3.4 Knowledge Representation
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THÈSE Pour l’obtention du grade de DOCTEUR de l’UNIVERSITÉ DE TECHNOLOGIE DE TROYES Spécialité: Systèmes Socio Techniques (SST) Equipe de Tech-CICO Présentée et soutenue par Amer EZOJI le 10 Septembre 2019 DOTK: territorial ontology as a tool to help the industries for sustainable development JURY Laurent GENESTE Professeur des universités à l’ENIT Rapporteur Davy MONTICOLO Maître de conférence-HDR à l’ENSGSI Rapporteur Junbeum KIM Professeur associé à l’UTT Examinateur Andrea RAGGI Professore ordinario à l’Università degli Studi G.d’Annunzio Examinateur Nada MATTA Professeure de l’UTT-HDR Directrice de thèse DOTK: territorial ontology as a tool to help the industries for sustainable development Abstract : The growing attention given to sustainable development is encouraging companies to integrate sustainability issues into their activities. To increase the performance of this integration, sustainable aspects should be embedded at all corporate hierarchical levels (strategy, tactic & operation). Regarding the increasing role of the territorial resources, lack of knowledge about the territory’s feature is a barrier to searching the possible concepts for sustainability’s goal. The aim of carried out research in this thesis is to help the hierarchical level in order to increase their knowledge about their territorial resources to integrate this knowledge into their activities for sustainability. For this purpose, territorial ontologies can facilitate territorial knowledge sharing and increase sustainable performances. So, a Descriptive Ontology for Territorial Knowledge (DOTK) is proposed. Then, DOTK ontology is applied in a real case to identify the resources of specific territory. Moreover, it is demonstrated which entities of DOTK can extract the resources of each territory to help sustainable development of industries and territory. We also addressed a semantic graph of the relationship between entities of DOTK ontology. The final contribution of this thesis consists of the validation of application ontology of DOTK via the interview by organizations through the definition of three use cases scenario. Keywords: ontology, sustainable development, industrial organization, national territory. Résumé: L’attention croissante accordée au développement durable encourage les entreprises à intégrer les questions de durabilité dans leurs activités. Pour accroître la performance de cette intégration, les aspects durables devraient être intégrés à tous les niveaux hiérarchiques de l’entreprise. En ce qui concerne le rôle croissant des ressources territoriales, le manque de connaissances sur les caractéristiques du territoire constitue un obstacle à la recherche des concepts possibles de durabilité. L’objectif de la recherche réalisé dans cette thèse est d’aider le niveau hiérarchique afin d’augmenter leurs connaissances sur leur ressource territoriale pour intégrer ces connaissances dans leurs activités de durabilité. À cette fin, les ontologies territoriales peuvent faciliter le partage des connaissances territoriales et augmenter les performances durables. Une ontologie descriptive de la connaissance territoriale (DOTK) est donc proposée. Ensuite, l’ontologie DOTK est appliquée dans un cas réel pour identifier les ressources d’un territoire spécifique afin de démontrer quel DOTK peut identifier les ressources de chaque territoire pour aider au développement durable des industries et des territoires. Nous avons également développé un graphe sémantique des relations entre les entités de l’ontologie DOTK. La contribution de cette thèse consiste à la validation de l’ontologie d’application de DOTK Troyes par des interviews avec des organisations de développement territoriaux, permettant de définir des scénarios d’utilisation. Mots clés : ontologie, développement durable, organisation industrielle, territoire national. II Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank the members of the jury who gave me the great honor to evaluate this thesis: Mr. Laurent GENESTE, professor at Ecole National d’Ingenieure de Tarbes, Mr. Davy MONTICOLO, associate professor at Ecole National Supérieure en Génie des systèms et de l’Innovation de Nancy, Mr. Andrea RAGGI, professor at University of degli Studi G.d’Annunzio, Mr. Junbeum KIM, associate professor at University of Technology of Troyes. I thank them so much for the time they have devoted to this research, despite all their responsibilities. My sincere thanks are also dedicated to my supervisor, professor Nada MATTA. I thank for the confidence she gave me through her agreement on my thesis supervision. Without her scientific guidance and constant feedbacks this Ph.D. would not have been achieved. I would also like to express my great thanks to the team of Tech-CICO of the University of Technology of Troyes for welcoming me to their team. I thank them again for their continuous accompanying, their constructive advice, and their valuable ideas proposed during which have been very useful in my research process. I am grateful to all my doctoral friends and other colleagues of Tech-CICO and CREIDD for their collaboration. All my thanks to my best friends for their support and encouragement, specially my friends in Troyes for the nice moments after work and scientific exchanges during my study which helped enriching my experience. I would also like to say a heartfelt thank to my parents for always believing in me and encouraging me to fallow my dreams. And finally to my dear wife, Ronak who has been by my side throughout this Ph.D., living every single minute of it, and without whom, I would not have had the courage to embark on this journey in the first place. It is obvious that without their supports, my success would not have been possible. III Abbreviations AI Artificial Intelligence BFO Basic Formal Ontology BSC Business Sud Chamapgne CAD Computer Aided Design CCI International Chamber of Commerce DOLCE Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering DOTK Descriptive Ontology of Territorial Knowledge GFO General Formal Ontology GIS Geographical Information System LOSI Laboratory of Optimization of Industrial Systems IC Intellectual capital ICT Information and Communication Technology IE Industrial Ecology ISO International Organization for Standardization IT Information Technology ITE Industrial and Territorial Ecology IUT University Institutes of Technology LCA Life Cycle Assessment NGO Non Governmental Organization PLM Product Lifecycle Management RLCA Regionalisation of Life Cycle Assessment PROTON PROTo Ontology SRADDET Regional Scheme of Planning, Sustainable Development and Territorial Equality SUMO Suggested Upper Merged Ontology TCAT Public Transport in the Agglomeration of Troyes TCM Troyes Champagne Metropole TM Text Mining UIMM Union of Metallurgies Industries UTT University of Technology of Troyes IV Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Problem formulation .................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Research questions and hypothesis ........................................................................................... 5 1.4 Thesis overview ........................................................................................................................... 7 2. Sustainability and territory ................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 10 2.2 Sustainability ............................................................................................................................ 10 2.2.1 How to achieve sustainability? .............................................................................................. 13 2.2.2 Definitions the five dimensions of sustainability ................................................................... 14 2.2.3 General problem ..................................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Industrial enterprise and territorial sphere ........................................................................... 16 2.4 Territory .................................................................................................................................... 16 2.4.1 A definition from geographical science ............................................................................... 17 2.4.2 An administrative definition of territory ................................................................................ 18 2.4.3 A definition from industry ................................................................................................... 18 2.4.4 A definition of territory adapting with real sustainability (5-dimensions) ............................ 18 2.5 Integration of sustainability into hierarchical corporate levels ........................................... 20 2.6 Considering of territory for sustainability in different researches ...................................... 22 2.7 Problem formulation ...............................................................................................................