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La Gestion Des Forêts Royales En Normandie À La Fin Du Moyen Âge Étude Du Coutumier D’Hector De Chartres

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La Gestion Des Forêts Royales En Normandie À La Fin Du Moyen Âge Étude Du Coutumier D’Hector De Chartres Université de Montréal La gestion des forêts royales en Normandie à la fin du Moyen Âge Étude du Coutumier d’Hector de Chartres par Danny Lake-Giguère Département d’histoire Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître ès Arts (M.A.) en histoire Décembre 2014 © Danny Lake-Giguère, 2014 i Résumé Au début du XVe siècle, les forêts domaniales devinrent un enjeu majeur dans les affaires du royaume de France. Gérées par l’administration des Eaux et Forêts, elles furent sur ordre du roi l’objet d’une surveillance particulière. L’étude du Coutumier d’Hector de Chartres, un registre du XVe siècle consignant les droits d’usage de centaines d’usagers des forêts du domaine normand de Charles VI, révèle la place que ces dernières occupaient dans la société en France dans les derniers siècles du Moyen Âge. D’une part, le Coutumier démontre qu’elles étaient non seulement importantes dans l’économie de la province mais qu’elles jouaient aussi un rôle essentiel dans la vie autant à la campagne que dans les villes. D’autre part, avec l’analyse des ordonnances forestières du XIVe siècle et du début du XVe siècle, il illustre comment elles furent d’une importance capitale pour le roi puisque ce dernier y prenait le bois nécessaire à la construction de sa marine et à l’entretien de ses forteresses normandes et qu’il en tirait d’importants revenus dans un contexte d’hostilités avec l’Angleterre. Ainsi, une relation de réciprocité bénéfique pour le roi et les usagers s’installa à travers un complexe système d’usages et de redevances. En cherchant à protéger ces bénéfices, les rois de France tentèrent de gérer adéquatement leurs forêts, établissant ainsi les jalons d’une foresterie durable tournée vers la préservation des ressources sylvicoles et se posant en gardiens du bien commun. Mots-clés : Coutumier, Hector de Chartres, Eaux et Forêts, Normandie, forêts, réformation, droits d’usage, gestion durable ii Abstract At the beginning of the XVth century, domanial forests became a major issue in the affairs of the kingdom of France. Managed by the Waters and Forests administration, they were put under close surveillance by the king’s decree. The study of Hector de Chartres’ customary, a XVth century register containing the customs of hundreds of users of Charles VI’s norman domain’s forests, reveals the place that they held in France at the end of the Middle Ages. It shows first that they were not only important in the province’s economic life but that they also played a major role in its urban and rural life. It also shows, with the analysis of a XIVth and XVth century corpus of royal ordonnances, how they were important for the king, who took there the ressources he needed to build a navy and maintain his fortresses in Normandy and who benefited from the users’ royalties. Thus, a complex relation which greatly benefited the two parties was created through a complex system of customs and royalties. By trying to protect these benefits, the kings of France tried to manage adequately their forests, establishing the bases of sustainable forestry oriented towards the conservation of forest ressources and acting as gardians of the kingdom’s common good. Key words : Coutumier, Hector de Chartres, Waters and Forests administration, Normandy, forests, reformation, customs, sustainable management iii Table des matières Liste des tableaux .......................................................................................................................... iv Remerciements ................................................................................................................................ v Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Les forêts médiévales : bref survol historiographique ..................................................................... 2 2. Objet d’étude : Les forêts normandes sous le règne de Charles VI ................................................ 8 3. Questionnements principaux et hypothèses ..................................................................................... 12 4. Les sources .......................................................................................................................................... 13 5. Les Eaux et Forêts : bref portrait d’une administration royale .................................................... 20 Premier chapitre – Les forêts royales, la vie et l’économie d’une province à la fin du Moyen Âge ................................................................................................................................................. 26 1. Le bois, materia prima du Moyen Âge .............................................................................................. 27 2. La forêt et l’équilibre agro-pastoral ................................................................................................. 37 3. La forêt providentielle et ses autres ressources ............................................................................... 40 4. L’importance des forêts domaniales en Normandie à la fin du Moyen Âge ................................ 45 Deuxième chapitre – Le roi et ses forêts normandes ................................................................. 47 1. La guerre de Cent Ans et les forêts normandes : le bois comme ressource militaire .................. 47 2. Le bois et les finances royales ............................................................................................................ 66 Troisième chapitre – La forêt au cœur des relations entre le roi et ses sujets ........................ 76 1. Servir le roi : la relation de réciprocité entre le roi et les usagers de ses forêts ........................... 76 2. La forêt, lieu d’affirmation de la potestas royale ............................................................................. 96 Quatrième chapitre – Conserver et gérer la forêt à la fin du Moyen Âge ............................ 105 1. Les enjeux de la foresterie médiévale ............................................................................................. 105 2. La politique de conservation des forêts royales ............................................................................. 114 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 122 Annexe 1 – Notice biographique sur Hector de Chartres ....................................................... 128 Glossaire ...................................................................................................................................... 134 Bibliographie ............................................................................................................................... 138 iv Liste des tableaux Tableau 1 (p. 79 à 81) : le service militaire dans le Coutumier d’Hector de Chartres v Remerciements Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier Philippe Genequand, mon directeur, pour avoir su orienter mes recherches et m’avoir guidé à travers la rédaction de ce mémoire par ses bons conseils et ses recommandations. J’aimerais aussi remercier Denise Angers, dont la passion pour la Normandie m’a inspiré à poursuivre des recherches sur cette magnifique province. Sans ses bonnes recommandations, je n’aurais jamais croisé la route d’Hector de Chartres et n’aurais jamais pu consulter le manuscrit de son Coutumier. J’aimerais aussi souligner l’aide que m’apporta le MESRST en me versant une bourse de mobilité. Sans cette dernière, je n’aurais pas pu effectuer en février et en mars 2013 ce séjour de recherche qui fut tant bénéfique à la poursuite de mes recherches. Pour son aide lors de ce dernier, je veux remercier Martin Gravel pour ses conseils ainsi qu’Elisabeth Lalou et Christophe Maneuvrier pour leurs encouragements à poursuivre mes nombreux questionnements sur la forêt normande au doctorat. Enfin, je tiens à remercier mes professeurs au baccalauréat, particulièrement Serge Lusignan et Sébastien Rossignol, dont les cours furent aussi intéressants que formateurs quant à l’acquisition des compétences nécessaires au bon chercheur. Une dernière mention pour Robert Lemay, Philippe Beauchamp et Jean Lachapelle, mes professeurs au cégep, qui surent m’apprendre l’importance d’un esprit critique et confirmèrent ma passion pour l’histoire médiévale. Ce fut Robert Lemay qui m’apprit l’existence du Centre d’Études Médiévales et qui, par son enseignement, fut à l’origine de ma passion pour cette époque. 1 Introduction «Ut silvae vel forestes nostrae bene sint custoditae; et ubi locus fuerit ad stirpandum, stirpare faciant, et campos de silva increscere non permittant; et ubi silvae debent esse, non eas permittant nimis capulare atque damnare; et feramina nostra intra forestea bene custodiant; similiter acceptores et spervarios ad nostrum profectum praevideant; et censa nostra exinde diligenter exactent.»1 Au cours des dernières décennies, la forêt médiévale fit l’objet d’une production intellectuelle considérable alors que de nombreux historiens s’y intéressèrent plus en détail. Quoiqu’on ne puisse toujours pas la comparer avec celle des croisades ou de la féodalité, sujets d’études innombrables, l’historiographie des forêts médiévales est beaucoup plus riche et mieux fournie que par le passé et l’historien s’intéressant aux questions qui lui sont propres pourra désormais se rapporter à une
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