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Marriage and Wife Welfare in West Africa Rozenn Hotte

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Marriage and Wife Welfare in West Africa Rozenn Hotte Marriage and Wife Welfare in West Africa Rozenn Hotte To cite this version: Rozenn Hotte. Marriage and Wife Welfare in West Africa. Economics and Finance. Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2019. English. NNT : 2019PSLEH001. tel-03168271 HAL Id: tel-03168271 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03168271 Submitted on 12 Mar 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Préparée à l’Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales Mariage et bien-être des femmes en Afrique de l’Ouest Soutenue par Composition du jury : Rozenn HOTTE Le 21 mai 2019 Richard, AKRESH Professeur, University of Illinois Rapporteur Luc, BEHAGHEL Directeur de recherche, Ecole d’économie de Paris Examinateur Ecole doctorale n° 465 Catherine, GUIRKINGER Economie Panthéon Professeur, Université de Namur Rapporteur Sorbonne Sylvie, LAMBERT Directeur de recherche, Ecole d’économie de Paris Directeur de thèse Roberta, ZIPARO Maître de Conférences, Université d’Aix-Marseille Examinateur Spécialité Sciences Economiques Remerciements-Acknowledgement Je remercie d’abord ma directrice de thèse Sylvie Lambert, pour m’avoir fait connaître l’économie du développement en master et pour avoir facilité ma découverte de ce champs. Ta passion et ton enthousiasme, ainsi que tes multiples idées, m’ont donné goût à la recherche et ont orienté mes choix professionnels. Je te remercie aussi pour ta rigueur et ta précision, aussi bien sur le fonds, que sur la forme, qui m’ont fait progresser à ces deux niveaux. J’admire plus générale- ment ton engagement désinteressé dans la recherche. Le fait notamment que tu ne réfléchisses pas en termes de choix payants ou peu risqués, mais que tu orientes ta recherche en fonction de problèmes qui te semblent majeurs, quelqu’en soit le risque. Merci aussi pour l’accès aux données PSF. Je te remercie aussi enfin beaucoup pour ton soutien dans les moments de dé- couragement. Je remercie aussi Luc Behaghel, qui a suivi mon travail au cours de ces années, pour ses sug- gestions, ses conseils et son accompagnement. Je remercie aussi Richard Akresh et Catherine Gurkinger pour leurs précieux commentaires qui m’ont permis d’améliorer le contenu, et pour leur regard extérieur. Merci aussi à Roberta Ziparo d’avoir accepté de faire partie de ce jury, j’en suis enchantée. Plus largement, je tiens à remercier tous les chercheurs, juniors et seniors, qui ont assisté aux séminaires et nous ont donné des suggestions. Je remercie plus particulièrement le groupe développement de PSE et Andrew Clark, Denis Cogneau, Philippe de Vreyer, Fabrice Ettile, Laurent Gobillon, Marc Gurgand, Marie Laclau, Marion Leturcq, David Margolis et Liam Wren-Lewis. Je remercie aussi les chercheurs rencontrés lors de séminaires à l’extérieur ainsi que Wendy Janssens qui m’a invitée à la Vrije Universität à Amsterdam. Merci à mes coauteures (autres que Sylvie, que j’ai déjà remerciée). Je pense en premier lieu à Karine avec qui j’ai arpenté Dakar et certaines de ses banlieues. Merci Karine de m’avoir fait intégrer tant de projets si intéressants, de m’avoir accompagnée pendant tous ces séjours sur le terrain. Plus généralement, tes nombreuses idées et ta passion provoquent l’admiration et sont communicatives. J’ai énormément appris en travaillant avec toi, en termes d’entretiens qualitatifs, mais aussi beaucoup au cours du travail quantitatif, en analyse de données et en rédaction, étant très débutante au début de notre collaboration. Je remercie aussi les enquêteurs qui ont travaillé avec nous au Sénégal, et notamment Ablaye et Astou. Je remercie aussi Sarah. Merci à toi encore pour tes idées, ta précision et ta rédaction. C’était un plaisir d’échanger avec toi sur ce papier, et j’espère que nous aurons l’occasion de travailler à nouveau ensemble. Enfin, même si nos travaux communs ne font pas partie de cette thèse (et ne sont d’ailleurs pas finis), merci à Juliette, pour son engagement, son sérieux, sa rigueur et ses idées. Merci d’avoir continué à travailler sur l’article, alors même que j’étais très occupée en cette fin de thèse. iii Pour le financement de la thèse, merci à l’ENS Lyon, l’EHESS et Paris Sorbonne. Merci à Claudia Senik pour m’avoir donné l’opportunité d’enseigner auprès d’elle. Merci au person- nel administratif, et plus particulièrement à Radja Aroquiaradja, Stephane Brice, Marie Font, Sébastien Font, Véronique Guillotin, Béatrice Havet, Eliane Madeleine et José Sastre. Merci à Kenneth et Yannick, pour leur soutien et leur aide en ce début de thèse qui était difficile. Merci à Marie et Pauline. Un grand merci à Paola, pour tous tes conseils et ton aide en matière de recherche, pour toutes tes relectures: j’ai aussi beaucoup appris grâce à toi! Merci aussi de m’avoir constamment soutenue et rassurée, et d’avoir éclairé mon quotidien. Merci à Adrien, Christina, Laura et Marco. Mes remerciements vont surtout au bureau R6-01, dont beaucoup de membres ont déjà été citées, mais pas encore Lisa. Merci pour toutes vos suggestions de recherche, pour toute votre aide quant aux mails à envoyer en anglais (et en français) et pour les lettres de motivation. Merci plus généralement pour m’avoir soutenue dans cette dernière année particulièrement pénible et de m’avoir fait prendre confiance en moi. Yasmine, merci de m’avoir fait entrer dans ce nouveau domaine qu’est l’économie de l’éducation. Un grand merci aussi pour m’avoir appris à affronter les problèmes plutôt qu’à les subir. Merci d’avoir travaillé avec moi l’économie, mais aussi l’arabe et la danse... Une des grandes joies de cette thèse réside dans le fait de t’avoir rencontrée. Je tiens aussi à remercier Cyril et Melissa, pour avoir apporté un souffle d’air frais dans les locaux de PSE, loin de considerations économétriques en tout genre. Merci enfin à tous mes amis de PSE (et j’en oublie sûrement, je suis désolée par avance): Andrea, Alessandro, Alexandre, Asma, Aurélie, Bassirou, Brice, Clara, Clément, Cristina, Elias, Fanny, Hélène, Juni, Léo, Malka, Marianne, Marco R., Marion, Mattea, Nathalie, Nolwenn, Oscar, Paul B., Paul D., Pepe, Quentin, Sasha, Simon B., Simon R. et Thomas... Je tiens à remercier ma famille. Merci à mes parents, dont la curiosité intellectuelle n’est pas pour rien dans la voie que j’ai choisie. Je remercie aussi ma grand-mère. Merci à Edern, Wen et Loeïza pour leur humour et leur constant soutien. Merci aussi à Isabelle et Frédéric. Je remercie mes amis de lycée, de prépa, de master, de Lyon, d’Istanbul et d’ailleurs. Un merci plus particulier à Bao, Blandine, Flore et Raphaël. Merci à Alicia, Ivan et Guillaume. Merci à Gwenaëlle, Emmy-Lou et Marie. Et évidemment, merci à Léa, Bénédicte, Sophie et Myriam. Une pensée spéciale pour Charlotte et son suivi hebdomadaire. Enfin, bien sûr merci à Kévin qui maintenant, connaît parfaitement la différence entre cousins croisés et cousins parallèles. Merci de m’avoir soutenue et encouragée pendant cette thèse. Merci pour tes relectures. Merci surtout pour ta générosité. Abstract En Afrique de l’Ouest, le mariage est une institution sociale majeure. Au Sénégal par exemple, en 2006, près de 90% des femmes de plus de 25 ans ont un jour été mariées. C’est aussi un bouleversement important dans la vie quotidienne, surtout pour la mariée qui, dans la plu- part des cas, quitte le foyer dans lequel elle a grandi. Une autre caractéristique importante du mariage en Afrique de l’Ouest est qu’il implique un grand nombre d’acteurs : non seulement le couple mais aussi leurs parents et la famille étendue. La cérémonie se caractérise en outre par d’importants échanges financiers, entre différentes personnes : les époux eux-mêmes, mais aussi leurs familles respectives. Ces différentes caractéristiques peuvent être étudiées en regard de leur lien avec le bien-être des femmes au sein de leur ménage. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’ajouter à l’étude du sujet. Dans le premier chapitre, nous nous demandons si les parents sont incités à marier leurs en- fants à un membre de la famille afin de mieux s’assurer contre les chocs de revenu idiosyn- cratiques défavorables. A partir des données originales d’un panel de ménages recueillies au Sénégal en 2006/2007 et 2011/2012, nous constatons que le mariage intrafamilial des filles aide le ménage de leurs parents à mieux lisser la consommation alimentaire lorsqu’un parent est tombé malade, notamment parce que ces ménages reçoivent relativement plus de transferts. Nos résultats indiquent que la demande d’assurance des parents peut expliquer en partie le mariage endogame de leur fille. Ils étendent la littérature sur les liens entre les décisions de mariage et la demande d’assurance. Le deuxième chapitre examine l’impact d’une politique éducative sur le bien-être des femmes au Bénin. Nous analysons l’impact d’une forte aug- mentation des constructions d’écoles dans les années 1990 dans ce pays sur la fréquentation de l’école primaire, l’âge au mariage et la tolérance à la violence conjugale (VPI). En utilisant une méthode de double différence et un modèle de régression sur "kink", nous constatons que le programme a augmenté la probabilité de fréquenter l’école primaire dans les zones rurales.
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