVERTHREEDECADESINALAMEDACTY KEMPER, SUSAN UNIV OF KANSAS·LA WRENCE SPEECH ACCOMMODATIONS BY AN D TO OLDER ADULTS KEMPER. SUSAN UNIV OF KANSAS·LAWRENCE RESEARCH TRAINING PROGRAM IN COMMUNICATION AND AGING K1NG , ABBY C STANFORD UNIV EXERCISE, FUNCTIONING , AND STRESS IN WOMEN CAREGIVERS KIRSH . DAVID UN IV OFCALIFORNIA·SAN DIEGO COMPUTATIONALSTUDYOFCOMPENSATION KORNB LUM,SYLVAN UN IV OF MICHIGAN ATTENTION AN D PERFORMANCE XVIl- THEORY AND APPLICATION KOSSLYN, STEPHEN M HARVARD UNIV IMAGERY PROCESSING IN OLD AGE KRAMER, ARTHUR F UN IV OF ILLINOIS·UC COGNITIVE PLASTICITY & AGING- DUAL· TASK TRAINING EFFECTS KRIPKE, DANIEL F UN IV OFCALIFORNIA·SAN DIEGO ILLUM INATION IN HUMAN AG ING-SLEEP AND MOOD EFFECTS LAWTON,MPOWELL PHILADELPHIA GERIATRIC CTR AFFECT NORMAL AGING AND PERSONAL COMPETENCE LA WTON,MPOWELL PHILADELPHIA GERIATRIC CTR QUALITY OF LIFE, HEALTH ,ANDV ALUATIONOFLIFEBYELDERS LEVENTHAL, HOWARD RUTGERS PROMOTING HEALTH IN ELDERLY AFRICAN AMERICANS LEVENTHAL. HOWARD RUTGERS SYMPTOM AND EMOTION STIMULI TO HEALTH ACTION IN ELDERL Y LICHSTEIN , KENNETH L UNIV OF MEMPHIS BIOBEHA VIORALAPPROACH TO INSOMNIA TREATMENT LIGHT, LEAH L PI1ZER COLLEGE DIRECT AND INDIRECT MEASURES OF MEMORY IN OLD AGE MACDONALD, MARYELLEN UNIVOFSOUTHERNCALIFORNIA SENTENCEPROCESSING INNORMALAGINGANDDEMENllA MACKAY.DONG UNIVOFCALlFORNIA·LOSANGELES ORiGINOFCOGNITlVEPROCESSES INOLDAGE MADDEN, DA VID J DUKE UNIV NEUROIMAGI NG OF AGE RELATED COGNITI VE CHANGES MARKOWSKA, ALICIA L JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICALBIOMAKERS OF AGING MARSISKE, MICHAEL WAYNE STATE UNIV FLUID REASONING TRAINING FOR URBAN ELDERS MCARDLE,JJACK UNIV OFVIRGINIA GROWTHCURVEOFADULTINTEL.FROMCONVERGENCEDATA MCCLEARN,GERALDE PENNSYL VAN IAST ATEUNIV ORIGINS OFV ARlANCEIN THEOLD·OLD-OCI'OGENARIAN TWINS MCDOWD,JOANM KANSASUNIV ATTENTION AND AGING- UNDERSTANDING NEGATIVE PRIMING MCEVOY,CATHYL UN IV OF SOUTH FLORIDA PRIOR KNOWLEDGE EFFECTS IN COGNITI VE AGING MEYER,BONNIE JF PENNSYLV ANlASTATEUNIV MINIMIZING AGE DIFFERENCES INREADING-HOW AND WHY MIROWSKY,JOHN OHIO STATE UNIV AGING, STATUS, AND THE SENSE OF CONTROL MITCHELL, HERMAN E NEW ENGLAND RES INSmUTES TRIALOF A COGNITI VEINTERVENTION FOR OLDER ADUL TS--CC MOHS, RICHARD C V A MEDICAL CTR·BRONX CLINICAL AND BIOLOGIC STUDIES IN EARLY ALZHEIMER'S MONK, TIMOTHY H WESTERN PSYCH INST AND CLINIC PHASE SHlFTTOLERANCE IN OLDER PEOPLE MORROW, DANIEL UNIV OFNEW HAMPSHIRE EXPERTISEANDAGEDlFFERENCESINPILOTCOMMUNICATION MORROW. DANIEL UN IV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE DESIGNING REMINDER MESSAGES FOR OLDER ADULTS MULLAN,JOSEPHT UNIVOFCALlFORNIA·SANFRANOSCO STRESS AND COPING AMONG AJDS CAREGI VERS MURPHY.CLAJREL SAN DIEGO STATE UNIV CHEMOSENSORY PERCEPTION ANDPSYCHOPHYSICSINTHEAGED MURPHY.CLAIREL SAN DIEGO STATE UNIV OLFACTORY DYSFUNCTION IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE NEBES , ROBERTD UNIV OFPITTSBURGH SEMANTIC MEMORY IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE OBER,BETHA UNIV OFCALIFORNIA·DAVIS SEMANTIC & REPETITION PRIMING IN NORMAL& ABNORMAL AGING OLICHNEY,JOHNM UNIV OF CALlFORNIA·SANDIEGO ERPSANDVERBALMEMORY IN AGING DEMENTIA AND AMNESIA OSTERGAARD,ARNE L UNlVOFCALIFORNIA·SANDIEGO PRIMING DEFICITS & BRAIN SYSTEMS IN DEMENTIA & AMNESIA PARASURAMAN,RAJA CA THOLICUNIVOF AMERICA ATfENTION IN AGING AND EARLY ALZHEIMER'SDEMENTlA PARENT,MARISE B UNIV OF VIRGINIA AGINGANDCENTRALGABAERGICMEMORYMODULATORYSYSTEMS PARK. DENISE C UN IV OF MICHIGAN· ANN ARBOR AGING, ARTHRITIS AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE PARK,DENISEC UNIV OFMlCHlGAN·ANN ARBOR CENTER FOR APPLIED COGNITIVE RESEARCH ON AGING PARK, DENISEC UN IV OF MICHIGAN CONTEXT EFFECTS ONTHE AGING MEMORY POWELL.L YNDA H RUSH·PRESBYTERIAN-STLUKES POPULA TlON STUDYOFMENOPAUSEIN AFRlCAN AMERICAN WOMEN PROHASKA. THOMAS UNIV OF ILLINOIS·CHlCAGO MI NORITY ELDERLY HEALTH PROMOTION CENTER PRULL, MATTHEW W STANFORD UNIV FUNCTIONAL MR IMAGING OF MEMORY AND AGING RAGER.ROBERT COMPACT DISC, INC CD·I IMPROVES OLDER PERSONS' INTENTIONALMEMOR Y SKILLS RAPP, PETER R SUNY·STONY BROOK COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN THE AGED MONKEY RAZ.NAFTALI UNIV OF MEMPHIS NEURAL CORRELATES OF AGE· RELATED DIFFERENCES IN MEMOR Y REBOK. GEORGE W JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV TRIAL OF A COGNITIVE INTERVENTION FOR OLDER ADULTS RYFF, CAROLD UNIV OF WISCONSIN MADISON LIFE HISTORIES AND MENTAL HEALTH IN MIDLIFE RYPMA. BARTP STANFORD UN IV SPATIAL COGNITION IN AGING AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE SALTHOUSE. TIMOTHY A GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECH ADULT AGE DIFFERENCES IN REASONING AND SPATIAL ABILITIES SARTER, MARTIN F OHIO STATE UN IV AGING, ATTENTION AN D BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR LIGANDS SCHACTER, DANIEL L HARVARDUNIV AG ING MEMORY SCHAIE, K WARNER PENNSYLV ANIASTA TE UNIV LONGITUDNAL STUDIES OF ADULT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT SCHAIE, K WARNER PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV CONFERENCE- SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND AGING
APS OBSERVER March 1997 America" Psychological Society J r
NIA Projects Whose PIs Are Psychologists I • I Fiscal Year 1996 L \ Principal NIA Psychology \Investigator \Affiliation \ GrantTitle Grants in FY 1996
SCHAIE, K WARNER PENNSYLVANIASTATE UNIV EMOTION IN AGING AND ADULT DEVELOPMENT SCHAIE, K WARNER PENNSYL VANIASTATE UNIV LONGITUDINAL STUDIES OF ADULT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT SCHIFFMAN, SUSAN S DUKEUNIV GUSTATORY AND OLFACTORY CHANGES WITH AGE SCHULZ, RICHARD UNIV OFPITISBURGH COORDINATING CENTER FOR ENHANCING ADRD CAREGIVING SHARPS,MATIHEWJ CALIFORNlA STATEUNlY FRESNO AGINGANDMEMORYFORRELATIONALANDIMAGERICINFORMATION SIEGLER, ILENE C DUKE UN IV MODELS OF PERSONALITY, HEALTH, AND DISEASE IN ADULTHOOD, SLiWINSKl, MARTIN J YESHIVA UNIV AGE-ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE SPEED OF COGNITIVE PROCESS SMlTH,ANDERSOND GEORGlATECHRESEARCHCORP RESEARCHTRAININGINCOGNmVEAGING SNODGRASS, JOAN G NEWYORKUNIV AGEEFFECTSINATIENTIONANDMEMORY-PROCESSDISSOCIATION STEPHENS, MARY A KENT STATE UNIV-KENT MULTIPLE ROLES OF MIDDLE GENERATION CAREGIVINGWOMEN STERN,YAAKOV COLUMBIA UNIV PREDICTORS OF SEVERITY IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE STEWART, ANITA UNlVOFCALIFORNIA-SANFRANOSCO INCREASING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF ELDERS IN THE COMMUNITY STINE-MORROW,E UNIV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE AGE DIFFERENCES INRESOURCEALLOCATIONDURING READING STORANDT, MARTHA A WASHINGTON UNIV AGING AND DEVELOPMENT TALLEY,CHERYLP UNIV OF VIRGINIA GLUCOSE, LIVER FUNCTION, AND COGNITION IN AGED RATS THOMPSON-SCHILL,S UNlVOFPENNSYLVANlA MODELS OF SEMANTIC IMPAIRMENT IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE TUN, PATRICIA A BRANDEISUNN AGING AND SPEECH COMPREHENSION IN DISTRACTINGCONDmONS UCHINO, BERT N UNIV OF UTAH SOCIAL RELATIONS, AGING, AND CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES VER HOEVE, JAMES UNIVOFWISCONSIN-MADISON NEURAL BASES OF VISUAL DEFICITS DUR ING AGING WELSH, KATHLEEN A DUKE UNIV NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE WENK,GARYL UNIV OF ARIZONA AGING VULNERABILITY TO EXCITATORY AMINO ACIDS WERNER, JOHN S UNIVOFCOLORADO-BOULDER OPTICAL AND NEURAL CHANGES IN AGING VISUAL SYSTEMS WILLIS, SHERR Y L PENNSYLVANIASTATEUNIV ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND EVERYDAY COMPETENCE WILLIS,SHERRYL PENNSYL V ANIASTATE UNIV FLUID ABILITY TRAINING AMONG ELDERLY WILLOTI,JAMESF NORTHERNILLINOISUNIV AGING AND CENTRAL AUDITORY SYSTEM MORPHOLOGY WINGFIELD, ARTHUR BRANDEIS UNIV AGE AND DECISION STRATEGIES IN RUNNING MEMORY FOR SPEECH WINGFIELD, ARTHUR BRANDEIS UNlV TRAINING IN COGNITIVE AGING IN A SOCIAL CONTEXT YESAVAGE, JEROME A STANFORDUNIV TREATMENTSFORINS OMNIA ZARIT, STEVEN H PENNSYL V ANIASTATE UNIV INTERDISCIPLINARY TRAINING IN GERONTOLOGY ZARlT, STEVEN H PENNSYLVANIASTATEUNIV MENTAL HEALTH OF CAREGIVERS OF THE ELDERLY ZELINSKl,ELIZABETHM UNIVOFSOUTHERNCALIFORNIA DISEASEAGINGANDCOGNlTION ZELINSKl,ELIZABETHM UNIVOFSOUTHERNCALIFORNlA LONGlTUDINALASSESSMENTOFCOGNmONINADULTS ZURIF, EDGAR B BRANDEIS UNIV COGNITIVE AGING-REAL TIME LANGUAGE PROCESSING
The Editor welcomes Your letters STOP! Submit typewritten letters (350 words max,) via postal Have you visited mail and, if pOSSible, include a computer file on disk APS on the Web yet? (PC / DOS or Apple/Macintosh). Indicate which word Check our th e AMERICAN P SYCHOLOGIC.'L SOC/En'S processor you used, or, save your file as an ASCII or World-Wide-Weh homepage on tile Intemet and text file. Send to: discouer a whole world Of information of rel Letters to the Editor euance 10 th e academic. applied, and research APS Observer psychologist. 1010 Vermont Ave, NW Ste, 1100 URL: hIIp:ltwww.hanover.edUipsycM\PSlaps.html Washington, DC 20005 or URL: http://psych.hanoveLedulapSI Fax: 202-783-2083 or email to Lee Herring, Editor: Iherring@capcon,net AMERICAN I PSYCHOLOGICAL +SOCIETY APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Ps.vchological Society •College Professors in High School Classrooms
Psychologists invest a piece of them.selves ill sciellce literacy ill an innovative melltorillg program
e's new at the game. Bill Greenough of the University going on in psychology and neuroscience and understanding of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign may be a novice at how these events and discoveries relate to the rest of the field. H addressing high school science classes. But thi s APS can then try to integrate that understanding into the high school Fellow is a fast learner. curriculum a little more than it is being done now. That' s our Hi s first try with the 3D- plus students of a hi gh school senior basic purpose," he. said. Greenough th inks it 's a mission to advanced placement class that he addressed in a Washington, which other psychologists also might want to subscribe. DC, suburb didn't go as we ll as he would have liked. The students didn't interrupt him even once in the course of his hour Enriching Connections long presentation. His performance was a bit too much like the So now the 65 or so high school students have a link with a "default model of the talking-head lecturer" th at Greenough is research psychologist who has a long and brilliant research anxious to abolish from the classroom. Why didn 't the students record. Greenough has been doing ground breaking research in speak up ? Were they rendered speechless in the presence of a neuroplasticity in learning and memory since the 1970s, starting university researcher? with much of the work that shows that most animals growing up
I The an swer was simpler than awe, actually, and in enriched environments have Greenough's second class at Wootton High School in Rockvi lle, bigger dendritic fields and more il:' Maryland, on that same day proved it with its much livelier level synapses per neuron than those in of interaction. This too was an advan ced placement class of un stimulating environments. In II more than 30 senior students, but the critical difference was the late 1980s and 1990s, he and Greenough's in vitation at the class session's outset, encouraging hi s co lleagues have been moving student participation. Greenough told st udents to feel free to beyond neuroanatomy and getting "i pitch in with questions and comments throughout the lecture. into the physiological and molecu The Wootton class is taught by science teacher Lesli Adler, lar aspects of neuroplasticity. Greenough's partner in this new professor and high school "We've been saying that the teacher mentor relationship. Adler's students got involved in the brain realIy is organized differ- discussion, poppin g ques tions and actively trying to figure ently in these animals with ~ill::':P;~r·~o.v~;e~f;')hQOJ~a~: ,I~ things out. That's the direction Greenough believes K through enriched environments-now we ed ucationatthepre-collel:e 12 science education should take. And, apparently, even a can prove that. And we've been level with the mentoring college professor can learn something about teaching in the high studying how something as program. school classroom! ephemeral as a nerve impul se or synaptic transmission gets translated into a change in physical structure." Pre-college Science Literacy Because of thi s work, Greenough was tapped by the Why is Greenough doing this? "Basically, what I feel is National Research Council for its study of recent developments that if I can do something to improve the quality of science in learning sciences. He ex pects the NRC report to propose "a education at the pre-college level, I am willing to invest a piece fairly radical, revolutionary change in the way math and science of myself in doing it, because I think it's very important," he are taught." The report is to be published this spring. said. By no means is Greenough preparing for a second career as Neuroscience Literacy a high school science teacher, and he isn't tryi ng to tell Lesli From the NRC effort it was just one short step to Greenough's Adler and her fellow teachers how they should be doing their own acti ve invo lvement with pre-college science teadting. What jobs. He does plan to meet with Adler's classes at regular started it off was hi s contact with Gail Burd, an associate professor intervals, communicate via email wi th individual students, and in the department of molecular and celiular biology at the Univer gain access for the students to certain National Institutes of sity of Arizona. For four years she has been organi zing special Heal th events. workshops for pre-coIlege science teachers at the annual meeting of "To be honest, I don't think any coll ege professor can telI a any the Society for Neuroscience. She is now chair of the society's good high school teacher very much about how to teach. The high commi ttee on neuroscience literacy. school teachers are the ones in the trenches," he explained. At the Society for Neuroscience's annual meeting in "A science researcher like me can serve as a source of up November in Was hington, DC, about 30 high school teachers to-date information, involvement and interaction with what' s CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE
APS OBSERVER March 1997 AmericaIJ P!i)'chological Society FROM PREVIOUS PAGE conveyed in an exciting way. He talked about brain organization• in its learning and memory functions, using lots of what he and a similar number of scientists took part in the science called "folksy little things, before getting on to the more serious literacy workshop. Teachers, many of whom brought along their stuff." For example, he asked how many people had heard about best students. were guided by their university mentors to some of "the 90 percent unused part of the brain." They all raised their the especially interesting research posters and some of the more hands. Squire told them the unused part doesn't exist and general-audience scienti sts don't know where the idea came from. ''The whole oriented lectures. brain is busy all the time, but the 90 percent notion probably has Teachers also something to do wilh the general cultural idea that we can all do selected topics of bell er lhan we ordinarily do." interest to th em and Squire drew the teachers and kids in through yet another their students, with well-worn bit of folk "knowledge" by asking how high the brain the mentors serving is located in the human head. Most audience members pointed to help translate the to the eye level. Squire projected thereupon a cutaway that infoffilation 1O a showed the eyes located below most of the brain- with the optic more lay le vel. nerve's horizontal path projecting in "Our broad beneath the brain. overall goal," Burd With their interest now cap said, "was simply to tured, Squire pointed out that help high school memory is really an outcome of teachers understand Wootton reacher Lesli Adler, pictured with perceptual expertise. He illustrated several of her students, is Greenough' s partner neuroscience better in the program. this with the well-known chess than they did board experiment from Simon and before-not just those areas we might select for them in a few Chase where the board is flashed for short workshop sessions, but whatever areas of neuroscience five seconds. Experts can practi they might be interested in." The workshop sessions fill ed only cally reproduce the board after fi ve Squire keynoted the science a small part of three successive days, so there was ample time seconds, whereas non-players can literacy workshop with a talk left for teachers to attend the symposia and other sessions of th e barely recall five pieces out of 25 , on brain organization in its learning and memory annual meeting, often together with their scientist partner! Squire said. functions. mentor. Then, Squire rapidly read two Greenough and Adler both attended the sessions, and the paragraphs. One paragraph gave information about the structure keynote speaker for the workshop was APS Fellow Larry Squire of the school- II classrooms, so many students, so many grades, of the Veteran's Administration Medical Center-San Diego. and such and such a computer or sports program. The teachers took it all in, looking completely calm and collected, Squire Two-way Education noted. Then he read a second parallel paragraph about the The teacher-professor ties are not structure of 11 brain areas, four neurotransmitters, and other one-way relationships, B urd empha details that equaled the memory load of the first paragraph, with sizes. Herown four-year partnership no new words. And the teachers all started laughing when they with a Tucson, Arizona, high school saw how hard it was to remember one paragraph but not the science teacher, Mary Petti, "gives me other. a real understanding of education," Squire also explained declarative memory, which involves Burd says. "College professors are the hippocampal system and allows recall of what we did today, not taught to teach. ButI've learned a or yesterday, or during our childhood. He said the key moment lot about teaching through my for learning is the moment of input, but other important factors partnership because Mary Petti is a include the number of repetitions or rehearsals and how much wonderful teacher. " cognitive organization can be brought to what is being learned. The science literacy effort Gail B urd chairs the Society He di sc ussed other kinds of learning and memory ability, for Neuroscience's committee doesn't stop at the high school level. on neuroscience literacy. amnesia, and the phenomenon of priming. Interestingly, In Rockville, Maryland, Alder is amnesic patients show normal priming and normal memory in involved with elementary school habit learning, skill learning, and motor skills, he pointed out. science education on a volunteer basis, so Greenough's efforts "We tend to believe that humans learn everything by conceivably could influence the science awareness of the memorization," Squire explained. But in the lab scientists have youngest pupils as th ey begin to learn to read. been able to show that some non-motor tasks are learned by habit, as the learner constructs the task probabilistically. "If you Countering Folk "Wisdom," tried to memorize the task you would get all confused, so you Capturing Interest have to go with the 'gut feeling' that thi s or that one feels like As keynoter of the science literacy workshop, Squire it's been right most of the time. So that kind of learning seems demonstrated how the cutting edge of brain research can be to be spared in amnesia patients as well." • APS OBSERVER March 1997 AmericQfl Psychologica l Society in Iowa City as a research psychologist Member Profile ------until 1964 when she came to the Univer sity of Texas-Austin. Starting as a research associate at the University A Pillar of Psychology Research Institute, Spence also served as a professor in the Department ofEduca- na few months, Janet Taylor Spence Festschrift titled "Models of Gender and tionalPsychology and the Department of will befully retired from the Gender Differences: Then and Now." Psychology, where she served as depart- I University of Texas-Austin, an "A Festschrift is something that honors ment chair from 1968-1972. Outside of a institution at which she has taught, someone's work and their contributions to a visiting research scholar position she held researched, published, and flourished for field," said APS Charter Fellow and at Harvard Univer- the past 30 years. Festschriftco-organizer Lucia sity from 1974-1975 In moving on from a career Gilbert. "This is her last semester at and then again in spanning almost 50 years, Spence leaves the University of Texas-Austin and 1991 , Spence has behind a legacy in the field of psychol- we wanted to do this because she remained at the ogy matched by few. Her research, her has made such an incredible University of Texas- instrument development, herwork with contribution to psychology in a Austin, where she and support of students and colleagues, number of areas but particularly in currently is the Alma and her participation in the organiza- the area of gender and understanding Cowden Madden tions that shape and frame the behav- the mUltiple aspects oftheconcept Professor of Liberal ioral sciences have put her in a unique of gender. We really wanted to do a Arts and Ashbel position. tribute to her and to all of the work Janet Taylor Spence Smith Professorof "When you combine Janet' s impact she has spawned." Psychology and on the science of psychology with her Theevent will feature speakers, each Educational Psychology. impact on the infrastructure of psychol- celebrated individually in his or her own It was in the late I 960s, though, that ogy, you are not going to find anyone right, who will examine issuesrelated to Spence, in facingaJ] intellectual dead end, who has been more important to our gender and gender roles from within the was looking for something new, and, by field," said APS Executive Director expansive theoretical framework that her own admission, stumbled into gender Alan Kraut. Spence has articulated over the last several research. Widely respected for herreseaJ'ch decades. Robert Helmreich, with whom "There was a good deal of change in gender, Spence has also received Spence collaborated for much of her early going on within psychology itself at the accolades for her work in anxiety- work in gender research, Susan Fiske, time-the beginning shift to the so-called including the development of the Jacquelynne Eccles, Brenda Major and APS cognitive revolution- and I decided that I ManifestAnxiety Scale-reinforcement President-elect Kay Deanx arejusta few of would simply have to be patient and and motivation, and achievement the speakers who will participate in the something would occur to me," she said. motivation. Her professional achieve- homage to Spence. "I was waiting for an inspiration when, ments include her ______almost on a whim, I decided extensive work with to do a stndy with my APS (where she was fest-schrift \1 fest-Ishrift\ n: colleague Robert Helmreich the first elected that ultimately came out as president), service on A volume of writings by different authors pre "Who likes competent numerous coIl1.JUjttees sented as a tribute to a scholar women" (JoumalofApplied and the presidency of Social Psychology, 1972). I !heAmerican Psycho- initially thoughtthat it was a logical Association, and, more recently. "I think if you look, for example, at the diversion, but I became so enchanted by the editorship of the Annual Review of Social Sciences Citation Index, citations to the subject that Ijnst kept on going and Psychology, the essential publication her work are enormous-not only in gender never looked back." that provides comprehensive reviews of work, more recently, but going back as far Spence added that the time was ripe the latest developments in research as the Manifest Anxiety Scale," saidDeanx, for her shift towards genderresearch. , across the entire spectrum of the field of who will give an overview of research on "The time was right for me and the "1 psychology. Hercurriculum vita gender and gender roles at the Festschrift. time was right in my career," she said . I includes more than 10 books, at least 17 After earning her PhD in psychology "But also, gender was beginning to book chapters, and well over 100 from the University of Iowa in 1949, emerge as a topic under the pressure of articles. Spence joined the faculty of Northwestern the civil rights and womens movements." University as an instructor. workingber On the Gender Bend way through as an assistant professor before Going Beyond the Obvious In April, leaders in the field of becoming an associate professor in 1956. For Gilbert, a former student and gender research will meet for three days AfterleavingNorthwestemin 1960,Spence in Texas to honor Spence with a joined the Veterans Administration Hospital SEE SPENCE ON PAGE 13
APS OBSERVER March 1997 Americall Psychological Society , , MIND AND BRAIN EXPLAINING .' SCIENCES IN THE CONSCIOUSNESS TbfLHard Problem 21ST CENTURY editeil liy Jonathan Shear edited t>yRot>ert L. Solso Contributlon,lfrfllJl p wide range of fields that In 'U'lese essays many of those who have helped to shape will serve as gulde~ts forcJ.he development of the fields of neurocognition, cognitive science, and the emergIng interdiscTplln~ of conscIousness psychology give their thoughts on the past and future of studies. the science of mind. Contributors include Ernest Hilgard, A Bradford Book • 350 pp. $37.50 (J uly) Carl Sagan, Michael Gazzaniga. and Jerome Kagan. A Bradford Book. 320 pp., 44 ilJus. $35 (July) Now In Paperback Original In Paperback THINKING THINGS MIND DESIGN" THROUGH Philosophy, Psychology, An Introduction to Philosophical Artificial Intelligence Issues and Achievements revised and enlarged edition Clark Glymour editild t>y John Haugel;;md ... have never encountered an introductory text MThe 'new edition of Mind Design brings the collection up to JUre this one. tt attempts to present a side of date by incorporating the philosophical Imptl~tiOfl~ Qf philosophy that has been hidden from the view connectionism, dynamical systems and robotics. The of all but its practitioners.,. Glymour's book collection includes standout tutorials and accessible shot,ild make a good Olany ,people proud to di scussions of very deep and challenging issues as be pjIilosophers '10 the twentieth century. ~ sembled with Haugeland's characteristically thorough -QpU~!AA o S!alker. University of Delaware workmanship . ~ - Robert F, Port, Indiana University 400W1~ '25 · l1Ius , $20 paper A Bradford Book. 488 pp. $18.50 paper , , .' Original in Papert>ack COGNITIVE COGNITIVE MODELS NEUROSCIENCE edited t>y Michael D. Rugg OF MEMORY Researchers in the cognitive neuroscience edited by Martin A. Conway "qolll\li!le the qon<;!'pts and methods of cognitive Outlines modern psychological, neurobiological, and psychology, neuropsychology, and neurophysiol computational approaches to the study of human memory, ogy in an attempt to understand the brain's role with an emphasis on modeling and representation. in cognitive functions. 320 pp. $27.50 paper Studies in Cognition series· 320 pp. $25 paper (June) Now in Paperback THE PSYCHOLOGY ARTIFICIAL MINDS OFATIENTION Stan Franklin Harold E. Pashler "Artificial Minds is·a veritable encyclopedia of · The scholarship which pervades this text Is magnificent. recent human attempts to simulate artificially More th'(ln any source that I know of, it provides a well certain aspects of what brains do naturally. Integrated view of the many approaches taken to assess A down-to-earth, nuts-and·bOlts exploration the classic early-selection/late-selection debate. ~ of what it means to be • 'thInking being.'" - Joel S. Warm. University of Cincinnati - Nick Herll.rt. author of Quantum Reality 480 pp., 50 iIIus. $45 (July) and Elemenral Mind A Bradford ,Book. 464 pp,., 95111us. $17.50 paper ADVANCES IN Now In Paperback NEURAL INFORMATION WITHOUT MIRACLES Universal Selection Theory and PROCESSING SYSTEMS 9 the Second Darwinian Revolution .' edited t>Y Michael I. Jordan, Michael C. Mozer, GaryCziko and Thomas Petsche In this sweeping account, Gary Cziko integrates Covers all aspects of information process ing in neural various scIentific discIplines withIn a universal and related systems. selectipn theory that attempts to account for all A Bradford Book/ NIPS. 1.120 pp. $85 cases of fit Involving living organisms. A Bradford Book. 400 pp. $17.50 paper
http://www·mitpress .mit.edu ;
APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society I I ij •Damn the Political Dynamite, Full Speed Ahead on Bilingual Research A research agenda for improving schooling for language-minority children
he National Research Council Ebonies The NRC report calls for a model for (NRC) has unveiled a new set of The political debate is probably even research and development grounded in Tresearch priorities for educating more heated in the case of Ebonies, which knowledge about the linguistic, social, and children with limited English proficiency. his committee's report does not deal with, cognitive development of these children. A pre-publication copy of the NRC's Hakuta said, as the NRC study is con The model could be tested in settings that 484-page report was released amid hopes cerned specifically with the 2.3 million are carefully selected to take into account that the new proposals may surmount the children in the particular characteristics of the students fray of political debate tbat has been American schools and their classrooms. When successful, hampering bilingual learning research for whose first the model could be tested at other sites decades. And the report comes with still language is before serving as the base for several stronger hopes that the new proposals will clearly identified educational programs designed to suit the encourage greater volumes of research in as not based in needs of different types of students. this area. English. But The report identified research priorities The new research priorities may be there are parallel in these areas: "one way to defuse the political dynamite issues with The ways in which English-language that can exist in this issue," said Kenji Ebonies, such as Kenji Hakuta chaired learners achieve academic goals, interact with native English-speaking students and Hakuta, a Stanford University experimental the recognition the II -member panel that developed the report teachers, and develop literacy. psychologist who chaired the II-member that learning for the NRC and 10M. The most effective professional develop panel that developed the report for the standard English ment for teachers who serve language NRCand the Institute of Medicine. does not happen in a vacuum, but builds minority student populations. "It has taken bilingual education 20 on the previous base, whether that base is Methods through which preschool children develop English- and native years to get to the point where we can say a language other than English or a non language proficiency. let's not just ask the question of which is standard variety of English, Hakuta Measures of accountability and strategies better-English-only or bilingual instruc explained. for including English-language learners tion," said Hakuta, pointing to this question The NRC report is aimed at the 2.3 equitably in educational assessments. as the single most divisive issue in the million children in US schools from debate. Instead, he said, "Let's focus on kindergarten to 12th grade who have Research Opportunities educational outcomes as our objective for English as their second language. They Broaderopportunitiesforinvestigator learning-- APS OBSERVER March 1997 American PsycllOlogical Society NIAAA FROM PAGE 1 influence drinking and its related problems and to apply this knowledge to the development of effective prevention and treatment provides more than $50miJIion in funding for psychologists. strategies." Looking at it another way, psychology doctorate is the most common degree among principle investigators (PI) funded by Effects on Cognition NIAAA, with approximately 30 percent of PIs having a degree in One of the most exciting areas of alcohol research is the work psychology. being done in alcohol abuse and cognition. Impaired cognition Despite this strong showing, psychology has not been as visible the acquiring, storing, retrieving, and use of knowledge- has long within the field of alcohol research as other disciplines, such as been associated with chronic abuse of alcohol. Variations in the neuroscience and pharmacology. However, the contributions of cognitive deficits in detoxified alcoholics present significant psychologists are increasingly being recognized. (One leader in the challenges to researchers. Severe deficits were known to exist, but field, Henri Begleiter, is profiled on page 15.) And efforts are being with more sensitive tests of psychological functioning, there is an made to expand behavioral science approaches in alcohol research. accumulating body ofevidence about the milder cognitive impair "The consumption of alcohol is a complex behavior and efforts ments resulting from chronic alcohol abuse. Understanding to understand this behavior are fundamental to alcohol research," cognitive deficits has significant implications for treatment, since notes NIAAA Director Enoch Gordis. "It is thus not surprising that such deficits can affectthe individual's ability to learn-an ability behavioral studies are an indispensable part of this field, advancing that is necessary for many forms of alcohol therapies. our understanding of why people drink, why some progress to As coauthor of an NIAAA-sponsored paper, APS Member harmful drinking, how drinking can influence risk-taking behaviors, Marlene Oscar-Berman described the status of research in this area. andho\\:' we can effectively prevent and treat the problems associ Shereports that several theoretical models of impaired cognition ated with alcohol abuse and alcoholism." have been developed to explain different cognitive deficits. The models fall into two basic categories: those which focus on the The Basics relationship between brain structure and function, and those that are NIAAA's basic behavioral research portfolio focuses on the process-oriented, meaning they examine the nature ofobserved brain-based effects of alcohol, including studies on topics such as cogni tive decline apart from brain structure. addictive behaviors in animals; inheritance patterns; genetic Although no single model defines all the impairments alcohol markers for alcohol risk; and deleterious effects of alcohol abuse on ics experience, process-oriented models are proving useful in cognitive and behavioral functioning. describing alcohol-related cognitive deficits, and offer important In studying brain damage from prenatal exposure to alcohol, alternatives to looking at impairment simply in terms of brain for example, APS members Sarah Mattson and Edward Riley of structure. For example, researchers have used this approach to San Diego State University have used neuroimaging techniques and assess different levels of impairment in separate dimensions of behavioral evaluations to identify abnonnalities in brain structures memory (i.e., long -term versus short-term, dec1arati ve versus of older children with a history of prenatal alcohol exposure and procedural, episodic versus semantic). These distinctions are behavioral and cognitive problems. Significantly, these abnormali important since individuals can be impaired in one dimension but ties were seen in individuals who were not diagnosed with fetal not in the others. This approach also has been used to pinpoint alcohol syndrome (FAS). Theresearchers also conducted animal which of the various processes involved in storing and retrieving studies that confirmed their findings in humans. These studies different kinds of information (i.e., episodic or context -bound represent significant contributions to the knowledge base about the information versus information related to language, logic and origins of behavioral deficits and other long-term effects from semantic knowledge) are affected by chronic alcohol abuse. prenatal alcohol exposure. NIAAA also has supported psychologist George Koob, a well Treatment: GottaMATCH? known neuroscientist who looked at brain systems involved in such In December, NIAAA announced the main findings from behaviors as reward, motivation, and reinforcement in alcohol and Project MATCH, which the Institute called "the largest and most drug abuse. In reviewing the research in this area, Koob, an APS statistically powerful clinical trial of psychotherapies ever member, noted that several studies point to a prominent role by the undertaken." Initiated in 1989 to test whether differenttypes of brain dopamine system in the pleasurable effects of even low alcoholics respond different! y to specific therapeutic approaches, amounts of alcohol. This information is important in understanding Project MATCH (Matching Alcoholism Treatments to Client the neurochemical underpinnings of the transition from controlled Heterogeneity) found that patient-treatment matching does not use to addiction. It also sets the stage for future work in the substantially alter treatment outcomes. psychopathology of alcohol abuse. The study involved three distinct behavioral treatments: 12- In conjunction with research into the interactions of individual step facilitation therapy (similar to the approach used by Alcoholics environmental, and social factors involved in the use of alcohol and Anonymous); cognitive-behavioral therapy, based on social the transition to alcoholism, basic behavioral research plays an learning theory and designed to provide skills for avoidingre!apse; important role in understanding the origins and effects of alcohol and motivational enhancement therapy, based on motivational abuse andin developing prevention and treatment strategies. psychology and designed to help patients mobilize personal "Our challenge in future alcohol research," according to Stephen Long, director of the NIAAA Office of Policy Analysis, "will be to learn more about how biology and behavior interactto SEE NIAAA ON PAGE 16 APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society Spotlight on Research Children of Alcoholics Show Brain Deficits Identical to Fathers' enriBegleiter' s relentless searchforthe genetic and Begleiter said, looking back at the groundbreaking work that he chemical roots of alcoholism has endured for almost and his fellow researchers conducted in the early 1980s. H 30 years, and there has been a great deal of progress made to this end. Chicken vs. Egg "My real interest lies in pathogenesis- in identifying what "It was at that point that we began to entertain the possibil parts of the brain and what neurotransmitters may be involved, as ity-a wild, crazy notion- that well as detennining associated brain events and understanding maybe the functions still deficient what those brain events mean. Among other things, we want-to were the result of antecedent understand why some people are genetically at risk to develop factors, not the result of alcohol. alcohol dependence," says APS Fellow Begleiterwhose research Perhaps their brain functions were has been supported largely by the National Institute on Alcohol deficient before those people ever ism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA) throughout these 30 years. had any alcohol at all." But Begleiter' s interests span the entire field of alcohol and Many genetic and epidemio alcoholism- best demonstrated, perhaps, by the broadlyconcep logical studies were going on at that tualized nine-volume series of reviews of recent research on time, primarily in Scan dina via, and they were suggesting that sons of alcohol that Begleiter and his colleague Benjamin Kissin have Begleiter undertaken for Oxford University Press. The first two volumes alcoholics were four to five times as have already been published.' likely as others to become alcohol- Now a professor of psychiatry and neuroscience at the State ics themselves. Begleitersaid. University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, "So in the early 1980s we decided to look at sons of Begleiter started his research with rats and monkeys in the 1960s. alcoholics ourselves," he said. Begleiter and his colleagues gave He looked at the effects of alcohol on the animals' brains, trying their subjects event-related potential (ERP) tests. The tests use to identify specific brain sites, and posed questions like: What electrodes mounted on the surface of the subject's scalp to does alcohol do to the brain? Where does it act first? What record electrical activity emanating from the brain as the subjects specific sites does it act on? What's different about chronic detect "odd-ball" stimuli from monotonous, repeti lious ongoing alcohol intake? visual or auditory patterns. The electroencephalographic measures serve as an index of cognitive responsivity during the Alcohol Dependence and Brain Recovery task. Begleiteralso began to move these same research questions Emerging from this research was the revelation that "that into the human realm. Throughout his career Begleiter has been children of alcoholics had cognitive deficits identical to those of concerned primarily with hard-core alcoholics, especially with their fathers, even though the sons had had no exposure to "the probably 45 to 50 percent ofthe hard-core alcohol-dependent alcohol whatsoever," Begleiter said. "This finding has been individuals who manifest a genetic influence," he says. replicated many, many times, looking at different brain systems. By "alcoholics" he does not mean "alcohol abusers," And we find indeed that there are a few systems that appear to "problem drinkers," or "heavy drinkers." Those terms are too be deficient in alcoholics and in people at high risk for develop difficultto qualify and quantify, too amorphous, he says. He also ing alcoholism." Using this cognitive deficiency as a "marker," does not mean college students who engage in "binge drinking" at Begleiter and colleagues proceeded to test all the criteria that parties. were essential to establish it as a phenotypic genetic marker. "My alcoholics don't go to college, I assure you," he says. Having achieved this, Begleiter and colleagues undertook a They are dysfunctional alcohol-dependent people. They have major genetic family study. In 1989 he formed a large consor powerful cravings for alcohol, and when they try to abstain, they tium, which he now heads, with six sites in the United States and manifest withdrawal symptoms, he says. Alcohol has major 11 sites in other countries. It assesses families, looks at the deleterious, neurotoxic effects on their brain functions. If these ERPs of all family members, and analyzes DNA to identify people stop drinking for months or years, though, many oftheir genotypes. The search is on for the multiple genes involved in brain functions become normal again, Begleiter and his fellow what Begleiter refers to as "this genetically influenced" disease. researchers have found. "But some brain functions didn't seem to recover at all," SEE BEGLEITER ON PAGE 39 APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society NIAAA FROM PAGE 1 not work. Given the chronic and relapsing nature of alcoholism, some researchers feel that the one-year follow-up period was not resources to effect change. (This last treatment includes educating long enough to show the long-tenn effects oftreaunent. the patient about the hannful effects of alcohol, such as liver or As for NIAAA' s plans now that Project MATCH is essentially brain damage, plus a di scussion of issues such as personal responsi over? "A logical next step for alcoholism treatment research is to bility and choice, and information on specific strategies for chang test our quite excellent behavioral treatments in conjunction with ing drinking behaviors,) promising pharmacological treatments for alcoholism," said Patient characteristics included severity of alcohol involve Richard K. Fuller, director ofthe NIAAA program that oversaw the ment, cognitive impairment, psychiatric severity, gender, readiness project. to change, social support for drinking versus abstinence, sociopathy, and typology of alcoholism, The outcomes were measured in terms Health Services Research of abstinent days and average number of drinks per drinking day The rapid and profound changes that are occurring in the health during the year following treaunent, care system are affecting the availability and possibly the quality of With one exception, no significant matches were found. The alcohol treatment services, But exactly how? NIAAA is supporting only con finned match was between patients with low psychiatric $30 million in health services research to find the answer to this and severity and the 12-step therapy, Those patients had more abstinent related questions about how alcohol treatment and prevention days than patients receiving cognitive behavioral therapy, But services are organized and financed, as well as research on the regardless ofthe therapy received, participants showed significant effectiveness, quality, and availability of services for alcohol-related and sustained improvement in rates of abstinence and decreased problems, drinking, As psychologist Robert Huebner, chief ofNlAAA'shealth The results of Project MATCH received a significant amount services research program, observes, "health services research shifts of publicity in the popular press, with varying degrees of accuracy the locus of alcohol research from the laboratory and controlled due to media confusion about the aim of the study, Some headlines clinical trials to real-world practice settings," proclaimed that the 12-step therapy was the most effective treat -'C"'O""NTI="'N"'UE=D=-=O"'N::-N:-:E:'::X"'T=-=-PA-:-G=E ment, while other reports said the study shows that treatment does Current NIAAA Research Program Announcements Program announcements indicate many of NIAAA's ongoing areas of support, Listed below are the current NIAAA program announcements of potential interest to psychologists, For additional information, including the full text of these announce ments, visit NIAAA's world-wide web site at http://www,niaaa,nih,gov, Title Number Functional Imaging and Alcohol-Motivated Behavior """""'" ","',"" ""',' """'" """'" '" '" """" '"'''''''' ".,",', P A-96-054 Developmental Grants for Minority Collaborati ve Projects '''''''''' """'''''''''''''''''''','' """'" "" '" """," '"'''''''''''''''' PAR-96 -036 Health Services Research onAlcohol-Related Problems '" """ ""'" ,,"",',,',' '" "'"'' """"" """"'" """'" "'" """'" P A-96-021 Intervention Research on the Prevention of Alcohol-Related Problems" , """'"'''' """', ,,""', """" "" "', "'",''' """""',',,"', PA-96-0 19 Mechanisms of Adolescent Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism "'" "" ""'," "'" """" """'".,"""""""""'" """" ""'"'''''' P A-95-073 Alcohol Abuse, HIV, and Infectious Disease """"""'""""""""",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"''''''',,'''' PA-95-067 Drug and Alcohol Use and Abuse in Rural America """""""""""""""""""."""""""""""""""""""""" PA-95-060 Secondary Analysis of Alcohol Abuse Prevention Research Data """" "','," " " """,' '",,''''''''''' '" "" '''''' """"" "'" ,.,,'" "" PAR-95-024 Research on Relationships Between Alcohol and Violence '''''''' """'''''' "'"'''' ",'" """'" "', '''''',' """""" ",",', ""." P A-93-095 Preventing Alcohol-RelatedProblems Among Ethnic Minorities ","'" """'"'''' ""," ,."" """""',""""'" """""" """" """ PA-93-47 Research on Alcoholism Patient-Treatment Matching ""'" '"'''''''''''''',''''''' """"'" ,.,," """ """"',' ,... ",," ""'" PA-92- 75 Research on Children of Alcoholics ,,' """" ",.,' """ ".,""" "'"',''''''''''''' ""'"'',''',',''''''' ""'" P A -92-7 4 Research on the Homeless with Alcohol Problems "''''''''''',.,'''''''',,'''',''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"",",,',," PA-92-70 Research on the Prevention of Alcohol Abuse Among Youth """"""""'" '''''''',,'''''''',,'''''''','''',,'''',,''''''''''',,'',,'''''' PA-92-46 ExploratorylDeve1opmentai Grants (R21) for Alcoholism Treatment Assessment Research"",,,,,,,,,, "'"'''''''''''''''' """'" P A -9 1-98 ExploratorylDevelopmentai Grants (R21) for Research on the Etiology of Alcoholism " ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, PA-9l-97 Research on Relationships Between Alcohol Use and Sexual BehaviorsAssociated with HIV Transmission ,,"""""""" PA-91-75 Applied Research into the Process of Alcoholism Treatment """,.,,"",,"",,",,"""""""""""""""""""""""""",,", PA-90-27 Research on Worksite-Related Alcohol Problems: Causative Processes, Primary and Secondary Prevention """"" - Research on Prevention of Alcohol Abuse in the Older Population """",,"""""""""""""'"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' - Research on the Recognition, Management, and Prevention of Alcohol Problems in a Primary Health Care Setting - NIAAA also supports a number of joint programs with other institutes to conduct research on persons with co-occurring mental disorders and drug abuse and dependence. Information on these is also available at NIAAA's world-wide web site. APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society FROM PREVIOUS PAGE MISCELLANY One of the main areas of concern these days is the impact of managed care on alcohol treatment services. "Psychologists A National Institutes of H ealth (NIH) consensus working in applied psychology, methodology, organizational panel has strongly endorsed the use of behavioral psychology, treatment outcomes research, health psychology, and intervention programs-indud ing needle exchange, consumer decision making can make potentially importantcontribu drug abuse treatment, and youth education on safer tions to understanding the impact of managed care and shed light on sex-as a significant step in reversing HIV infection this increasingly controversial health policy issue," said Huebner. in the United States. The panel called upon govern Tn mid-February, NIAAA's advisory council finalized a ment and policy leaders at all levels to reverse policies national plan that will guide the Tnstitute's future directions in that place the public at risk and to take the lead in health services research. Improving Ihe Delivery ofAlcohol implementing proven, lifesaving public health Treatmel71 and PrevelltionServices: A National PlanforAlcohol strategies. The recommendation comes following an Health Services Research was developed in response to a congres extensive review of the scientific literature induding sional mandate and reflects a consensus by dozens of experts- not covering hundreds of studies, scientific presentations only researchers, but also policy makers and industry representa by 15 research experts, and publiC testimony. The tives-who worked in three broad areas: organization and financ panel determined that the evidence is d ear that ing; utilization and cost; and effectiveness and outcomes. Within behavioral intervention programs such as needle those areas, the priorities identified by plan include managed care, exchange, drug abuse treatment, and youth education outcomes as they relate to costs, and methodology in health services on safer sex-while controversial politically-are research. successful scientifically. The panel also criticized the The national plan accompanies an expansion ofNlAAA' s downward trend of Federal funding of drug treat health services research activities. In 1992, Congress mandated that ment programs and urged that this course be re NIAAA (as well as the institutes on mental health and drug abuse) versed. AIDS has become the leading cause of death devote a minimum of 15 percent of its extramural research budget among men and women between the ages of 25 and to heal th services research. 44. The Future for Psychology Young investigators and more established scientists should A recent study at the TIlinois Institute of Technol both take note: NIAAA is actively promoting new behavioral ogy has supported the hypothesis that symptoms for perspectives in alcohol research. Most ofNIAAA 's current Seasonal Affective D isorder (SAD) reappear with the psychology research portfolio is in the areas of basic psychobiol shorter days of autumn and winter. The study looked ogy, cognitive and behavioral neuroscience, clinicallbehavioral at 387 SAD patients living in five location from 39° therapies, and some behavioral genetics. In the past, there has been north latitude to 60° north latitude. By looking at much less research fundingforcognitive, developmental, social , when people's symptoms typically appeared, APS and industriaVorganiz3tionai psychology. Member Michael Young observed a highly regular Oordis and Long are working with APS to bring in leading relationship: photoperiod (length of day) explained experts from these areas-senior psychologists who are not most of the differences when SAD began, across necessarily alcohol researchers-and asking them to help NIAAA latitude and time of year. think of new research questions that should be addressed. This brainstorming session will take place during the APS Convention in May. The English language has many terms to describe Tn addition, NIAAA is one of several National Institutes of an assembly or grouping of various entities-a gaggle Health institutes that have been specifically asked by Congress 10 of geese, a pride of lions, a pool of typists, a charm of encourage young investigators in behavioral research. NIAAA is goldfinches-but there has been no widely accepted looking at the B/STARTmodel used by the National Institute of term for a group of psychologists. A recent issue of Mental Health and the National Tnstitute on Drug Abuse. the North Carolina State University Psychology B/START (Behavioral Science Track Awards for Rapid Transition) Newsletter asked for nominations for such a term and benefits young researchers by providing small grants to support the a nine-state vote was held. When no majority winner development of their pilot data. instilUles benefit from the supply of emerged, a runoff election was held. In the first bigh-quality researchers that is created for a relatively small invesbnent. election, the leading contenders were: a "complex" of psychologists and a "ward" of psychologists. In the A Hearty Breakfast runoff, "complex" was chosen, though some competi During the APS Convention, NIAAA will be featured in an tion was created by some write-in s uggestions: brace, open breakfast meeting during which institute staff wi ll present confound, confusion, contingency, division, ganglion, information about the Institute' s research opportunities forpsy group, guild, illusion, interaction, plexus, split plot, chologists. For details, see the announcement in the Convention and variance. section on page 18 of this issue. S.B. APS OBSERVER March 1997 Americlm Psychological Societ), APS 9th Annual Convention Preview APS to Meet in DC This May rom May 23-26, 1997, the world's leading The APS Convention program strongly empha scientific psychologists will meet in Washington, sizes cutting-edge research and features many of the FDC, for the Ninth Annual APS Convention. They best and most interesting scientific psychologists. will convene to discuss major issues and trends Select integrative talks and symposia synthe in the field, bridging gaps between the size data and address important topics in subfields of the discipline and making current psychological research. Hun the field of psychology stronger as a dreds of di verse poster presentations whole. hi ghlight specific research questions "The issue of psychology's unity and findings. and disunity seems particularly What makes the 1997 APS c timely these days as exciting convention special is its integrating developments within and outside our theme, "The unity of psychological o di scipline create powerful centrifugal science: Connections and interfaces." forces threatening to pull us apart, and This precisely embodies APS 's attract significant chunks of our member objective to recognize that despite our n ship to alternative scientific configurations," diverse levels of conceptual analysis, said APS Convention Program Chair Arie theoretical languages, and empirical methods Kruglanski. "Will psychology withstand these winds of and techniques, we represent a meaningful and V change? Do we want it to withstand them? These coherent discipline with a set of core problems to issues and others wi1l be dealt with at the convention," resolve. e Research Institutes to Take Part in 1997 APS Convention n In-Rerson Consultation Breakfast with NIAAA With NIMH Officials Behavioral Program Staff t Program officials from the Division of Neuro Extramural staff scienti sts from the National • science and Behavioral Science of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) I Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), including the who oversee the alcohol behavioral research portfolio NIMH Office on AIDS, will be available from II AM will provide a perspective of their program areas on until 3 PM Saturday, May 24, to consult individually Saturday morning May 24 from 7:30 AM to 9 AM. o with investigators interested in applying for NIMH Attending the meeting will be key NIAAA staff grants. You can sign up in advance or just drop by. It from the Office of the Director, the extramural is anticipated that the following program officials will research divisions, and the Office of Scientific Affairs n be in attendance: Mary Curvey, Steve Foote, Della including Faye Calhoun, Richard Full er, John Allen, Hann, Lynne Huffman, Henry Khachaturian, Steve Gail Boyd, Ellen Witt, Tina Vanderveen, Kenneth Koslow, Howard Kurtzman, and Molly Oliveri. Warren and Mark Green. They will provide a short Additionally, Ellen Stover, Leonard Mitnick, and summary of the areas of behavioral research supported Willo Pequegnat may also be in attendance. Informa by NIAAA, as well as new areas where exciting tion will be available during conference registration opportunities exi st. More information regarding the regarding the specific times individuals will be specific times individuals will present and their subject available as well as their particular areas of responsi matter and the location of the session will be available bility and expertise. The location of the session will during conference registration . be announced in the conference program. In addition to subject matter presentations, senior In addition, written documentation on fellowship, staff will di scuss the various award mechani sms used training, and research grant mechanisms will be for support within the NIAAA and provide helpful available during this time, as well as recent NIMH information on how to apply for the various mecha reports, program announcements, and information on nisms. NIAAA staff will be available for questions other NIMH programs and staff contacts. This and for individual discussion with anyone interested to opportunity is open to anyone- from studen ts to discuss research ideas and which grant mechanism is experienced investigators- interested in maximizing best suited to proposal ideas. his/her chances of obtaining NIMH grant support. APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Socier)' APS 9th Annual Convention Preview American Psychological Society 1997 Annual Convention Roster of Invited Presentations (As of February 1997) c Keynote Address Invited Symposia - Organizers o Daniel Kahneman . Princeton Unlv. Susan Goldin-Meadow, Univ. of Chicago William Iacono, Univ. of Minnesota Bring-the-Family Address Neil A. Macmillan. Univ. of Massachusettes n Elliot Aronson, Univ. of California-Santa Cruz Susan Mineka, Northwestern Univ. Gil Noam, Harvard Medical School Presidential Symposium Diane Ruble, New York Univ. V Sandra Scarr, Kindercare, Inc. - Organizer Fritz Strack, Univ. of WlIrzbllrg Thomas Bouchard, Univ. of Minnesota Janet Metcalfe, Coillmbia Univ. David Lykken, Unil'. of Minnesota Paul Thayer. North Carolina State Nancy Pedersen, Karolinska Institute Edward Wasserman, Un;\!. of Iowa e Robert Plomin, The Maudsley institllte of PsychiatJy Hill Goldsmith, Univ. of Wisconsin Teaching Institute Invited Addresses Brian Ackerman, Univ. of Delaware n Invited Addresses Marie Banich, Univ. of Illinois Susan Andersen, New York Univ. Rachel Gelman, Univ. of Califomia-Los Angeles Phillip Ackerman , Univ. of Minnesota Susan K. Nolen-Hoeksema, Univ. of Michigan t David Barlow, Boston Unlv. Carroll Izard, Univ. of Delaware • Robert Bjork, Univ. of California Barbara Landau, Univ. of Delaware Michael Coles. Univ. of Illinois Walter Mi schel, Columbia Univ. I Ken Dodge, Vanderbilt Unil'. Richard Petty, Ohio State Univ. Jacquelynne Eccles, Uni\'. of Michigan C. Sue Carter, Univ. of Marvland Jerald Greenberg, Ohio State Unil'. o Steve Hillyard, Univ. of California Distinguished Fellows Panelists Ruth Kanfer, Vlliv. of Minnesota David Barlow, BOStOll Ulliv. Gregory Kimble, Dllke Univ. David Budescu. Univ. ofIllinois Urbana-Champaign n Thomas Nelson, Univ. of Mmyland-College Park Richard Campbell, Center for Creative Leadership Richard Nisbett, Univ. of Michigan Robyn Dawes, Carnegie Mel/on Univ. Nei1 Schneiderman. Ul1iv. oj Miami Ken Dodge, Vanderbilt Univ. Arthur Staats. Univ. of Hawaii Kurt Fischer, Hanard Univ. Harry Triandis, Univ. of Illinois BalUch Fischhoff, Camegie Mellon Univ. Paul van Geert, Vnlv. of Grollingen Milton Hakel, Bowling Green State Univ. John Weisz, Univ. of California-Los Angeles Raymond Katzell, New York Univ. R William McGuire. Yale Univ. Walter Mischel, Colllmbia Univ. Benjamin Schneider, Univ. of Maryland o Neil Schneiderman, Univ. of Miami Esther Thelen, Indiana Ullil'. Check It Out c.. Robin Vallacher, Florida Atlalllic Univ. s Paul van Geert, Univ. of Grollillgen A sampling of the s!lmposia and J. Frank Yates, Univ. of Michigan other program highlights as well Robert Zajonc, Stanford Univ. t as the convention schedule, appear on the following pages. Be sure to see the Januar!l 1997 e Observer for more information regarding this once-a-!lear event. r APS OBSERVER March 1997 -- American Psychological Society APS 9th Annual Convention Preview American Psychological Society c 1997 Annual Convention o Schedule of Events n (As of February 1997) THURSDAY,MAY 22, 1997 1-5 PM Registration V 1-5 PM APS Board Meeting- Day I e FRIDAY, MAY 23, 1997 8 AM-6 PM Registration 8:30 AM-noon APS Board Meeting- Day 2 n 9 AM-4:45 PM 4th Annual APS Institute for the Teaching of Psychology 9 AM-4:45 PM Conference on the Biological Basis of Behavior t 8:30 AM-4:45PM NIDA Conference "Cognitive Science Research: More Than Thinking About Drug Abuse" • 9 AM-5 PM Academy of Psychological Clinical Science I 5-6:30 PM Opening Ceremony 6:30-7:30 PM Opening Reception o SATURDAY, MAY 24, 1997 7:30-9 AM Breakfast Meeting With NIAAA Behavioral Program Staff n 8 AM-5 PM Registration 9 AM-3 PM Concurrent Addresses and Symposia 9 AM-5 PM Exhibit Hall & Poster Sessions 9-10:45 AM Psi Chi Symposium II AM-3 PM In-Person Consultation Meetings with NIMH Grants Officials 12:30-1:30PM Psi Beta Chapter Exchange . s 1-4 PM American Board of Professional Neuropsychology 2-3:45 PM Psi Chi Symposium 3-5 PM Presidential Symposium c 5-6 PM Presidential Symposium Reception 8-9 PM Bring-the-Family Address, Sponsored by Psi Chi h SUNDAY, MAY 25, 1997 8 AM-5 PM Registration e 9 AM-4 PM Concurrent Addresses and Symposia 9 AM-5 PM Exhibit Hall & Poster Sessions d 4:30-6 PM APSSC Student Research Competition Symposium 4:30-6 PM APS Distinguished Fellows Panel Discussions 6-7 PM APS Distinguished Fellows Receptions u MONDAY, MAY 26,1997 8-10 AM Registration I 9 AM-3 PM Concurrent Addresses and Symposia e 2:30-3:30 PM APS Business Meeting APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Socier)' APS 9th Annual Convention Preview Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, Univ. of Michigan; Cogni INVITED SYMPOSIA tive and Contextual Contributors to Gender Psychophysiological Investigations of Differences in Depression Psychopathology: Identifying Underlying Mark Whisman, Lisa Uebelacker, and Emily Mechanisms and Risk Courtnage, Yale Univ.; Depression in Mar Chair: riage: Moderating and Mediating Marital William Iacono, Univ. of Minnesota Processes This symposium will hi ghlight how Robert DeRubeis, Univ. of Pennsylvania; Cognitive psychophysiological techniques, includ Therapy IS as Effective as Medications for ing measures of EEG, autonomic arousal, Severe Depression: A Mega-analysis and startle probe reactivity, can inform the study of psychopathology, including alcoholism, depression, anxiety disorders, schizophre nia, and antisocial behavior. These techniques can c provide insight into indi vidual differences in tempera MULTlSPECIALTY SYMPOSIA ment, emotion, and genetic vu lnerability that may lie at To Become Oneself With Others: the heart of these disorders, Ten Years of Research on o Presenters: Self-Silencing and Depression William G. Iacono, Minnesota Twin Family Study, Chair: n Uni v. of Minnesota; Identifying Psychophysi Linda Vaden Gratch, Vniv. of Houston-Downtown ological Risk for Psychopathology The question, possibility, and necessity of Andrew 1. Tomarken, Vanderbilt Univ.; Frontal Brain authentic self- development and self-expression within V Asymmetry and Depression: Empirical Find intimate relationships is the topic of this panel. ings and Conceptual Models Research on this theme has been generative, the Peter R. Finn, Indiana Univ.; Disinhibition, Antisocial stimulus for which is Dana Jack's book, Silencing the e Behavior, and Alcohol Abuse Self: Wom en and Depression. Researchers from Peter J. Lang, Bruce N. Cuthbert, and Margaret M. across North America will come together to present Bradley, NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and discuss their work, and think together of new n and Attention, Univ. of Florida; Emotion and the directions. Anxiety Disorders: A Psychophysiological Presenters: Analysis Linda Vaden Gratch, Vniv. of Houston-Downtown; t The Vitality of Self-silencing as a Portable Contemporary Psychosocial Approaches to Construct: From Intimacy to the Workplace • Depression and Its Treatment Mary McCann , Bowdoin College; The Silence that I Chair: Speaks Through the Belly's Roar: A Study of Susan Mineka, Northwestern Univ. Eating Disorders, Depression, and Self This symposium will address cognitive. contextual , Silencing o and interpersonal vulnerability factors for unipolar Kristin Penza, Amy Reiss, and Heather Scon, Univ. depression. One speaker will present results from a of Oregon; Sexual Orientation and Communi prospective study of cognitive vulnerability to major cation in Relationships: Sell'-silencing, n depression. Two speakers will present results from Mutuality and Power in Heterosexual and community studies-one regarding why there are such Lesbian Relationships marked gender differences in depression, and one on Janice Thompson, Simon Fraser Vniv.; Silencing the the relation between marital functioning and depres Sell', Individual and Relationship Functioning sion. The final speaker will present results of a mega in a Community Sample of Heterosexual analysis regarding treatment of depression th at chal Couples lenge current thinking regarding the superiority of Discussant: medication. Dana Crowley Jack, Fairhaven College-Western Presenters: Washington Univ. Lauren B. Alloy, Temple Vni v.; Lyn Y. Abramson, Vniv. of Wisconsin; Wayne G. Whitehouse. Laura A. Murray, Temple Vniv.; and Michael E. Hogan, Univ. of Wisconsin; The Temple-Wisconsin Cognitive Vulnerahility to Depression Project: Psychopa thology and Self-referent Information Processing APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society APS 9th Annual Convention Preview Contingencies of Self-esteem: ability. This symposium presents current research on Perspectives from Social, Clinical and cognitive strategies people use to resist risk messages, Developmental Psychology individual differences in resistance, and promising Chair: methods to overcome this resistance. Jennifer Crocker, Univ. of Michigan Presenters: Self-esteem may be either contingent on satisfying Meg Gerrard, Frederick X. Gibbons, Monica Reis conditions of worth, or noncontingent. Those with Bergan, Gabie E. Smith. Tami Eggleston, and contingent self-esteem differ in the conditions they must Boney-McCoy, Iowa State Univ.; Perceptions of satisfy to achieve or maintain a sense of self-worth. Personal Vulnerability and Self-esteem: How Links between contingencies of self-esteem and stability Individuals With Higb Self-esteem Maintain of self-esteem, motivation, attachment styles, and Lack of V nlnerability vulnerability to depression will be discussed. William M. Klein, and Heather K. Blier, Colby College; Presenters: "I'm Still Better Than My Peers": Coping With c Michael Kernis, Univ. of Georgia; Stability of Self Undesirable Social Comparison Information esteem Regarding Personal Risk Edward L. Deci, Univ. of Rochester; Ego-involvement Kate Morris. Butler Univ.; Overcoming Resistance to o as Contingent Self-esteem Risk Information: Effects of Focusing Thought Kristen D. Mickelson, Harvard Medical School; Sources on Risky Behaviors of Self-esteem: Differences Based on Adult Alexander J. Rothman, Univ. of Minnesota; Inl1nenc n Attachment Styles ing Perceptions of Personal Risk: The Utility of John Roberts, State Univ. of New York-Buffalo; Direct and Indirect Appeals Contingent Self-esteem, Attachment Styles, and Discussant: V Vulnerability to Depression Neil D. Weinstein, Rutgers, The State Univ. of New Discussant: Jersey Jennifer Crocker, Univ. of Michigan e The Study of Emotion Reactivity and Emotional Intelligence and Regulation: Challenges of Cross-Level n Emotional Complexity Investigation Co-Chairs: Chair: William F. Flack, Jr., VA Medical Center-Boston, James Lynne Huffman, National Institute of Mental Health t D. Laird, Clark Univ . At NIMH Centers for Behavioral Science Research, This symposium will focus on research by social questions about emotion reactivity and regulation are • and clinical psychologists on emotional complexity and explored at multiple levels of organization. In this I intelligence. These concepts will be tied to assessment, symposium. intergenerational transmission of aggressive health and physical illness, and the role of aging in behavior, detenninants of emotional reactivity, and coping with emotion. emotional stimulus processing will be addressed. The o Presenters: challenges of cross-level investigation also will be John D. Mayer, Univ. of New Hampshire; The Concept discussed. and Measurement of Emotional Intelligence Presenters: n Peter Salovey, Yale Univ.; Coping With Emotional Robert Cairns, Univ. of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; Intelligence and Its Implications Intergenerational Transmission of Aggressive Bernard Rime, Univ. de Louvain; Emotional Intelli hostile Patterns gence Through the Social Sharing of Emotion Richard Davidson, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison; Marta Pelusi, Clark Univ.; The Complexity of Daily Affective Style: Biological, Genetic and Social Emotional Experience Determinants Peter Lang, Univ. of Florida; Emotional Reactivity and Its Interaction With Attentional Demands Discussants: SYMPOSIA Nathan Fox, Univ. of Maryland-College Park and Resistance to Information About Wendy Heller, Univ. of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign Personal Risk Chair: Judith E. Lyon, Rutgers, The State Univ. of New Jersey Although acknowledgment of personal risk is an important precursor of precautionary behavior, people resist messages designed to warn them of their vulner- APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society APS 9th Annual Convention Preview Implicit Memory and Aging unconscious processes. Following "smartness" criteria Chair: frrst proposed by Loftus and Klinger (1992), panelists Darlene V. Howard, Georgetown Univ. address unconscious process complexity, fl exibility, Recent research findings from a variety of implicit and defense. memory tasks obtained in nannal aged individuals and Presenters: indivi duals with age-associated diseases will be presented. Sean Draine, Univ. of Washington; Unconscious Differenti al performance on tests of implicit memory by ProcesSing of Two-word Grammatical normal elderly and individuals wi th age-associated Constructions diseases wi ll be discussed in terms of changes in cognitive Shasha Camaj, Univ. of Michigan; Solving Ana processes and/or age-associated changes in brain. grams Out of Awareness: Evidence for Presenters: Complex Unconscious Cognition Leah L. Light, Pitzer College; Repetition Priming in Arthur Reber, CUNY -Brooklyn; How Cognitively Young and Older Adults Sophisticated Is the Unconscious? David B. Mitchell, Loyola Univ.-Chicago; Implicit Michael Snodgrass, Univ. of Michigan; The Inhibi c Picture Memory: Perceptual Lougevity and tion of Subliminal Perceptions: Evidence for Conceptual Aging Unconscious Defensive Processes Hasker P. Davis, Univ. of Colorado-Colorado Springs; Discussant: o Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory Across Robert Bornstein, Gettysburg College the Lifespan Diana S. Woodruff-Pak, Temple Univ. ; Simple Eyeblink Beyond the Cognitive Unconscious: The n Classical Conditioning: A Form ofImplicit Emotional and Motivational Unconscious Memory With Significant Age-Related Impair Chair: ment Howard Shevrin, Uni v. of Michigan V Discussant: Now that considerable research has ac hieved a John D. Gabrieli, Stanford Uni v. reasonable consensus among cognitive investigators that cognitive processes can be unconscious, itis timely e Emotion Regulation in Everyday Life to consider whether emotion and motivation can also Chair: operate unconsciously. The panelists provide evidence James Gross, Stanford Univ. for emotional and moti vational processes occurring n In this symposium. we discuss recent theoretical and unconsciously, interacting with cognitive processes empirical advances in the study of emotion regulation. while remaini ng independent factors. t OUf focus is on emotion regulation in everyday life. We Presenters: use laboratory and field work to address this topic and R.B. Zajonc, Stanford Un iv.; Unconscious Affect • suggest a number of directions for theoretical develop Reveals Unconscious Cognition I ment and empirical research. Kent C. Berridge, Univ. of Michigan; Affect and Presenters: Desire: Unconscious Elements and Neural James Gross, Stanford Univ.; Emotion Regulation and Systems o Its Consequences Scott Bunce, Uni v. of Michi gan; Complex Uncon Roy Baumeister, Case Western Reserve Univ.; Ego scious Cognitions, Affective Systems, and Life Depletion and Self-Indulgence: Some Costs of Experiences n Affect Regulation Discussant: Nathan Fox an d Heather Henderson, Univ. of Maryland. Howard Shevrin, Uni v. of Michigan College Park; Emotion Regulation: Distinguishing Between Subtypes of Behavioral Inhibition Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, Uni v. of Michigan; Rumination, Correction Uncontrollability, and Sex Differences in Depres sion The affiliations of Susan Mineka and Paul Thayer were misidentified in the January Ob Discussant: server. Mineka is with Northwestern University Peter Salovey, Yale Univ. and Thayer is with North Carolina State Univer sity. Also, the wrong abstract was listed with Unconscious Cognition: Mineka's symposium. The correct abstract is Smart vs. Dumb Revisited listed in this issue's li st of symposia a nd ad dresses. Chair: Michael Snodgrass, Uni v. of Michigan The title of a Distinguis hed Fellows Panel Discussio n was misspe lled on page 13 of the ! This symposium presents recent empirical work January 1996 Observer. The correct title is: relevant to the degree of sophisti cation possessed by Whither 1/0 Psychology? APS OBSERVER March 1997 American PsycllOlogical Society :L APS 9th Annual Convention Preview IQ or Cognitive Ability? multiculturalism is inherently disruptive. because groups will Chair: naturally compete with one another when group membership Virginia C. Shipman, Univ. of New Mexico is made salient. That evidence is contrasted with other This symposium concerns the scientific validity research suggesting that, at least under some circumstances, of IQ. The history of IQ tests is reviewed. IQ tests multicultural societies can be viable. are shown to transform observable raw scores of Presenters: cognitive ability into IQ by substituting raw score Jim Sidanius, Univ. of California-Los Angeles; Social abcissas for their ordinates, distorting medians, Dominance vs. Patriotism in Intergroup Relations distributions, and subscales. IQ growth does not Tom Tyler, Univ. of California-Berkeley; Procedural parallel brain synapse growth. Strategies for Managing Diversity Presenters: Assaad Azzi, Univ. Libre de Bruxelles; The Recognition Sheldon H. White, Harvard Univ.; IQ TestIng: The of Cnltural Identities and Mnlticultural Coexist Scientific, the Practical and the Legendary ence c Bernard Brown, Consultant, Washington, DC; Raw Discussant: Scores of Cognitive Ability are Real Psycho David Sears, Univ. of California-Berkeley o logical Variables: IQ Is a Hyperspace Variable Global Perspectives on "Hot" Topics: Harriet W. Hanlon, Virginia Polytechnic and State Cultnre's Influence on Human Motivation n Univ.; Synaptic Neogenesis and Cognitive Chair: Growth Beth Morling, Kyoto Univ. Discussants: An international panel will speak to the question of V Irving Lazar, Cornell Univ. and Virginia C. "What motivates the person?" Past perspectives on Shipman, Univ. of New Mexico motivation are examined in cultures that emphasize an embedded, connected view of se1f. In some cases, e Intergenerational TransmissionoITrauma, motivation plays out differently in such cultures; however, AdaptationandIntegration: some aspects of human motivation appear to transcend Ottoman Tnrkish GenocideoftheArmenians cultural particulars. n Chair: Presenters: Anie S. Kalayjian, President, International Society Sheena Sethi and Mark Lepper, Stanford Univ.; Rethink for Traumatic Stress Studies, NY Chapter ing the Role of Choice in Intrinsic Motivation: A t This symposium presents the latest research on Cultnral Perspective • the intergenerational transmission of the Ottoman Girishwar Misra, Univ. of Dehli; Cultural Diversity and Turkish Genocide of the Armenians. Issues of Control I memory, integration, adaptation, and coping are Steven J. Heine, Kyoto Univ.; Self-improving Motiva discussed. First- and second-generation psychoso tions of Japanese: A Cross-cultural Investigation cial responses are compared. of Actual-ideal Discrepancies o Presenters: Ying-yi Hong and Chi-yue Chiu, Univ. of Hong Kong; Alice Kassabian, Virginia Commonwealth Univ.; Social Identification in a Poll tical Transition: The Adaptation of Family Structnre in the Role of Implicit Theories n Context of Chronic Persecution and Massive Discussant: Tranma, and the Effect on Armenian Ethnic Shinobu Kitayama, Kyoto Univ. Identity in Genocide Survivor Families Anie S. Kalayjian, College of Mount Saint Vincent; Genocide: Intergenerational Perspectives on Check the APS Website Adaptation, Integration, and Healing for further information Diane L. Kupelian, Cooperative Clinic, Georgetown on the Univ.; Intergenerational Effects of Cultural and Historical Factors Unique to the Geno 9th Annual Convention cide of the Armenians of the American Psychological Society Can a Multicultural Society Be Viable? http://www.hanover.edu/ Chair: psych!APS/aps.html Tom Tyler, Univ. of California-Berkeley or This symposium examines psychological research http://psych.hanover.edu/APSI that explores the implications of multiculturalism for the viability of societies. It considers evidence that APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society APS 9th Annual Convention Preview • Empirical and Theoretical Developments in Perception and Communication in Power The Psycholegal Study of Workplace Sexual Relationships: The Role of Gender, Harassment Status and Culture Chair: Chair: Richard L. Wiener, Saint Louis Univ. Nalini Ambady, Harvard Univ. Courts and organizations currently use psycholegal Thjs symposium will examine a variety ofinterper research in workplace sexual harassment disputes. This sonal processes enacted with power relationships. Four mul ti specialty symposium describes recent developments in studies examine how attributions, verbal. and non verbal evaluation of social-sexual conduct. The papers examine communication strategies. and perceptions are influ gender differences, differences in legal standards (reason enced by power and hierarchical relationships, These able person vs. woman tests), and models of social percep studies reveal that gender, culture, and socioeconomic tion. Implications for law and policy are discussed. status moderate these relationships. Presenters: Presenters: Richard L. Wiener and Linda E. Hurt, Saint Louis Univ.; Lara Tiedens and Fiona Lee; Private and Public c Gender Differences in the Evaluation of Social Attributions: Communicating Negative sexual Conduct at Work Events in a Power Relationship o Barbara A. Gutek, Univ. of Arizona; Factors Affecting Fiona Lee, Univ. of Michigan; Politeness Strategies Perception of Sexual Harassment Using Realistic, in Requests for Help Detailed Scenarios Jasook Koo, Nalini Arnbady, and Marvin Hecht n Jeremy A. Blumenthal, Harvard Univ.; Gender Differ Harvard Univ.; Verbal and Nonverbal Commu ences in Perceptions of Sexual Harassment: A nication in Hierarchies: A Cross-cultural Study Meta-analytic Review Stephen M. Garcia, Stanford Univ.; Mark Hallahan. V EugeneBorgida, Univ. of Minnesota; RefiningSex-role Clemson Univ.; Robelt Rosenthal, Harvard SpiUoverTheory: Psychological and Legal Implications Univ.; Communication and Perceptions in Discussant: Asymmetrical Power Relationships: The Role e Jane Delahunty-Goodman, Judicial Magisrate, Equal of Status Employment Opportunity Commission Discussant: Judy Hall, Northeastern Univ. n On Telling Lies and Being Suspicious: Contexts, Motives, and Ethical Implications Cultural Perspectives on Happiness and Co-Chairs: Well-being t Arthur G. Miller and Anne K. Gordon, Miami Univ. Chair: • Lying is a reprehensible yet ubiquitous aspect of social Sonja Lyubomirsky, Univ. of California-Riverside life. Research suggests that both those telling and being Although a century of Western psychological I told lies are motivated to explain them meaningfully, often research has investigated the determinants of happi self-servingly. Suspicion of ulterior motives may prevent ness and well-being, enduring Gild positive affective dubious behaviors from being taken at face value. Sugges states have rarely been examined with a cultural o tions for promoting honesty will be discussed. perspective. This symposium brings together re Presenters: searchers to discuss new work linking culture to Bella M. DePaulo, Matthew E. Ansfield. and Joseph M. happiness, life satisfaction, and positive mental n Boden, Univ. of Virginia; Serious Lies health. Anne K. Gordon, Miami Univ.; Why Lies Persist: Self Presenters: serving Constructions of Deceit Shinobu Kitayama, Kyoto Univ.; Culture, Self, and Steven Fein, Williams College; Suspicion of Ulterior Well-being Motives: Effects on Perceivers' Attributions and Eunkook Suh, Univ. of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign; Jurors' Verdicts The Chronic Influence of Culture and Leonard Saxe, CUNY -Graduate School; The Social Ethnicity on Life Satisfaction Judgments Imperative to Lie: Implications for the Detection Sonja Lyubomirsky, Univ. of California-Riverside; of Deception The Meaning, Experience, and Expression of Discllssant: Happiness Across Cultures Roy F. Baumeister, Case Western Reserve Univ. Corey Lee M. Keyes, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison; Minds and Bodies in the East and West: A Comparative Stndy of Mental and Physical Health Discussant: Harrye. Triandis, Univ. of Illinois-Urban a-Champaign APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society APS 9th Annual Convention Preview Accuracy in Interpersonal Judgment: emotional memory, and the effects of anesthetic drugs Personality, Empathy, Stereotypes, and on memory encoding are reviewed. The importance Information of individual differences in cognitive perfonnance and Chair: regional brain function is emphasized. Results are David C. Funder, Univ. of California-Riverside discussed as a basis for future imaging experiments on The accuracy of interpersonal judgment has the nature of consciousness. become an important mainstream topic of social Commentator: and personality psychology. Speakers will describe Karl Pribram, Radford Univ. their research on the relationship between personal ity and the accuracy of self-perception, the pitfalls An Empirical Evaluation of the of accurately judging what another is thinking, and Civil Jury the effects of infonnation and stereotypes on Speaker: judgmental accuracy. Reid Hastie, Univ. of Colorado c Presenters: Most empirical evaluations of the performance of A. Randall Colvin, Northeastern Univ., and Jack the civil jury conclude that it dispenses an adequate o Block, Univ. of California-Berkeley; On the quality of justice. Social scientists have been indis Inaccuracy of Self-judgments of Personality: pensable at rebutting some alarmist claims that the Childhood Antecedents of Adult Self civil justice system is in a "litigation explosion crisis" n enhancement state. Nonetheless, recent empirical results suggest William Ickes, Univ. of Texas-Arlington, and that the civil jury exhibits systematic biases and that Jeffrey A. Simpson, Texas A&M Univ.; these biases can be explained in terms of well V Managing Empathic Accuracy in Close established cognitive and motivational biases that Relationships: A Theoretical Model apply to many other decisions as well. The resuIts of DavidA. Kenny, Univ. of Connecticut; Accnracy three new mock-jury studies and a survey of relevant e and Acquaintance: The PERSON Model biases are presented to support the claim that civil jury Lee Jussim, Rutgers Univ.; Myths, Legends and punitive damages verdicts exhibit systematic biases. Facts About Stereotypes Commentators: n Discussant: Valerie Hans, Univ. of Delaware; Sahri Diamond, Robert R. McCrae, Gerontology Research Center, Univ. of Illinois-Chicago; Michael Saks, Univ. of t National Institute on Aging Iowa • Understanding the Different Types of PositivelNegative Information I ADDRESSES WITH COMMENTATORS Framing Effects Virtual Reality: A New Tool for Chair: Interdisciplinary Psychology Research Valerie F. Reyna, Univ. of Arizona o Speaker: Speaker: Hunter Hoffman, Univ. of Washington Sandra L. Schneider, Univ. of South Florida Perception, memory and cognition, clinical, This paper distinguishes three ways in which n and medical (rehabilitation) psychology. I will al ternative framing of information in positive or describe Virtual Reality research on the psychologi negative terms affects decisions. Framing can influence cal topics mentioned above, spanning several levels (a) willingness to take a risk, (b) object evaluation, or (c) of analysis and disciplines of psychology. In the communication persuasiveness. Differentiating these process, I will address the issue of how these effects resolves confusion in the literature and provides various levels of analysis infonn and build upon insightinto underlying mechanisms and theory. each other. Commentator: Discussant: Valerie F. Reyna, Univ. of Arizona ElizabethLoftus, Univ. ofWashington Brain Imaging Experiments of Attention Convention Attendees Thinking, Memory, and Consciousness Chair: Please take a moment and give us your thoughts on the APS Karl Pribram, Radford Univ. Convention. On the following page is a form that APS Speaker: encourages you to fill out and fax or mail back. The annual convention is for the benefit of APS members and through Richard J. Haier, Univ. of California-Irvine your input, APS hopes to better serve your needs. We Brain imaging studies of abstract reasoning. welcome you to attach a second page if you need more space. APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society APS 9th Annual Convention Preview r------,I WHAT DO YOU THINK? I Help APS shape future conventions. I What would you like to see? What speakers would you be interested in hearing? I What topics would you like to see covered? I What activities would you like TO participate in? I What features would you like to see included in future conventions? Speakers: Topics: Activities: Features: Anything else? yourname:.______Address: Ph-o-n-e~N~u--m~b-e-r-: ------Email Address:--;-----: __-:-----: __-:-----::-:- ______-: Would you be interested in volunteering to plan future conventions?______Send your suggestions to: L ______American Psychological Society +1010 Vermont Ave., NW + Suite 1100 + Washington, DC 20005 ~ Email you suggestions to: [email protected] Fax to: 202-783-2083 APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psycholof:ical Societ), HODES FROM PAGE 2 cally from adults over age 30 (they are cognition affects decision-making and more highly emotional and less well how social interaction and communication very specific types of learning and socialized). By contrast, between the 30s with others may affect health and well memory. In addition. findings from and 70s, no personality differences are being. studies of older people are beginning to observed. If data from other countries converge with those reported in the show the same cross-sectional patterns, Longitudinal, Genetic Studies animal literature. suggesting the impor this might suggest some universal and Along these lines, two nationally tance of the dorsolateral prefrontal lobe in intrinsic process of personality develop representative, longitudinal studies working memory, an area that appears ment. sponsored by NIA are expected to provide compromised with aging. Important also new insights into aging, health, and are studies indicating that generalized New Directions retirement. The Health and Retirement neUTOn loss is not an inevitable conse While these research areas continue Study and the survey of Asset and Health quence of healthy aging; there are many to mature, behavioral research is moving Dynamics Among the Oldest-Old are brain areas that are spared. in some intriguing new directions. With exploring new ways to measure cognitive. In other studies, hippocampal and several decades of concentrated study on emotional, and social aspects of the lives related medial temporal lobe sites have understanding the brain, cognition, and of people 51 and older. The studies are been more precisely identified in terms of personality, we are now ready to apply testing a number of instruments for their role in "encoding" or "acquisition" what we know to the everyday lives of assessing functional status, memory. of new information and in relation to older adults. In 1993, the Institute started crystallized intelligence, and depression. memory problems in aging. Of especially six Edward R. Roybal Centers for Researchers are now looking at the initial great interest has been research about the Research on Applied Gerontology. waves of the survey and should be able to mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in the Several of the centers' projects are report findings in these areas soon. aging hippocampus. These studies have designed to integrate older people into the Rapid changes in all areas of genetics given us new information on how we growing use of technology, such as and the availability of transgenic models might prevent or retard age-related computers and automated teller machines. and gene substitution and knockout memory declines through the use of The centers will test ways to make new techniques are having a great impact on neural growth factors or mental exercises technologies adapt to older adults, and research into the biology of aging. At the or stimulation that can enhance synaptic vice versa. Other center projects aim at cutting edge of behavioral research are connections. reducing the rate of accidents among new efforts to consider gerontological A number of basic behavioral and older drivers and overcoming the resis questions in behavioral genetics. psychological studies are under way to tance of some older people to exercise At the May 1996 Behavior Genetics examine individual differences in cogni programs. Association convention. NIA organized a tive aging. A recurrent theme in all In addition, in the past year, NIA has symposium to develop a research agenda, research on aging is the heterogeneity of collaborated with the National Institute of identify conceptual and methodological the older population, cognition being no Nursing Research to initiate a multi-site barriers to research on behavioral genetics exception. We now know that several trial of cognitive interventions to help and aging. foster collaboration in research variables contribute to age differences in older people maintain independence. This in this area, and encourage research and cognitive function, such as birth cohort, unique study will investigate interven research training grant applications. The motivational factors, affect, experience, tions to improve cognitive functioning in Institute is planning to formally announce self efficacy, fatigue, strategy differences, healthy community samples and will a program initiative in this area within the and metacognition. Recent findings assess their impact on everyday function coming year. indicate that health status and genetic ing and health. Now in the study design Behavioral genetics researchers only differences may playa significant role, phase, the project should begin recruiting now are beginning to appreciate the especially for women. older adults later this year. implications for understanding higher The Five-Factor Model of Personal In September 1996, in an effort to order behaviors like cognitive function ity, a model of trait structure elaborated broaden understanding of cognitive and complex traits like personality. There by NIA intramural scientists, has allowed changes with aging, the Institute spon is recent evidence of genetic markers rapid progress in understanding the sored a workshop examining how social alleles of the D, dopamine-receptor gene origins, stability, and predictive use of processes influence cognition. Most (D,DR)-for certain normal personality personality traits. By now, the personal research on cognition in later life has traits. Studies in a variety of populations, ity instrument developed by the Gerontol concentrated on context-free processes, including groups of twins and the NIA's ogy Research Center team has been such as speed of processing and working long-standing Baltimore Longitudinal translated into 20 languages and will be memory changes. This approach, Study of Aging, are now being conducted used to compare cross-sectional studies of however, has ignored adaptive changes in to look at the relation between other age differences in personality in different cognitive skills such as expertise, which central nervous system receptor alleles countries and cultures. U.S. samples, for may greatly compensate for cognitive and personality traits and other psychoso- instance. show that individuals in their deficits, Studies are now under way to later teens and early 20s differ systemati- examine, among other issues, how social CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society APS Returns to washington, DC, for 9th Annual Convention "The Unity of Psychological Science: Connections and Interfaces!" In 1997, APS returns to Washington, DC, to bring you its9TB ANNUAL CONVENTION! As always, the APS meeting offers you the best in the field of psychological science-the most distinguished speakers, the most provocative addresses and symposia, and the latest in research findings. The APS meeting is the preeminent event of the season for all scientific psychologists, regardless of specialty, because our carefully crafted program transcends the boundaries of specialties and explores major issues from a variety of perspectives. The APS Convention program strongly emphasizes cutting-edge research and features the best and the brightest of today's scientific psychologists. Select integrative talks and symposia synthesize data and address important topics in current psychological research. Hundreds of diverse poster presentations highlight specific research questions and find ings, all in a format that allows the audience time to absorb, react, and discuss the data one-on-one with individual present ers. Don't forget to make plans to attend the 4TH ANNUAL APS INSTITUTE ON THE TEACHING OF PSYCHOLOGY as well. The Teaching Institute has received rave reviews and sells out each year as we continue to offer presentations that address the specific concerns of teachers of psychology. This one-day preconference on May 23 will combine substantive talks by leaders in scientific psychology with poster and roundtable presentations that feature innovative teaching strategies and effective classroom tools. Teachers of psychology at two- and four-year colleges and universities and graduate students will benefit from the experience of their peers in an informal atmosphere that encourages group interaction. This year, APS is pleased to announce the addition of a new meeting, THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF 1'1£W\ BEHAVIOR. Designed for psychophysiologists, psychobiologists, and behavioral neuroscientists, this one- day meeting will include short paper presentations topically organized into two-hour sessions and an 9 evening poster session. But that's not all! The APS Convention also offers these exciting meeting features-exhibits featuring the latest in publications, computer tools, and services; as well as the opportunity to network with colleagues at social events. Another key attraction is the number of satellite meetings of related organizations (e.g., NIDA, AAAPP, SPSP, and the Academy of Psychological Clinical Science) scheduled in conjunction with the APS meeting, making it possible for you to consoli date your essential meeting travel into one jam-packed week. When you are not in sessions or at the Exhibit Hall, we urge you to experience the sights, sounds, and, tastes of our nation's capital. Visit the White House or stroll among the Capital monuments. Journey across the Potomac River and visit Arlington Cemetery or spend time exploring the National Air and Space Museum. For convention registration, hotel reservation, and travel discount information, please refer to this brochure. Note that attractive combination discounts are available for those of you registering for both the Biological Basis of Behavior meeting and the APS Annual Convention. If you have any other questions, please call the APS Convention Department at 202-783-2077, ext. 3017. See you in DC! Registration & Hotel Forms Enclosed Don't Delay - Deadline Date = April 21, 1997 A 9th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society A V May 23-26, 1997. Washington Hilton and Towers • Washington, DC V May 23-26, 1997 • 9th Annual Convention Washington Hilton and Towers 9TH AMERICAN ANNUAL tI PSYCHOLOGICAL HOUSING FORM CONVENTION SOCIETY Please type or print. Complete the entire form, particularly arrival and departure dates. Send applications immediately to ensure desired accornmodalion at convention rates. Send for arrival no later than April 21, 1997, directly 10 the Washington Hilton at: Washington Hilton and Towers • 1919 Connecticut Avenue, NW • Washington, DC 20009 Phone: 202-483-3000. 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Your use of EWA Travel and/or USAir or United Airlines saves you money and helps offset APS travel costs at the same time. Car Rental Discounts: In continuing partnership with APS, Hertz invites attendees at the 9th APS Annual Convention to avail themselves of the APS association discount on car rentals. Hertz offers you a wide selection of cars, all with unlimited free mileage. To reserve your rental car, please call Hertz at 1-800-544-0058 and specify gold file number CV37686. Once again, your use of these special arrangements helps you save money and helps APS earn credit toward future Society meetings and events. comparative genocide devoted to the Letters to the Armenian case, and the fact that the permanent exhibit displays- in the context of the beginning of World War II and the Editor- rbJ invasion of Poland- a quote from Adolph Hitler: "Who remembers the destruction Armenian Genocide not in dispute among historians. In of the Armenians?" It was spoken on particular, between 200,000 and 2 million August 22, 1939, at a meeting of the Dear Editor: Armenians died in the course of a mass military supreme command as Hitler The January 1997 Observer featured deportation action, which was directed by exhorted SS chiefs to exterminate the a letter by a colleague of mine at Koc the Ottoman cabinet, beginning in 1915 Poles. The Museum's permanent exhibit is University, Dr, Sami Gulgoz, questioning and ending with the founding of the devoted almost entirely to the Nazi the trustworthiness and scientific basis of Turkish Republic in 1923, The "debate" Holocaust because that was the museum's the Armenian-American Society for to which Sami refers is largely about the mission and space was limited, according Studies on Stress and Genocide's research extent of Ottoman responsibility for the to Milton. This was not the result of any project, "Coping with Ottoman Turkish deaths and whether this responsibility doubts about the evidence for genocide of Genocide," which was mentioned in the would qualify as an act of "genocide." the Armenians. November issue. He writes, "Whether Most scholars who do not have direct ties Stuart Eizenstat (President Jimmy there has been a genocide or not has been either to Turkish or to Armenian organi Carter's chief domestic advisor), as quoted a matter of scholarly debate for years, and zations have concluded that the deaths by Judith Miller in an April 22, 1990, New there is strong evidence against the were brought about willfully by some York Times article, stated that the Turkish existence of such an event in the Ottoman Ottoman officials' desires to exterminate Ambassador to the United States had land." Referring to the Holocaust the Armenians, as was reported by many threatened the Carter administration over Memorial Museum in Washington, DC, eyewitnesses at the time (including this issue: "Including the Armenians in he writes, "The Holocaust museum has German diplomats who were allies of the the museum, Eizenstat remembers the rejected to allocate space to the alleged Ottomans). A brief but balanced sum ambassador saying, would not only affect genocide. because there was not enough mary of the evidence is contained in Erik relations between Turkey and Israel; it evidence showing that the struggle that Zurcher's 1993 book Turkey: A Modem would also mean that 'Turkey could no occurred in that region was indeed an History (pp. 120-121). To my knowledge longer guarantee the safety of Jews in action against the Armenians." there is no "strong evidence against" a Turkey.'" The article later continues, "In With all due respect to Sami as a genocide, only some gaps in the available the end, the council [in charge of planning teacher and researcher, the quoted documents. the museum] ignored Turkey's tbreats; the statements above are, respectively, The grounding assertion of Sami's Armenians would have a place in the misleading and false. After discussing letter which concerns the Holocaust museum." This is one particularly strong this with him, I decided that I should Museum, is simply false. The museum's indication of how the Turkish government write a reply both to correct the record senior historian, Dr. Sybil Milton, has has used its state power to try to suppress and to counter the impression that there is confirmed this. According to Milton and the evidence for genocide. Much more a monolithic view of these events to other officials at the museum, the about the Turkish government's attempts which all who are connected with Turkish Armenian deaths of 1915-23 are fully to promote its view in scholarly circles is institutions must accede. recognized as genocide by the Museum documented in another article, "Profes Much about the treatment of Arme through library space dedicated to sional Ethlcs and the Denial of the nians at the end of the Ottoman Empire is documenting the events, programs on Armenian Genocide," by Roger Smith, Erik Markusen, and Robert Jay Lifton in the Spring 1995 issue of Holocaust and Genocide Studies, a journal published FROM PREVIOUS PAGE older, is expected to reach at least 7 jointly by Oxford University Press and cial variables. These studies and others million over the next 20 years, and that (significantly) the United States Holocaust may provide clues for the role of the number will soar to possibly 27 million Memorial Museum. dopamine system and its influence on or higher by 2050. Without new and I am enjoying working as a psycholo behavior. Ultimately, these studies will effective interventions to improve healthy gist in Turkey and very much appreciate illuminate the broader genetic basis of life expectancy for large and growing the gracious hospitality of its people, but I normal variations in cognitive functioning numbers of older people- most espe do hope that the government here will and personality. cially the very old-the pressures on cease to use its power to manipulate These types of advances cannot come families and on formal and informal thought, expression, and scholarship on quickly enough. We know, of course, that long-term care systems will be extreme. this and other matters. cognitive and physical declines increase Behavioral research will playa critical TODD DAVIES Koc UNIVERSITY markedly with advanced age. The role in managing the challenges that lie ISTANBUL, T URKEY number of very old people, age 85 and ahead.• APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society • Teaching Tips- - - - - TEACHING TIPS provides the latest in practical advice on the teaching of psychology. TEACHING TIPS is aimed at current and future faculty of two- and four-year colleges and universities. Complementing the Annual APS Institute on the Teaching of Psychology, TEACHING TIPS will inform teachers about the content, methods, and profession of teaching. Chief editor Baron Perlman and Co-editors Lee McCann and Susan McFadden, all of the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, welcome your comments and suggestions. Send article ideas or draft submissions directly to Barry Perlman, TEACHING TIPS Editor, Dept. of Psychology, Univ. of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI 54901-8601; Tel.: 414-424-2300; Fax: 414-424-7317, Bitnet: PERLMAN@OSHKOSHW; Internet: [email protected] History Belongs in Every Course Michael Wertheimer Why Include History in Psychology disappointments do not necessarily stem University ofColorado-Boulder Teaching? from a lack of historical knowledge. Because, most specialists are the first to "Those who know only their own I. It Presents the Development ofIdeas admit that the sheer volume of contempo generation remain children forever." A and How Science Works rary scientific information prevents even the version of this saying, attributed to Every academic field and subfield has a most studious scientist from keeping abreast Cicero more than two millennia ago, is developmental trajectory. Points of view of all contemporary theories and ap prominently inscribed in stone on the evo1 ve and change; significant discoveries proaches. But the study of disciplinary west portico of the central library of the yield new understanding and leave their history helps demonstrate to the student the UniversityofColorado-Boulder. It impact upon later work. The unfolding of relative impermanence of accepted wisdom captures the wise insight that to develop thought in an area can be fascinating of the day and instills a healthy caution in hwnility, reduce gullibility, and enhance intellectual fare, as one realizes how later accepting current theories and ideas. intellectual maturity- in short, to "grow workers build on, and extend, the work of Fifty years ago, nobody could talk up"-people need to know about their their predecessors-{)T distort or oversim responsibly about learning, for instance, history. plify earlier approaches so that theories and without copious references to rats running Applying this observation to the approaches that once worked reasonably in mazes, and 30 years ago the Skinner box teaching of psychology might generate well now come crashing down. was all the rage. The field of verbal the following "prescription": All Psychologists are not immune to learning used to mean endless variations on teachers ofall courses inpsychology Cicero' s proscription of"etemal child the memorizing of nonsense syllables, but should develop, and emphasize. an hood," but the easy cure for this form of nowpsycholinguists are talking about historical perspective on the topic ofthe "infantilism" is the prescription for a schemas, scripts. and frames. Projective course to improve both their students' healthy historical perspective in teaching. tests like the Rorschach were vying with understanding ofthe subject and their Not every contemporary theorist or dream analysis as the royal road to under students' maturity and wisdom. computer modeler is aware that if a "new" standing the most significant depths of the In brief. students are much better theory or model looks promising today, human psyche in the middle ofthis century, prepared if they are exposed to material somebody else probably had the sarne basic until massive empirical studies questioned on the history of a subject. The remain idea previously. And if a brilliant and their validity. The group mind that was the der of this column will discuss why unassailable contemporary theory reveals a theoretical panacea for social psychologists teaching history is desirable and provide flaw, chances are that its flaw-or at least less than a century ago was discarded in suggestions on how to include it in our some aspect of it- was identified long ago. favor of balance theories, cognitive classes. Discovering that one is not necessarily dissonance, and many othertaken-for the innovator of an idea may be a blow to granted explain-it-all theories thatin turn one's perceived creativity, but such are being replaced today. The resourceful APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society instructor can readily identify historical no historical content at all, this approach is Psychology at Ihe University of Akron examples that can help students realize that notenough. Include historical tbemes in and by Ludy T. Benjamin, Jr. , of Texas loday's "answers" to current questions often your course in every lecture, and in every A&M) have pictures of famous psy are not likely to be tbe ultimate answers. unit. chologisls oflhe pasl, shols of historic Frequent historical references repeated labs, charts from influenlial studies, and 2. The Intended Outcome of a Liberal throughout the course can help ensure that a photos of the title pages of classic works, Education Is Wisdom responsible perspective is never lost. Don' t and several suppliers have huge invento Including history in your classes will limit your examples to studies published ries of films and videos. It may take provide your students with a broader only during th e last ten years, and show some di ggin g, but Ihe historical material perspective, and an understanding that how thoughtful the approaches to a problem relevant to your course call be found. today' s taken-for-granted orientations, were when it was first addressed. Such Don' l forgel your 1ibrary ' s journals. methods, problems. and theories are as discussions should include reference to the Many college and university libraries time- and place-bound as their predecessors. way a question was phrased and how that now have volumes ofjourna ls Ihat go Your class will make a more significant changed over the years. It should also back al leasl 50 years. Students can be contribution to students' Hberal education include discussion of how knowledge about fascinated by reading selected older and help them realize tbat what they are an area improved--{)r at leasl changed. articles, both to see how far we have learning in your course relates to the rest of Help your sludents undersland how the fi eld come and 10 gain respect for the scholar their education. Forexarnple, learning how got to be where il happens to be right now. ship of Ihe past. Good ideas are nOI a John Locke'sprimaryqllalities fit in with monopoly oftoa ay' s prominenl psy the notions of Newtonian physics, ho w 2. Use Your Lihrary chologisls; many wise scholars long ago associationi sm relates to the idea of It ntight lake a bil of searching to find had insighls thaI are still highly enlighl elements in chemistry, or how Gestalt appropriale hislorical material for some ening, even about issues that are concepts are related to field theory in psychology courses, but once you have Ihe currently in Ihe limelight. biology and in modern physics all help information it can be used for years. Most make the student's entire curriculum more texts focus on the here-aod-now, and strive 4. Use Sketches of People and meaningful and integrated. to be as up-Io-date as possible. But visits to Contributions Differentdisciplines use similar the library (if your lext conlains lillie about One way 10 make history come epistemological approaches torelated history), and focu sed queries 10 your alive, of course, is 10 present skelches of problems, and their varying perspectives on reference librarian (they're specially trained the contributions-and Ii ves--of some the same kinds of problems can be enlight to help with such Ihings), can turn up books ofthe major figures in Ihe field you are ening. Your students' education is en and articles on Ihe history of almost any leaching. APA and Lawrence Erlbaum hanced more if they develop such historical subfield as well as on Ihe history oflhe Associates, Inc., have jointly published perspecti ves. entire discipline itself, such as several of lhe two volumes of Portraits ofPioneer s in ilems liSled underfurtherhelpflll readings Psychology (Kimble, Boneau, & How to Teach History in Your Courses below. The list also includes some refer Wertheimer, 1996; Kimble, Wertheimer, The how? may be a bit of a puzzler for ence books Ihat you' re likely to find useful , & While, 199 1) and a Ihird volume is in today's teachers of psychology - espe such as Viney el aJ. and Watson. preparation. cially those who never had a course on the Most of the chaplers in Ihese books hi story of psychology, even as undergradu 3. Develop a Few Excellent Sources of are li vely. often irreverent, accounts by ates. And unfortunately, in this time of Historical Examples experts in the pioneers' fields, some· fragmentation and hyper-specialization in Where can you find appropriate limes wilh Ihe aUlhor impersonating Ihe the field, fewer and fewer new psycholo historical material? As a start, refer to the pioneer. The biographies include not gists have studied the history of the books li sted in Ihe list of reading malerial only the Iypical general psychologisls of discipline. Yet to be able to compete for below. In addition, most general texts on Ihe pasl, but fi gures relevant 10 special teachingjobs in an ever tighter academic the hislory of psychology contain narratives ized courses. For example: market, a healthy dose of historical sophisti about numerous subfields. The JOllmal of Learning: Edwin R. Guthrie, D.O. cation could actually make them more the His/Oly ofth e Behavioral Sciences is a Hebb, Clark L. Hull, Walter Hunter, Karl marketable, and more successful once they rich resource. The newsleller of APA 's S. Lashley, Ivan P. Pavlov, Ivan M. get the job. Division 26 (Hi story of Psychology) is a Sechenov, Edward L. Thorndike, remarkably varied and rich slorehouse of Edward C. Tolman, John B. Walson. I. Use HistoricalExamplesThroughout articles relevanl 10 many different fields, Sensation a nd Perception: Guslav the Course and that division has jusl launched a new T. Fechner, James J. Gibson, Clarence Psychology teachers who have some journal on Ihe hi slory of psychology. Graham, Wolfgang Kohler,JosephB. respect for the history ofthe discipline Some slide series (such as ones Rhine, Max Wertheimer. typically include historical themes briefly at developed by John Popplestone at Ihe the beginning of a course. While benerthan Archives oflhe History of American CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society FROM PREVIOUS PAGE An example of an objective question almost ahistorical. But this endeavor will for a course in cognitive psychology might enrich your students' intellectualexperience Individual Differences: Edgar A. be: Place the following models of cognitive and your own. Doll, Leta Hollingwonh, William Stem, processes in the brain in historical order by RobenC. Tryon. circling the number I in front ofthe earliest, FurtherReading Personality: Mary W. Calkins, the 2 in front of the next, the 3 in front of Kimble, G.A. , Boneau, C.A., & Wertheimer, M. Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Silvan S. the next, and the 4 in front of the most (Eds.). (1996). Portraits a/pioneers ill Tomkins. recent: psychology, Vol. 2. Washington, DC: Applied Psychology: Lillian Gilbreth, American Psychological Associarion, and Harry Hollingwonh, Joseph Jastrow. 2 3 4 electroniccomputers Mahwah. NJ: Erlbaum. Kimble, G.A., Wertheimer, M., & White, C.A. Behavioral Genetics: William E. 4 neural grooves 2 3 (Eds.). (1991). Portraits ofpioneers in Blatz, Barbara Burks, Francis Galton, 2 3 4 telephoneswitchboards psychology. Washington, DC: American Roben C. Tryon. 2 3 4 vacuum tubes Psychological Association, and Hillsdale, Clinical Psychology: Dorothea Dix, NJ: Erlbaum. Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Harry S. A shon-answeressay question fora Murphy, G. , & Kovach, J. (1972). Historical Sullivan,Silvan S. Tomkins, Lightner introduction to modern psychology (3rd course on perception might ask for a ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Winner. comparison ofthe use of Ohm's law in Jovanovich. Animal Behavior: D.O. Hebb, Ivan P. audition and in vision. while a longer essay Postman, L. (Ed.). (1962). Psychology ill the Pavlov, Paul H. Schiller, John B. Watson, question fora COUfse on neuropsychology making: Histories a/selected research Roben Yerkes. might ask students to comment on the problems. New York: Knopf. Viney, W. (1993). A histOlyo/psycilOlogy; advantages of modem brain activity Ideas and context. Boston, MA: All yn and 5. Impersonate the Famous imagi ng techniques over the classic Bacon . . An approach that can work well and be extirpation and rnicroelectrode recording Viney, W., Wertheimer, M ., & Wertheimer, enjoyable for you-and keep you on your methods. In any course, you could ask M.L. (Eds.). (1979). History o/psychol toes-is to begin most class sessions by students to indkate what we now know ogy: A guide to information sources. Detroit, MC: Gale. impersonating a famous deceased figure (e.g., about color vision, schizophrenia, Watson, R.l. (1978). The history a/psychology from the past, using a first-person format in neurochemistry, personality traits) that was alld the behavioral sciences: A biblio a five- to ten-minute lecture to talk about not known, say, 50 years ago. The possi graphic guide. New York: Springer. some early ideas on the subject of the day's bilities are almost emiless. lecture. Summarizing what that person's main contribution was and then inviting the Coda Michael Wertheimer obtained students to ask questions of the "visitor" Elements of past scientific approaches, his PhD in experimental work wei!. and their sociocultural context, survive psychology from Harvard in It is not as clifficult as one might think within contemporary psychology. At what 1952. He taught courses on to provide "answers" that could plausibly point in teaching about the field is it the history of psychology have been generated by the one being appropriate to insen the historical back more than 50 times. His impersonated. And, at any rate, you are apt ground on these past approaches? At any publications include A Brief to know more about that than your students, time, anywhere, and everywhere that you History of Psychology (3rd and you can always plead "I don't know" to can squeeze it in. Why? So your students ed.) (1987). A former presi any question. Besides, you can preface the get an education ratherthanjust learn to dent of APA's Division 26 whole practice by warning your class that if memorize a list of facts that will change (History of Psychology), he the questions are too difficult, the person over time, and to instill in them a sense of became Professor Emeritus you've resurrected might just fade back into humility, a well-developed intellectual at the University of Colorado the shadows of the past. You might ask your maturity, and an immunization against in 1993. T A to impersonate a favorite pioneer. Or, if gUllibility. class size permits, require each student to do Help your students become intellectu at least one such impersonation. ally sophisticated, and prudent and produc tive members of our scientific community Relocating? 6. Test on History and society. Pan of this goal is achieved by Use exam questions that reflect the Be sure to notify the training students to have a healthy skepti APS Membership Office at historical perspective you have been trying cism about what they are learning and APS to convey. You might even make these helping them understand why the current 1010 Vermont Ave, NW questions easier than routine factual content di scipline of psychology bappens to be the Suite 1100 questions, to reward students for learning way it is. How can you do this? It will take Washington, DC 20005-4907 something about context and becoming a bit of ingenuity, especially in thosefie1ds Include a copy of your mailing label to SPeed p'rocessi[lg. Don't forget to liberally educated! that are exploding so fast that they are mention chanqes In your email address and pllOne and fax numbers! APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society People _____ Recellt Promotions, Appoilltments, Awards... APS Member Michael McCloskey, of Johns Hopkins University, has been named Program Director for Human Cognition and Perception at the National Science Foundation APS Member Mark A. Gluck, of Rutgers University-Newark, in the Social, Behavioral, and Economic Research (SBER) has been named by President Clinton to receive a National Directorate, effective January 27,1 997. Among other tasks, Science Foundation 1996 Presidential Early Career Award for he will assess current science policy issues and positions in Scientists and Engineers in recognition of his contributions as developing a strategic plan for SBER. McCloskey will also a researcher and educator. The Early Career Award, which assist SBER Director of William Butz in keeping abreast of includes a grant from the National Science developments in the scientific, professional, and political Foundation of $100,000 a year for five arenas that affect the social, behavioral, and economic years, represents the hi ghest honor be sciences. McCloskey' s expertise also wi ll contribute to the stowed by the US government on scientists development of NSF' s new research initiative in Learning and engineers just starting their indepen and Intelligent Systems. McCloskey has most recently served dent careeers. These are young profes as professor and chair of the Cognitive Science department at sional s whose talents and potential are so Johns Hopkins University. great that they are expected to emerge as leaders on the frontiers of science and engineering in the next APS Charter Member Linda Mealey, a professor at both the century. Gluck is one of 20 NSF-nominated researchers to College of St. Benedict in Minnesota , and the University of receive the new award, which was created last spring. ]n the Queensland in Australia, has been elected Vice President! awat·d citation, Clinton praised Gluck for hi s "outstanding President-Elect of the International Society for Human contributions to understanding the cognitive neuroscience of Ethology (lSHE) beginning January human learning by evaluating computational models of neural 1997. ISHE has more than 400 members networks that relate brain mechanisms to emergent behaviors whose interests span ethological and and integrating behavioral and psychobiological approaches to comparative aspects of human behavior, "".".,' ,'. animal and human learning." A faculty member at the Center cognition, and affect. Mealey has a BA for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience at Rutgers, Gluck in Neurobiology & Behavior from is a highly respected researcher in the areas of neural net Cornell University and a PhD in Behavior .:' : ~" works, learning. and memory. Genetics from the University of Texas. .. -- Her current research is in evolutionary psychology. APS Member Mark S. Goldman, of the University of South Rorida·Tampa, has been named to the National Advisory Marcelle Morrison-Bogorad has been appointed associate Council on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The Council, director of the National Institute on Aging's (NIA) Neuro which is part of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and science and Neuropsychology of Aging (NNA) Program. Alcoholism (NIAAA), advises on the conduct and support of Formerly of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical biomedical and behavioral research, health service research, Center-Dallas, Morrison-Bogorad joined NIA in January, resea rch lraining, and health information dissemination with bringing with her a special interest in aging and Alzheimer's respect to the causes, diagnosis, consequences, prevention, and disease as well as a rich background in brain research. "'Dr. treatment of alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Goldman is known Morrison-Bogorad is familiar with the Institute and with the for hi s work in neuropsychology, cognition, psychopharmacol broad field of neuroscience supported by the NNA Program," ogy, behavior modification, and alcoholism treatment. He said NIA Director Richard Hodes. "She has served on NNA currently serves as the Director of the Alcohol and Substance Program project committees, provided a number of ad hoc Use Research Institute at the University of South Florida. A reviews for N]A projects and for Al zheimer' s centers, and recipient of NIAAA' s MERIT award, Goldman also serves as been an active member of the Alzheimer's Association 's an advisory editor for the Journal of Studies on Alcohol. Medical and Scientific Advisory Board." After earning her PhD from G1asglow Universi ty in Scotland, Morrison Bogorad spent several years isolating and characterizing messenger RNA molecules. Most recently, she has been People News Welcomed ... working on stress proteins in the brain and their possible roles The Editor invites submissions of announcements of in protecting brain cells from death and accumu lation of noteworthy promotions, appointments, etc., for pos abnormal protiens in aging and Alzheimer's di sease. sible publication in the People news section of the Observer. Send with photo to: APS Observer, 1010 Vermont Ave., NW, #1100, Washington, DC 20005- 4907; Email: [email protected] APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society Kenneth A. Dodge, Vanderbilt Univ., The Chronicle of Higher Education, Dec. APS Members 6, 1996: Racial differences in child rearing In the News .. Paul Ekman, Univ. of California-San • Francisco, Shape, Feb. 1997: How feelings produce facial and body move The news media in recent weeks has featured interviews with, or mentioned, ments that are identifiable by people in several APS members on various research-related topics. The members are every culture listed here along with their affiliation, the name of the publication/broadcast in which they were quoted/mentioned, and a brief description of the topic. Jennifer Freyd, Univ. of Oregon, US The list is merely a sampling of the media coverage of members. News and World Report, Jan. 27, 1997: The Observer editor welcomes readers to submit such news item summaries False memories for publication in future issues of this column. Send a copy of the original published story. Or, in the case of TV/radio broadcasts, send a description John Furedy, Univ. of Toronto, Science, Dec. 6, 1996: Concern about a proposed of the program, broadcast station name and city, interviewee and his/her new research ethics code affiliation, and date of the broadcast. Michael S. Gazzaniga, Dartmouth College, The Boston Globe, Dec. 30, Nancy Adler, Univ. of California-Sun David Buss, Univ. of Texas-Austin, 1996: Brain mechanisms underlying Francisco, The New York Times, Nov. Newsweek, Dec. 3D, 1996: How men and learning and memory 20, 1996; The San Francisco women differ in their reactions to infidel Chronic/e, Nov. 20, 1996; CBS News ity Christine Harris, Univ. of California Radio, Nov. 20,1996: Sex education, San Diego, Newsweek, Dec. 3D, 1996: use of condoms, and rate of sexually Thomas Cash, Old Dominion Univ., The relationship between jealousy and tran smi tted diseases in the United Fitness, Jan./Feb. 1997: Women who are how the opposite gender connects love States; Parade, Feb. 2, 1997: Reduc unhappy with their body shape and sex ing risk of teen pregnancy Nicholas Christianfeld, Univ. of Califor Charles Honts. Boise State Univ., The Richard Aslin, Univ. of Rochester, nia-San Diego, Newsweek, Dec. 30, 1996: Daily Advertiser (Lafayette, LA), Nov. Science, Dec. 13, 1996: Learning The relationship between jeaJousy and 13,1996: Effectiveness of polygraph language how the opposite gender connects love exams and sex John E. Bates, Indiana Univ., Th e Joseph L. Jacobson, Wayne State Univ., Chrnoicle of Higher Education, Dec. Sheldon Cohen, Carnegie Mellon Univ., The New York Times, Sept. 12, 1996: 6, 1996: Racial differences in child The Washingtoll Post, Dec. 10, 1996: FetaJ brain tissue damage caused by rearing Stress and physical illness environmental exposure to PCBs; The Washington Post, Sept. 12, 1996: Effect Linda Bellush, Ohio Univ., The Peter B. Crabb, Pennsylvania State of exposure to PCBs on intelligence; The Chronicle of Higher Education, Dec. Univ., Star Tribune (Minneapolis), Dec. Wall Street Journal, Sept. 12, 1996; 6, 1996: Effect of low-fat diets on 8, 1996: The social-psychological impact National Public Radio Morning Edition, preserving memory of high-definition television and interac Sept. 12, 1996: Intellectual impairment in tive television children exposed to PCBs Judith Bernstein, Channel 7 News: Parent to Parent Report (Boston, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Univ. of Sandra W. Jacobson, Wayne State MA), Oct. 30, 1996: Bullies and Chicago, Shape, Jan. 1997: Using the Univ. , The New York Times, Sept. 12, victimes of peer aggression concept of "flow" to foster motivation and 1996: Fetal brain tissue damage caused treat depression by environmental exposure to PCBs; The Kelly Brownell, Yale Univ., Fitness, Washington Post, Sept. 12, 1996: Effect Jan./Feb. 1997: Setting realistic David DeSteno, Ohio State Univ., of exposure to PCBs on intelligence; The weight-loss goals Newsweek, Dec. 3D, 1996: Legal and Wall Street Journal, Sept. 12,1996; social policy implications of the jealousy National Public Radio Morning Edition, gender gap Sept. 12, 1996: Intellectual impairment in children exposed to PCBs APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Sociery Jerome Kagan, Harvard Univ., News Deniz S. Ones, Univ. of Houston, Self, John Schulenberg, Univ. of Michi Hour with Jim Lehrer, Jan. 24, 1997: Jan. 1997: Traits associated wi th presi gan, The Washingtoll Post, Feb. 3, Super Bowl fan dential success 1997: Use of illicit drugs and alcohol in marriage Ann Kearney-Cooke, Shape, Feb. 1997: Steven Pinker, Massachusetts Institute of Positive effects of trusting relationships Technology, Science, lan. 3, 1997: Robert Sekuler, Brandies Univ., on health , self-esteem, and body image Whether emotions are shaped by evolu Nature, Jan. 23, 1997: Altering visual tionary environments perception with sound John Kih1strom, Yale Univ., Newsweek, Dec. 30, 1996: Evolutionary perspectives J. Steven Reznick, Yale Univ., The Saul Shiffman, Univ. of Pittsburgh, in psychology Washingtoll Post, Jan. 6, 1997: Lack of The Washington Post, Feb. 3, 1997: correlation between intelligence and early Social similarities of alcohol and Doreen Kimura, Univ. of Western speaking ability in toddlers tobacco Ontario-London, Science, Dec. 6, 1996: Conce rn about a proposed new rese.:'1fch Maryse Richards, Loyola Univ. Sally A. Shumaker, Bowman Gray ethics code Chicago, Fitll ess, lan.lFeb. 1997: How a School of Medicine, Chicago Herald, partner' s comments can affect how one May 23, 1996: Effect of estrogen on Michael Lamb, National Institutes of feel s about oneself delaying Alzheimer's disease; The Health, National Public Radio, Jan . 8, Wall Street JOllmal, May 23, 1996: 1997: Interventions for low birth-weight Judith Rodin, Univ. of Pennsylvania, The Women 's Health Initiative babies Self, Jan. 1997: Women who exhibit Memory Study; Science, July 5, 1996: qualities that would make for a successful The Women's Health Initiative Alan I. Leshner, National Institute on president Memory Study; The New York Times, Drug Abuse, Th e New York Times, Dec. July 3 1, 1996: Estrogen as a treatment 20, 1996: Clean needles for drug addicts Paul Rozin, Univ. of Pennsylvania, The to prevent or delay dementia in to avoid AIDS and other infectious New York Times Magazine, Jan. 21,1997: Alzheimer's disease di seases Linking increase in pepper consumption to a person' s sense of danger Larry Squire, Univ. of California-San David Lykken, Univ. of Minnesota, Diego, Th e Boston Globe, Dec. 30, Shape, Feb. 1997: The role of genes in Jennifer Saffran, Uni v. of Rochester, 1996: How memories become determining personality Science, Dec. 13, 1996: Learning encoded and what disrupts them language Norma McCoy, San Francisco State Robert Stickgol, Harvard Un;v. Univ., Shape, Feb. 1997: Effect of oral Peter Salovey, Yale Uni v., NewSlveek, Medical School, Public Television contraceptives on sexual satisfaction Dec. 30, 1996: Sex ual infidelity versus Scientific American Frontiers, Jan. 22, emotional infidelity 1997: Memory James McGaugh, Univ. of California Irvi ne, Public Television Scientific Daniel Schacter, Harvard Univ. Medical Frank J. Sulloway, Massachusetts American Frontiers, Jan . 22, 1997: School, The Washington Post, Dec. 27, Institue of Technology, Newsweek, Memory 1996: Deciphering the fundamental Oct. 7, 1996: Birth order and person mechanisms that brain cells use to make ality Teresa McDevitt, Uni v. of Northern memories; Science, l an. 3, 1997: Linking Colorado, Channel 4 News (Denver, CO), lower, molecuJar levels of analysis and Katherine Wadsworth, Univ. of Nov. 25, 1996: Children who do not higher levels of cognition and behavior; Michigan, The Washington Post, Feb. listen; Working Mother, Dec. 1996: Public Television Scielllijic American 3, 1997: Use of illicit drugs and Learning to li sten Frontiers, Jan . 22, 1997: Memory alcohol in marriage Steven Moldin, National Institute of David D. Woods, Ohio State Univ., Mental Health, The New York Tillles, Jan . Sun1ivat in the Sky: Blaming the Pilot 21, 1997: Genetic link between schizo (The Learn ing Channel), Dec. 8, I I, phrenia and smoking Men;t'bers in the N'ews 1996: Pilot interaction wi th cockpit Send your media sitings to: automation Harry Morgan, State Univ. of West APS Observer, Members in the News 1010 Vermont Ave.bNW, Ste. 1100 Georgia, Jet Magazin e, Jan. 27, 1997: Washington, C 20005 Marvin Zuckerman. Univ. of Black english; ChannellJ (Atlanta, fax: 2'02-783-2083 Delaware, Shape, Feb. 1997: Genetic Georgia), Jan. 26, 1997: Ebonies Iherring @capcon.net propensity for "sensation seeking" or infidelity APS OBSERVER March 1997 America n P.I}'c/w/ogicai Society • 1942 but was recaptured at the border. [n June 1943 he was retUIned to France as a non-commissioned sanitary officer, Obituaries thanks to false papers provided by his father. That fall he remarried and he rejoined Pieron's laboratory. During hi s long career, Fraisse occupied many major Paul Fraisse (1911-1996) positions in French psychology, including: Energetic International Psychologist Directeur a l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes du Laboratoire de Psychologie Experimentale et Comparee (1952-79); he had been Directeur-Adjoint (1943-52) when the Laboratory had a somewhat different name: Laboratoire Paul Fraisse, a leader of French de Psychologie Experimentale et de Physiologie des and international psychology, died Sensations. in his sleep at his home near Paris Professeur de Psychologie Experimentale at the Sorbonne on October 12, 1996; he was 85, (later the Universite Rene Descartes [Paris VD· having been born March 20, 191 J. Secretary-General (1949-59) and President (1962-63) of the Frai sse was widely known as an Societe Fran~ai se de Psychologie. energetic leader of psychological Member of the Comite National de la Recherche organizations; a gifted teacher and Scientifique (CNRS) (1950-66 and 1970-75), and President thesis mentor of about 50 psycholo of the Commission de Psychologie du CNRS (1960-65). gists. seyeral of whom later became President of the XXI International Congress of Psychology, prominent in their own right; a held in Paris, 1976. productive investigator, especially in the field of perception of When Fraisse succeeded Pieron in 1952 as Directeur a time; and a prolific writer and editor. His interests in a broad l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes du Laboratoire de range of subjects accentuated his ability as a lively conversation Psychologie Experimentale, he managed to enlarge its scope to alist. promote research in a variety of directions, because France had Throughout much of his career, Fraisse struggled to obtain few specialists in psychological science. He supervised students an adequate place for psychology in the university and in the and researchers in a variety of areas, including social psychol scientific scene in France. His own career reveals some of the ogy, psycholinguistics, conditioning, memory, and animal problems of establishing psychological science in France. behavior. Several of hi s students became instructors throughout Fraisse did not go directly into psychology. While complet France and abroad. Fraisse also became the Directeur of the ing his studies at the lycee, he decided to become a Jesuit priest. Institut de Psychologie, which grouped together psychologists But, as he wrote later, he tried to follow the regulations so from the Universite de Paris, the College de France, and the strictly that he developed continual headaches and other psycho Ecole Pratique des HaUles Etudes, to provide students with both logical sy mptoms. After two years, he left the novitiate. theoretical and practical training. In the Institut, Fraisse created Doctors prescribed a year of rest and told him not to consider new diplomas: abnormal psychology, educational psychology, further studies. industrial psychology, and experimental psychology. He also Nevertheless, Fraisse resumed philosophical studies at the helped to lengthen and deepen the courses of study. None of Catholic University of Lyon, still hoping to prepare for the these accomplishments for psychology was achieved easily, as priesthood. A faculty member suggested that he go to tbe he noted in an autobiographical chapter in 1983. Catholic University of Louvain where experimental psychology Fraisse visited colleagues and gave lectures in many had an important place in the Institute of Philosophy. There he countries in Western and Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia, and spent 1935-37 as laboratory assistant to Professor Albert North and South America. He also served on international Michotte, doing experiments on visual perception and preparing psychological bodies in many positions including: for examinations in philosophy. Fraisse prese nted the results of Secretary-General (1952-70) and President of the Associa hi s research on perception at the XI International Congress of tion de Psychologie Scientifique de Langue Fran~aise . Psychology in Paris in 1937. From then on, he participated at Representative of the Societe Fran~aise de Psychologie to most of the [nternational Congresses of Psychology. II was the Assembly of the International Union of Psychological arranged in 1937 that Fraisse would give courses in psychology SciencelUllion Internationale de Psychologie Scientifique at the Catholic University of Lyon but would live in Paris where (lUPsyS) (1952-60). Professor Henri Pieron, on the recommendation of M.ichotte, Member of the Executive Committee of IUPsyS (1960-80) took Fraisse into hi s laboratory. Lyon then had no laboratory of and President of [UPsyS (1966-69). psychology and only vague plans to establish one in an indefi During the XVI [nternational Congress of Psychology at nite future. Bonn in 1960, I asked Fraisse when he thought the Congress The late I 930s and early 1940s brought a series of disasters would again be held in Paris. Rolling his eyes in mock terror, to Fraisse. In 1938 his wife and infant son died in childbirth. In Fraisse replied, "Not during my lifetime, [hope." In 1976, while 1939 he rejoined hi s regiment just as the war started, and he was congratulating him on the success of the XXI Congress held in captured in Belgium by the Germans in 1940. He escaped in CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society FROM PREVIOUS PAGE involves memory. Fraisse's varied contributions were recognized by a number Paris under his presidency, [ asked him whether he remembered of awards, including the following: Commandeur de l'Ordre des hi s statement of 1960. Fraisse could not recall it at all, which Palmes Academiques (1969), Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur, was in keeping with hi s character, because he never shunned and honorary doctorates from the universities of Rio de Janeiro efforts that promised to promote psychology, in France and (1967), Bonn (1968), Lisbon (1985), and Barcelona (1989). internationally. France is one of the few developed countries that does not elect He was editor and in itiator of a number of volumes, pubLica psychologists to its Academy of Sciences, but Fraisse was tions, and series, including over 200 articles and the following recognized by academies of other countries: he received a positions and publications: medal from the Polish Academy of Sciences ( 1978), and was Co-Directeur (1947-64) then Directeur (I965-94) of rAnllee elected Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences Psychologique. of the United States (1982). Directeur of two series at the Presses Universitaires de Fraisse was also engaged in social life. He was a member of France that covered a wide range of topics: the Psychology the "personnalisme" movement of the French ph il osopher Section of the Bibliotheque Scientifique Internationale and Emmanuel Mounier. With some other couples in thi s group, the the collection "Le Psychologue ." Fraisses bought a large estate with several houses in a suburb of Fraisse and Jean Piaget were co-editors of the nine-volume Paris where they li ved and establi shed a cultural center. Fraisse Trait<' de Psychologie Experimentale which went through was an active member of the Socialist Party. When I visited four editions (1963-76), and, with translations into nine Fraisse after the student uprising in Berkeley in 1964, he languages, spread knowledge of psychology around the questi oned me in detail about it. He later told me that this world. helped prepare him for th e student uprisi ng in Paris in 1968. He Fraisse founded the llllemarional Journal of Psychology/ supported the students and was one of the few professors to l oumallntematiollal de Psychologie to provi de a mouth remain in the Sorbonne when the police removed the students by piece for IUPsyS and an outlet for psychological research force, but he maintained a critical distance from some of their from around the world. demands. Thereafter he participated actively in the restructuring Fraisse wanted to see a "complete psychology" with all of of the University of Paris in 1970; the plan incorporated a group its fields and approaches. Beyond that, he recognized that there of human sciences, including an Institute of Psychology and an are other kinds of knowledge, including philosophical and independent Department of Psychology. poetic. But his own efforts, he noted, were mainly in and for Paul Fraisse is survived by his wife Simone, retired Profes scientific psychology. sor of French Literature at the Universite de Paris Ill, four Fraisse's main research contributions were in the field of children, and several grandchildren. perception and estimation of temporal durati on. Continuing from the I 940s through the I 970s, his research spanned the Reference transition from behaviorist psychology, which Fraisse stated had Fraisse. P. (1983). Autobiographie. Revista de Historia de la difficulty in including time as a variable, to cognitive psychol Psica/agio, 4:2, 179- 188. ogy, which was open to such research. Reviewing hi s work and [Adapted from all article ill the International Platform for Psycholo that of others, Fraisse identified three orders of physical dura gists, International lournal of Psychology, 32(2), / 99 7, PI'. //3-11 5.} tion, classified according to the phenomena they elicited: (a) less than 100 ms, at whi ch perception is of instantaneity; (b) 100 M ARK R. R OSENZWEIG ms to 5 s, at which there is perception of duration in the per UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNlA-BERKELEY ceived present, and (c) above 5 s, at which estim ation of duration Your Search Ends Here! The APS Observer Index is now online!!! at www,hanover.eduJpsychiAPS Can't remember when the NIMH behavioral science research re.Q.Q.rt relating to mental health was released? . Or when the obituary on Roger Sperry appeared? v~og· =n How about when you were featured in the Observe( s People section? The APS World-Wide Web page now features an Index in which Observer issues are organized by subject, title, and date of publication. The index dates back through March 1990 and will be updated annually. 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CALL TOLL-FREE 1-800-457-3714 • Free Lost Card Registry (Please me1ltion priority code DINZ w he1J calling) MBNN AMERICAN , PSVGlOLOGICAL pLATINUM pLUS SOCJTI)' t b e 11 e w sttltldar d t Tht Annual I'ttUflUll" R.. dAPfl.) Cor f"J""....:antI ATM:and Ilanl: eM ad,...-." I) 6)~, ..'bid! INf vuy. 'Jh:00ll1m( promotional APR nIT+•• for cash ;d\'>11« ch«ks :antl baWoa IWI$f,on is ~ en- through rour Ii .... Ii", WlOI...... n( clollng ,ules, commmnng d ... month "'10< yOW' accowlC" op.ncd. wt.... )...... mlnlmu'" mon.hlyJ"ymenr" nor I't«'i,...! by.ho: APS OBSERVER March 1997 Americat! Psychological Society - BEG LEITER FROM PAGE 15 ERPs are coming from in the brain . So there's a lot ofmathemati cal modeling that goes into this, and there's lots of speculative work Genetic Diseases vs. Genetically Influeuced Diseases todo." "Let me clarify that alcoholism is not a genetic disease. Hun tin gton's di sease is a genetic di sease, and so is neurofibromato Vive Ie Vin sis and cysti c fibrosis," Begleiter hastens to add. "But alcoholism is Begleitercame to the United States in 1958 but never lost n genetical~y influellced disease. In current scientific lingo, it is a touch with France. He and his classmates at the Uni versity of Paris, complex disorder, one in which there is a gene-environment where he did his undergraduate work, still get together for good interaction," Alcoholism is not a monogenic disorder in which only times when he is over there. He has been invited to speak before one gene is responsible fortuming the disorder "on" or "off." France's National Academy of Medicine. And he has seen no Rather, says Begleiter, multiple genes are involved, perhaps as reason to deviate from the French rule of having a glass ortwo of many as six. "We know that already. The same thing is true for wine with meals. cancer. diabetes, hypertension. and other complex disorders. So it is As to French drinking habits, Begleiter says, ''They drink a possible for somebody to carry the genes and never manifest the great deal more than we do- mostly wi ne, while we in America are disease, unless the environmental influence comes into play. The more committed to hard liquor. The only problem that really influenceof environmental and psychological factors is very manifests itself in France is cirrhosis of the li ver; that's probably important," he says. And to further examine thi s issue in relation to more of a problem there than it is here." alcoholism, Begleiter presently is organizing a two-day conference "But you know there is something called the "French paradox": titlcd "Genes and the Environment in Complex Diseases: AFocus Physicians in France encounter very few cardiovascular cases, even on Alcoholism." Funded by theNIAAA, th e conference will be though the French intake offat is really quite high," he said. "My held on April 2-3 at the National Institutes of Health outside physician friends in France are absolutely convinced that alcohol Washington, DC. (See announcementbelow.) has protective, salutary effects. Of course I love to hear that, and I There is also an age-at-ri sk span where alcoholism of the hope it's true. In fact, NIAAA has made several grants oflate for genetically influenced type usually manifests itself, Begleiter research looking at the protective effects of alcohol." D.K. pointed out. The span is between the teenage years and 25. "U you develop alcoholism at age 35, I can assure you it is not Two volumes have been published: The Genetics ofAlcohol a geneti cally influenced disorderthat you are looking at," he said. ism, 1995, and Th e Pharmacology ofAlcohol alidAlcohol Dependence, 1996, by Oxford University Press, New York. Teasing Out Brain Signals The nexttwo volumes wi ll also deal with basic theoretical and Counting off the current chall enges and goals of his laboratory experimental issues, and {he last fi ve will be more clinical in orientation, though no less scientific, Begleiter and Kissin have group, Begleiter speaks first of their efforts to develop techniques stated. Their previous series, The Biology ofAlcoholism , was for mathematically and statistically decomposing an evoked brain published from 1971 to 1983. potential signal. He and his colleagues are trying to tease apart the several components of the signal that are produced by a variety of generators in th e brain, overlapping in time. The NIAAA Sponsors Symposium on ... purpose is to better understand the brain sources of the potentials. Genes and the Environment "That's something I' ve been working at for years- not very success The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) is sponsoring a fully ,r might add," he said. "In fact. it's symposium, "Genes and lhe Environment in Complex Diseases: A Focus on Alcoholism," the only thing I've done that could be on April 2-3, 1997. The symposium will be held at the NatcherConference Center, on the considered aseries of dismal failures, campus of the National Institutes of Health (NlH)justoutside Washington, DC, in except for some recent findings that we Bethesda. Maryland. The conference will presenlthe latest fi ndings and the state-of-the-art knowledge and will allow discussion of issues re1ated to the interaction between genes and are now ready to publish and that are the environment in determi ning the outcome in complex diseases, especiall y alcoholi sm. extremely encouraging and finally show The symposium is divided into four sessions: some success." Animal Model Contributions in the Study of Responses to Alcohol, The second issue currently facing Genetic Mechanisms in the Development of Alcoholism, Begleiter is how to compare ERP Research Findings From the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholi sm topographical maps oftwo or more • Gene-Environmenlal Interactions. people. "It's obviously not sufficient to tell the scientific world th at it seems to Leading experts within and outsi de the alcohol abuse field will present including me that this map is different fro m that Harold Vanuus,NIH Director; FrancisCollins, NHGRI Di rector; Enoch Gordis, NIAAA one," Begleiter says. "So we want to Director. analyze these data stati stically and Full text ofthe program is available on NIAAA's world-wide web site: hUp:!! mathematically." www.niaaa.nih.gov. For further information, contactB. L. Seamon & Associates, Inc., at Third, "we are trying to understand tel. 301-577-0244 orfax 301/577 -5261. from the EEG scalp recordings where the APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society The Student Notebook _ RodoifoMendoza-Denton-Editor Teaching Your First Course In Graduate School William L. Kelemen references are available (e.g., Davis, 1993), improprieties in activiti es with students Bay/or University Teaching Tips is exhau stive as well as outside the classroom (for a more detailed concise. Useful information also is found in di scussion see Blevin s-Knabe, 1992, and Teaching a psychology course has the Observer's own "Teaching Tips" Keith-Spiegel, 1994). Finally, proper attire become a common experience for graduate section as well as in the quarterly journal (i.e., no flannel) is also helpful in establish students across the country. A nearly 10- Teaching ofP sychology. Graduate student ing one's image as a legitimate authority year old survey found lhal 75 percent of instructors. however, face a unique set of figure. universities used psychology doctoral challenges that are rarely di scussed. students to teach at least one course Detail Level and CoursePreparation (Lumsden etal., 1988). Butthe trend shows Titles and Behavior Obviously, course material and no signs of abaling and has attracted One simple concern, for example, is presentation are far more important than national attention including a May 1995 how should undergraduate students address titles or attire. In particul ar, graduate report on CBS's 60 Minutes program (see the graduate student teacher? While most students seem especially vulnerable to two the July/Aug. 1995 Observer) . T As (teaching assistants) and lab instructors pitfalls. First, the temptation to deluge While some evidence suggests that are on a first-name bas is with their students, students with excess outside information is supervised teaching experience can be a this may not be appropriate for an introduc often difficult to resist. While it is helpful beneficial component of doctoral training tory lecture course. The title of "Professor" to consult a number of different sources (Prenctice-Dunn & Pickard, 1994), graduate is technically inaccurate (although many when preparing lectures (e.g., to devise students often recei ve Iittl e formal prepara undergraduates will use it, and it does sound multiple examples of concepts), it is very tion. What should you know as you prepare nice from the TNs perspective!). The easy to include too many details. Graduate to teach that first lecture course during easiest solution is to use the title of Mr. or study requires compulsive thoroughness; graduate school? Below are some tips to Ms., which is accurate and also helps foster effecti ve lecturing does not. A doctoral help sort things out. Though, by no means a spirit of professionalism in the classroom. defense may require brilliant articulation of is thi s an exhaustive attempt to prepare you The latter is especially important for design issues and flaws in dozens of forteaching. graduate student teachers, given the often obscure studies, but Introductory Psychol A number of texts on college teaching small age differences between students and ogy students often are not yet prepared to are currently available to the novice instructor. This reduced agedifference, in appreciate these kinds of issues. An instructor. A particularly useful source is combination with an unequal power McKeachie's (1994) classic, Teaching Tips, di stribution, can lead to real or perceived NOTEBOOK CONTIN UED ON PAG E 42 now in its ninth edition. McKeachie addresses every phase ofthe teaching Reminder: Travel Assistance to the APS Convention experience, ranging from the preparation of course objectives to assigning final grades. The APS Annual Convention offers students a chance to present research and Although a number of excellent teaching interact with colleagues while becoming familiar with current research in the field. The APS Student Travel Award provides limited assistance to students who wish to Attention StudentAffiliates attend this educational and professional event. Keep an eye out in future Observ Travel funds are available to both graduate and undergraduate students who ers for a great offer from Cedrus Cor will be presenting research at the conference and who demonstrate financial need. poration, which will make SuperLab, Those chosen to receive travel assistance are asked to volunteer some of their time its experimen t generator, a vailable to to help with registration, the job bank, or the combined book exhibit at the conven APS Student Affiliates for only $85 tion. Awards consist of$125 cash to help defray the cost of travel to the conven (plus shipping and handling). Thisis tion. To request an application please write to: an 82 percent discount over the al Deana Julka • Dept. of Psychology ready discounted educational price Univ. of Notre Dame. Notre Dame, IN 46556. deana.julka. [email protected] of this powerful and expandable ex p erimental laboratory tool. Stay Completed applications must be received by March 19, 1996. tuned . . . You must be an APS student affiliate to apply. APS OBSERVER March 1997 American PsycJlOlogical Society - APSSC Chapter of the Year YlPSSC Officers .1996-1997 Each Executi ve Council member (see below) welcomes students and others to Competition contact them about any concerns relevant to the member's respective office. ach year, the Executive Council of the APS Student Caucus holds the Chapter of the Year Award Competition. In an attempt to recognize the efforts of excep Executive Council tional chapters and encourage growth of local chapters, the APSSC presents an E President award to the local chapter that has demonstrated the highest achievement and student Nikki C. Scarberry participation over the past year. The local chapter selected as the Chapter of the Year Department of Psychology will receive a $200 cash award, as well as recognition in the Ohsen.er and the APSSC Texas Christian Univ. Chapter web page. The Chapter of the Year award will be formally presented to a Fort Worth, TX 76129 Tel.: (817) 92t-7414 representative of the winning chapter at the 1997 Annual Convention in Washington, Fax: (817) 921-7t 10 DC. [email protected] To qualify for the Chapter of the Year Award, we ask th at each chapter, through its Graduate Advocate faculty advisor and chapter officers, submit a report summari zing the chapter's activities Susan R. Perry over the past year (spring, summer, and fall of 1996 as well as the early part of this Department of Psychology semester). The Executive Council will use the information provided in each report to Kent State Univ. select one outstanding chapter for the year. Thi s information will also allow us to gain a Kent. OH 44242 Tel.: (330) 672-2166 better understanding of what local chapters have been doing, update our current records Fax: (330) 672-3786 for each chapter, and encourage the growth and development of other local chapters. SPERRY [email protected] This report is mandatory for all APSSC chapters. By submitting thi s report, you Undergraduate Advocate are not only helping the APSSC keep updated records on your chapter and its activities, David Bohn but you are also helping your chapter get some well-deserved national recognition. Box 252 Basic information from these reports will also be used to update the web page of local Cornell College chapters. The APSSC web pages have been receiving a great deal of exposure and thi s Mt. Vernon , IA 52314 Tel. : (319) 895-5374 is a good opportunity for your chapter to shine. DBOHN @CORNELL-IOWA.EDU You can submit yourchapterreport by mailing (email or postal) your typed report to: Communications Director John J. Jewell John G. Jewell. Communications Director, APSSC. Chapterofthe Year Competition Department of Psychology Department of Psychology . Kent State University. Kent, OR 44242-000 I Kent State Univ. Email: [email protected] Kent, OH 44242 Tel.: (330) 672-2166 Each report must be received no later than April 22. Any reports received after this Fax: (330) 672-3786 date (either by mail or email) will not be eligible for the Chapter of the Year Competi [email protected] tion but will be used to help update our fil es. If you have any questions about the report, EMCCChair contact John Jewell at 330-672-7834 or by email at jjewell @kent.edu. Mary Jo Nelum-Hart Univ. of Pittsburgh 3939 O'Hara Street 601 LRDC Pittsburgh, PA t5260 What to include in the Chapter Report Tel.: (4t2) 624-7076 Fax: (412) 624-9 149 1. The name of your college or university. MARY @LRDC2. LRDC.PIlT.EDU 2. The physical address of your psychology department. Volunteer Coordinator 3. The name ofthe faculty advisor of your chapter. Deana Julka 18C O'hara ~Grace 4. The email address of your faculty advisor. Notre Dame, IN 46556 5. A list of your chapter officers and their email addresses. Tel.: (219)634-3144 6. A list of your ac tive members. [email protected] 7. The URL (web address) of your college or university's mai n web page. Student Notebook Editor 8. The URL of the main web page fo r your psychology department. Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton 9. The URLofthe web pages of your faculty advisor and chapter officers (if available). c/o Psychology Department 10. Yourchapter's philosophy/mission statement. 406 Schermerhorn Hall Columbia Univ. 11 . The number of meetings that are held each semester. New York, NY 10027-7131 12. The number of members that generall y attend you meetings. Tel.: (2 12) 854-8166 13. A brief description of the topics/issues discussed at your meetings. Fax: (212) 854-7004 14. Fundraisi ngactivities (if any). RODOLFO @PSYCH.COLUMBlA.EDU 15 . Recruitment andiorpromotional activities (if any). Past President 16. A list of other activities sponsored or organized by your chapter and a brief description. Christopher D. Ratcliff Department of Psychology 17. Any other information that you think would be helpful/useful (feel free to talk your Texas Christian Univ. chapterup). Fort Worth, TX 76 t 29 18. Any supportive materials you have used for advertisement, fundraisers, promotions, etc. Tel.: (817) 921 -7414 Fax: (817)921-7 110 [email protected] APS OBSERVER March 1997 - American Psychological Society Notebook FROM PREVIOUS PAGE 40 periods, but this rarely occurs at the A LETTER FROM . . . expense of teacher ratings. Graduate b effecti ve instructor makes difficult but students preparing to enter a competitive The Student Notebook Editor thoughtful decisions conceming what job market cannot afford even one semester material to present, rather than attempting to of pooreva luations. Generally, students The Student Notebook is a section qualify each statement or detail every appreciate a graduate student instructor of the APS Observer dedicated solely position on a topic. who (a) is enthusiastic, (b) appears acces to APS's student affiliates, whose The second pitfall is not alloting enough sible, and (c) encourages questions and needs and concerns are unique from time for course preparation. Graduate those of other APS members. As such, interaction. these pages are of the students, by the students are notoriously overworked, and Teaching any lecture course for the students, and for the students. priorities must be established. Make no first time poses a unique set of challenges mistake, teaching any course for the first for graduate students. Increasing numbers A Notebook of the Students time is labor intensive. Moreover, a lack of of doctoral students are learning valuable We want student affiliates to feel preparation becomes immediately apparent lessons through this onerous enterprise. like the Notebook is your space. The APS Student Council and [ hope you to students (and instructor) very quickly The points outlined above represent a first feel you can turn to the Notebook for once a lecture begins. Even several pages of attempt to make some of these issues information and interesting. relevant carefully crafted lecture notes are oflittle explicit. But as more graduate students articles. Moreover, we hope the value unless they are reviewed and revised continue to accept teaching responsibilities. Notebook fosters a feeling that you can before delivery. What seems logical, perhaps they will share their experiences confidently rely on the APSSC officers cohesive, and important sitting at a computer and insights in a widely read public forum as your representatives within the the night before class often appears less so such as the Student Notebook. organization. when examined the next morning. Effective A Notebook by the Students examples and illustrations characterize a References well-prepared presentation. [n contrast to An emphasis is placed on encour Bernstein, DA (1994, July/Aug.). Tell and aging student contributions to the excruciating technical details, unusual show: The merits of classroom demonstra Student Notebook. We currently stories or examples are nearly always well tions. APS Observer, VoL 7, No.4, pp. 24- include pieces, written by students or received by students. 25, 37. recent PhDs, relating to finding a job Blevins-Knabe, B. (1992). The ethi cs of dual relationships in higher education. Ethics in academia, getting through graduate Ratings alldBehavior,2, 151-163. school, and other topics important to Since graduate student instructors PhDs-to-be. This has the added Davis, B.G. (1993). Tools/or teachillg. San generally join the academic job market soon advantage of making the tone and style Francisco: Jossey- Bass. Keith-Spiegel, P. (Sept. 1994). Ethically Risky of the Student Notebook more student after teaching their first course, the impor Situations Between Students andProfes friendly. tance of student reviews is paramount. Fortunately, a number of studies have shown sors Outside the Classroom. APS Observer, VoL 7, No.5, pp. 24-25, 29. A Notebookfor the Students no disadvantage for graduate students The goal of the Student Notebook Lumsden, E.A., Grossli ght, 1.H., Loveland, compared to full-time faculty in undergradu E.H., & Williams, J.E. (1988). Prepara is to provide an effective forum for ate ratings. Students tend to view faculty of tion of graduale students as classroom information on sources for funding. as teachers and supervisors in applied and well as resources and knowledge that higher rank as more knowledgeable about the subject matter, but instructors oflower research seltings. Teaching o/Psychology, will assist the student affiliate in 15, 5-9. pursuing his or her PhD. Feature rank are rated as more tolerant and helpful McKeachie, W. (1994). Teaching/ips: A articles explaining the nature and (Schuckman, 1990). Enthusiasm can be a gUidebook/or the begillning college availability of various resources strong advantage for a graduate student teacher (9th ed.). Lexington, MA: D. C. demystify these resources and bring teacher, especially given that nearly all class Heath. H them out of obscurity. Additionally, evaluations address this issue in some form. Schuckman, (1990). Students' perceptions useful phone numbers. web sites, and of faculty and graduate students as One should also attempt to be accessible. classroom teachers. Teaching o!PsyclJOl· email addresses are regular fare. Schedule a variety of times for office hours, ogy, 17, 162-165. Reminding our readers of our and actually be there during those times. availability, reporting on our duties, One strategy for increasing student William L. Kelemen is currently and encouraging interaction are all ratings is to encourage interaction. Introduc a doctoral candidate and done through the Student Notebook, tory Psychology classes are especially well Visiting Lecturer at Baylor and we encourage your involvement. suited for this, and student participation can University. Correspondence Get in touch with us, or catch up with be achieved in a number of ways. Bernstein concerning this article should us in May in Washington, DC! (1994) provides an excellent discussion of be addressed to William L. effective class demonstrations and provides Kelemen, Department of RODOLFO MENDOZA-DENTON a number of useful references. Student Psychology and Neuroscience, EDITOR, STUDENT NOTEBOOK Box 97334, Baylor University, interaction and questions can reduce the Waco, TX 76798. E-mail: amount of information presented in class [email protected]. APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Society Organizational Profile - PSYChoNeuio~~munology Research Society Origins and Purpose OFFICERS The PsychoNeurolmmun President Suzanne Felten, Univ. of Rochester ology Research Society President-Elect George Solomon, Univ. ofCalifomia-ws Angeles (PNIRS) was incorporated Past-President Bruce Rabin, Univ. of Pittsburgh in April of 1993 to promote SecrelCllylTreasurer Keith W. Kelley, Univ. of JIlinois the study of interrelation COUNCIL ships among behavioral, Christopher Coe Nicholas Cohen Robert Dantzer neural, endocrine and im Univ. of Wisconsin Univ. of Rochester lNRA-1NSERM Michael lrwin Mark Laudenslager Donald Lysle mune processes and to en VA Medical Cellfer-SnllDiego Univ. of Colorado Un;\,. of North Carolina courage collaborations Steven Maier Virginia Sanders John Sheridan among immunologists, neu Univ. of Colorado Loyola U"iv.-Chicago Ohio Stale Univ. roscientists, clinicians, and behavioral psychologists. BACKGROUND Membership There is increasing scientific interest in the multidisciplinary research area frequently identified as psychoneuroimmunology. It is now apparent that behavioral and psychological PNIRS is an international factors modify the function of the immune system and can influence health. For example, society with approxirnately susceptibility to viral infections, activation oflatent viruses, relapses and remissions in 320 mernbers from a wide patients with autoimmune diseases, and the course of disease and susceptibility to secondary infections in HIV -positive individuals have all been shown to be influenced by interactions disciplines includ range of among behavior, nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system. ing immunology, neuro Stress and other behavioral and psychological factors may be linked to disease suscepti science, endocrinology, bility and progression through directCNS-immune system links or through CNS-endocrine pharmacology, psychiatry immune system pathways. It is also apparent that thi s interaction is bi-directional, since and psychology. Member cells of the immune system are capable of producing both cytokine and endocrine hor mones, which influence the function of the CNS. ship is open to students and Behavioral and psychological factors affecting the susceptibility to infection and the professionals with an inter progression of disease, including the susceptibility to HIV infection and the development of est in PNI research. Annual AIDS, has become an importantconcem of investigators within the fields of psychology, dues are $75 for full mem neurobiology, and immunology. Understanding how such behavioral and psychological bership and $15 for trainee effects are mediated requires integration of anumberof scientific fi elds, including behavior. neurobiology, endocrinology. molecular biology. and immunology, each with its own set of membership. Application for technical approacbes, its own model systems, its own language, and its own biases. Suc membership may be ob cessful research requires collaborations between immunologists, neuroscientists, molecular tained by contacting the biologists, clinicians, and health psychologists. PNIRS Administration Office The PNIRS annual meeting facilitates such collaborations by addressing scientific (see contact below). problems of mutual interest. Perspectives inPsychoneuroimmunology (PPN1) was estab lished as an annual meeting to provide a foromfor interaction among scientists working within the various subspecialties that comprise psychoneuroimmunology. The next meeting, in Boulder, Colorado, 1une4-8, 1997, is the seventh of a series of conferences The ' Organizational Profile." a devoted entirely to gai ning a better understanding of the mechani sms of communication regular feature of the APS Ob between the brain and the immune system and their relevance to health. Bringing together server, informs the research com the majority of investigators in psychoneuroimmun- munity obout organiza~ons de ology research provides for an interchange of new voted to serving psychological ideas and research strategies and further improvement Contact: scientists and academics. It is ofthequalityofresearchinpsychoneuroinununology. PNIRS difficult for anyone to keep abreast The scientific program will feature a guest UniversityofDlinois-Urbana-Champaign of the various organizations of lecturer, symposia, and poster presentations. Travel potential personal interest. This awards are given to encourage student participation. 212EdwardR.MadiganLab 120 I W. Gregory section should help in that task. Contact the Administration Office via email Urbana,IL61801 The Editor welcomes your sugges ([email protected])orSuzanneFelten Tel: 21 7-244-3 156;Fax: 217-244-5617 tions as to organizations warranting tel.: 716-442-2030. coverage. [email protected] APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psyc1iOlogica/ Society • "The Challenge for Applied Psychology: Bridging the Millennia." The Congress will Announcements feature individual and group presentations on: organization psychology; psychological evaluation and assessment; psychology and SERVICES national development; educational, instruc The ]oumal of Group Psychotherapy, tional, and school psychology; clinical and I'LL BRING OUT THE BEST IN YOUR Psychodrama & Sociometry is published in community psychology; applied gerontology; BOOK OR PAPER. Perceptive editing for cooperation with the American Society of health psychology; economic psychology; style, flow, clarity. Expert at adapting Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama. psychology and law; political psychology; scholarly writing to general audiences. More Manuscript submissions that would be spon psychology; traffic and transportation than 20 years of experience. Karen Feinberg. appropriate for these specific areas of psychology; and other areas such as applied (513) 542-8328 (Cincinnati); E-mail: psychology are welcome. Manuscripts should social applied developmental, human factors 73732.1064@ compuserve.com. deal with the application of group psycho and ergonomics, and social issues. Submis therapy, psychodrama, sociometry, role sions for presentalion at the International DISSERTATION COMPLETION CON playing, life-skins training, and other action Congress are due May 1. Contact the SULTING: Individualized program assists methods for the fields of psychotherapy, Congress Secretariat, APA Office of Interna wiLb all aspects of dissertation and thesis counseling, and education. Preference will be tional Affairs, 750 First Street, NE, Washing research. By phone, by FAX. by mail, or in given to articles dealing with experimental ton, DC 20002-4242; fax: 202-336-5959; person. Write: The Information Center, research and empirical studies. Contact: email: [email protected]. Dissertation Completion Project, 11036 Helen Kress, Managing Editor, Journal of Ironwood Rd ., San Diego, CA 92131, or call Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama and 1998 World Congress of Behavioral and "toll-free" 1-(888) 463-6999. Sociometry, Heldref Publications, 1319 18th Cognitive Therapies-Acapulco, Mexico- St., NW, Washington, DC 20036-1802. July 21-26, 1998. The theme for the confer OUT OF PRINT PSYCHOLOGY BOOKS: ence is "Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies We have a selected stock of over 20,000 7th Annual International Conference of The Response to Global Challenges." Submis recent, used and rare psychology titles. OUf Society ror Chaos in Psychology & Life sions should reflect the critical role of holdings include experiemental, clinical, Sciences--July 31- Aug. 3, 1997--Marquette cognitive and behavior therapies in the industrial, and historical works with subject University, Milwaukee, WI. This conference assessment, treatmenl, and prevention of a specialties such as developmental, social, concerns itself with the application of chaos wide variety of world problems. The physiological, psychometric, and epistemo theory, complex systems theory, fractals, Scientific CommiLlee is seeking proposals in logical studies. Our current catalog, listing nonlinear dynamics and related principles areas such as behavioral medicine, cognitive about 600 titles, provides access to hard to applied to any of the various psychological psychology, health psychology, applied find classics in the field. To receive our subdisciplines, neum-science, biology, behavior analysis, etc., from psychology and current catalog send $1.00 to: The Book Bear, physiology and other areas of medical research, related professions (psychiatry, nursing, social Box 663, Dept.s, West Brookfield, MA economics, sociology, anthropology. physics. work, etc.) for symposia, workshops, open 01585. political science, organizations and their papers and poster sessions for inclusion in lhe management, other business applications, Scientific Program. Proposals must be The full text of the Progress Report in education, art, philosophy, and literature. received Oct. 30, 1997. Contact: WCBCT'98 Alzheimer's Disease, 1996, is available on Papers may be submitted to any of the Program Committee, Apartado Postal 22-2 11 , the Internet at http://www.alzheimers.orgl following sessions: Foundations and Philoso 14091 Tlalpan, Mexico D.F., Mexico City, adear. The report highlights studies examin phy, Cognition, Perception and Psychophysics, Mexico; tel.: 525-606-7720 or 525-622-2332; ing Alzheimer's Disease, funded by the Clinical, Organizations and Economics, Theory fax : 525-665-5228; email: WCBCf98@ National Institue on Aging and other parts of and Methodology. Authors should submit a posgrado.psicol.unam.mx or Iher@servidor the National Institutes of Health. Single print 200 word abstract to the adress below by the .unam.fiX. Http://posgrado.psico1.unam.mx/ copies are available at no charge by calling the submission deadline of APRIL 30, 1997. WCBCT98. Alzheimer's Di sease Education and Referral Contact William Sulis, M.D. Ph.D., 255 Center at 800-438-4380. Townline Rd. E., RR5, Cayuga, Ontario, Canada, NOA I EO; email: sulisw@mcmail RESEARCH SUPPORT CALLS FOR PAPERS .cis.mcmaster.ca; fax : 905-521-7948. The National Institute of Mental Health Behavioral Sciences and the Law will devote International Society for the Advancement Office on AIDS (NIMH OA) supports a special issue to Families and the Courts. of Respiratory Psychophysiology research on the development of effective HIV Potential contributions can focus on any (ISARP)-Oct. 13-15, 1997-Cape Cod, prevention and risk reduction interventions relevant topic; however, we especially are MA. The fourth annual meeting of ISARP and on the effects of HIV - Ion the central interested in manuscripts that address issues will be held as a satellite meeting to the 37lh nervous system. In addition to traditional relevant to service delivery to children and annual meeting of the Society for Psycho research suppon mechanisms, the NIMH OA their families who become in volved with the physiological Research. Programs will sponsors two AIDS research programs jUdiciary. Deadline: Sept. I , 1997 . Submis include workshops, clinical sessions, and designed for the R&D funding needs of small sions should follow AP A style. Submissions invited addresses as wen as symposia, businesses: Small Business Innovation must contain a ISO-word abstract. Send three structured panels, and papers communicating Research (S BIR) Program and Small Business copies (two of which need to be prepared so original research fmdings from either basic or Technology Transfer (STIR) Program. that they can be "blind-reviewed") to either of clinical investigations relevant to the psychol Through these programs, NIMH OA seeks to the special issue editors: Alan Tomkins, Univ. ogy of breathing and the pSYChophysiology of foster development of innovative technolo of Nebraska-Lincoln, LawlPsychology respiration. Deadline: June 3D, 1997. gies, methodologies, products, or services that Program, 209 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, NE Contact: Lawrence M. Schleifer, Program have commercial potential in four general 68588-0308; tel: 402-472-3743; fax: 402-472- Chair, 10838 Antigua Terrace, # t03, areas: (1) Behavior Change and Prevention 4637; e-mail: [email protected]. Or Roc~-v ill e, MD 20852; tel.: 202-535-4221, Strategies to Reduce HIV Transmission; (2) contact Pam Casey, National Center for State x3038; fax: 202-535-5445. H1V- J Infection and the Central Nervous Courts, PO Box 8798, 300 Newport Ave., System; (3) Neurobehavioral and Psychoso Williamsburg, VA 23187-8798; tel: 757-253- The 24th International Congress of Applied cial Issues in HJV; and (4) Delivery of AIDS 2000; fax: 757-220-0449; e-mail: Psychology-8an Francisco, CA-August Mental Health Services. The FY97 budget for [email protected]. 9·14, 1998. The theme of the Congress is these programs is approximately $2 million. APS OBSERVER March 1997 American Psychological Soder)' For more information, contact Walter and Fulbright seminars for international of Scholars, 3007 Tilden St. , NW, Sle. 5M, Goldschmidts, Office on AIDS, National education and acadenlic administrators (Nov. Box GNEWS, Washinglon, DC 20008-3009. Institute of Mental Health, 5600 Fishers Lane, I). Contact: USIA Fulbright Senior Scholar Tel. : 202~686~7877; e ~ mail : ciesl@ciesnet Room 10-75, Rockville, MD 20857; tel.: 301 - Program, Council for International Exchange .cies.org; web page: http://www.cies.org. 443-7281; fax: 301-443-9719; e-mail [email protected]. The Henry A. Murray Research Center at Radcliffe College is accepting applications for two research programs. Human Develop~ ment and Gender Issues: Applications for JQAB d4ssertation awards for research in human development and gender differences, which Society for the Quantitative Analyses of Behavior draws on center data. Deadline: April 1. Human Development and Social Change: Radcliffe Research Supports Program JQAB holds its annual meeting in conjunction with ABA, applications for postdoctoral research drawing this year at the Sheraton Chicago Hotel on Thursday and on the center's data resources. Deadline: Friday, May 22-23,1997. Talks focus on the development ApriL 15. For both programs, contact: The Henry A. Murray Research Center, Radcliffe and use of mathematical formulations to characterize College, 10 Garden St., Cambridge, MA behavior. 02138; 617-495-8140; e-mail : mrc@radcliffe This year presentations will be given by Rachlin, Hursh .edu; web page: hup://www.radcliffe.edu/ & Winger, Belke, Stojanov, Kubota, Collier, Shimp, murray. Fremouw & Herbranson, Bitterman & Couvillon, Myerson 1998-99 Fulbright Awards for Faculty and & Green, Case, Jones & Davison, Luce, Lau & Falk, Professionals. Opportunities for lecturing or Newland & Reile. JQAB is also sponsoring Preeminent advanced research in over 135 countries are Tutorials by Hineline, Townsend, Fantino, and Heyman. available to college and university faculty and professionals outside academe. US cirizen ~ Registration fees will be waived for students prsenting ship and the PhD or comparable professional quantitative papers or posters at ABA or JQAB. Visit our qu abfications required. For lecturing awards, web page for abstracts and additional information. For university or college teaching experience is expected. Foreign language skills are needed poster submissions, contact: for some countries, but most lecturing William L. Palya, fQAJ3 Program Chair assignments are in English. Deadline: August Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AI. 36265 I, 1997. Other deadlines are in place for http://jsucc.jsu.edulpsychology/sqab.html special programs: distinguished Fulbright [email protected] 205-782-5641 (voice) 205-782-5680 (fax) chairs in Western Europe and Canada (May 1) Call for Papers THE KENNETH E. CLARK RESEARCB A WARD The Center for Creative Leadership is sponsoring the Kenneth E. Clark Research Award - one for best undergraduate paper, and one for best graduate paper. This is part of our annual competition to recognize outstanding unpublished papers by undergraduate and graduate students. The award is named in honor of the distinguished scholar and fonner Chief Executive Officer of the Center. The winners of these awards will receive a prize of $ 1,500 and a trip to the Center to present the papers in a colloquium. The Center also will assist the authors in publishing their work in the Leadership Quarterly journal. Submissions may be either empirically or conceptually based. Non-traditional and rnulti~di sciplinary approaches to leadership research are welcomed. The theme for the 1997 award is ''The Dynamics and Contexts of Leadership," which includes issues such as: (a) leadership during times of rapid change, (b) cross cultural issues in leadership. (c) leadership in team settings, (d) leadership for quality organizations, (e) meta ~s tudies or comparative studies of leadership models , (f) other innovative or unexplored perspectives of leadership. Submissions will be judged by the following criteria: ( I) The degree to which the paper addresses issues and trends that are significant to the study of leadership; (2) Theextent to which the paper shows consideration of the relevant theoretical and empirical literature; (3) Tbedegrce to which the paper develops implications for research into the dynamics and contexts ofleadership; (4) The extent to which the paper makes aconceptual or empirical contribution; (5) The implications of theresearch for application to leadership identification and developmenl. Papers will be reviewed anonymously by a panel of researchers associated with the Center. Papers must be authored and submitted only by graduate or undergraduate student s. Center staff and submissions to other Center awards are ineligible. Entrants must provide a letter from a faculty member certifying that the paper was wrilten by a student, and stating the nature of the student's status (i.e., undergraduate or graduate). Entrants should submit four copies of an article ~ length paper. Electronic submissions will not be accepted. The name of the author(s) shoujd appear only on the title page of the paper, The title page should al so show the authors' affiliations, mailing addresses and telephone numbers. and also indicate whether it is for graduate or undergraduate award category. Papers are limited to 20 double~s paced pages. including title page, abstract, tables, figures, notes, and references. Papers should be prepared according to the current edition of the Publicatiml Manual of the American Psychological Associatioll. In the absence of papers deemed deserving oflhe awards, the awards may be withheld. Entries (accompanied by faculty letters) must be received by August 29,1997. Winning papers will be announced by October 31, 1997. Entries should be submitted to : Walter Tornow . Vice President, Research and Publication Cenler for Creative Leadership. One Leadership Place . PO Box 26300 • Greensboro. NC 27438-6300 APS OBSERVER March 1997 - Americall Psychological Society