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Migration Policy and Immigrants in the Czech Labour Market | 81 Eva Janska

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The Romanian Journal of European Studies No. 7-8/2009 special issue South-Eastern Europe and the European Migration System: East-West Mobility in Flux Editura Universitãþii de Vest Timiºoara, 2010 The Romanian Journal of European Studies ISSN 1583 - 199X EUV - Editura Universităţii de Vest, Timişoara Editorial Board: Mirela Bardi, Thomas Bruha, Stefan Buzărnescu, Stuart Croft, Toma Dordea, Dumitru Gaşpar, Ioan Horga, Teodor Meleşcanu, Reinhard Meyers, Michael OʹNeill, Nicolae Păun, Marilen Pirtea, Ioan Popa, Philippe Rollet, Grigore Silaşi, Ioan Talpoş, Paolo Magagnotti, Mihai‐Răzvan Ungureanu, Matthias Theodor Vogt. Editorial Board Secretariat: Grigore Silaşi – coordinator, Dan Radu Moga – editor, Constantin Chevereşan, Monica Boldea, Ovidiu Laurian Simina (coordinator of migration series) Guest Editor: Paolo Ruspini Instruction to authors: Submission: Editors welcome the submission of manuscripts both in electronic (E‐mail attachment) and hard copy versions. Original printed manuscript together with CD stored manuscript written in English, French, German or Italian should be sent to: Universitatea de Vest din Timişoara Centrul European de Excelență « Jean Monnet » The Romanian Journal of European Studies ‐ Secretariatul Colegiului Editorial B‐dul Vasile Pârvan nr.4, cam. 506 Timişoara 300223, Timiş, Romania Hard copy manuscripts should be submitted in two copies, typewritten or printed double‐spaced, on one side of the paper. CD stored manuscript should be under Microsoft Word. The electronic manuscripts (E‐mail attachments under MS‐Word) should be directed to [email protected]. The receiving of all proposals is to be confirmed by the editor/guest editor by e‐mail. Format: Contributors should adhere to the format of the journal. The papers will be anonymously peer‐reviewed. If requested, the authors obtain the comments from the reviewer(s) throughout the editor, they do not enter in contact directly. Title page: The first page of each paper should indicate the title, the name of author(s) and their institutional affiliation. Address: The postal address complete with postal code must be given at the bottom of the title page, together with Phone/Fax numbers and E‐mail address if available. Key words: A list of 3‐10 key words in English is essential. For economic papers, please suggest JEL classification code. Abstract: Each paper should be accompanied by a 10‐line abstract (if the paper is in other language, the abstract must be in English). References: In the text identify references by Arabic numerals. Please use footnotes rather than endnotes. The list of references should include only those publication that are cited in the text. Name, initials, year, underlined title, city: publishing house. If more than one, the last authorʹs name should be placed after initials. Examples: Steiner, J. (1994) Textbook on EC Law, London: Blackstone Press Gaillard, E., Carreau, D. W.L. Lee (1999) Le marche unique europeen, Paris: Dalloz Publisher: Adrian Bodnaru Cover Design: Dan Ursachi Layout: Dragoş Croitoru Acest număr al Revistei Române de Studii Europene a fost tipărit cu sprijinul OCTIR ‐ OSMTH. Contents Foreword | 5 Grigore Silaşi Editorial | 7 Paolo Ruspini The Evolution of the European Migration System in light of the North‐American Experience | 11 Paolo Ruspini Part I Patterns of South‐Eastern European Migration in Historical and Comparative Perspective The New Migratory Routes of Europe? Polish and Romanian Emigrations in a Comparative Historical Perspective | 21 Aurore Flipo Italy – Albania. The Migrant as a Bridge Between Two Homelands: The Role of Remittances | 39 Eralba Çela, Eros Moretti, Eniel Ninka A Critical Discussion of the Motivations to Remit in Albania and Moldova | 59 Jessica Hagen‐Zanker, Melissa Siegel Part II Migration, Asylum and European Integration: Experiences of Central and South‐ Eastern European Countries Migration Policy and Immigrants in the Czech Labour Market | 81 Eva Janska Hungary at Crossroads | 93 Áron Kincses, Máry Redei Building “Fortress Europe”: Europeanization of Asylum Policy in Turkey | 103 Nurcan Özgur Baklacıoğlu The Romanian Journal of European Studies, no. 7–8/2009 4 Part III New Approaches to the Enlarging European Migration Space The EU Visa Liberalisation Process for Western Balkan Countries as a Reflection of the Politics of Modernity | 121 Sanja Ivic The Quest for Talent: EU Policies towards the “Brain‐drain” Phenomenon | 129 Eugeniu Burdelnii Right to Refuse. Choices of Sovereign States in Transforming Migration Scenarios | 139 Oudekki Loone Notes on the Contributors | 151 Foreword Grigore SILAŞI, Jean Monnet Professor Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence, Timişoara According to the Treaty of Amsterdam, the European Union must be preserved and developed as a space of freedom, security and justice. The setting up of an Area of Freedom, Security and Justice was decided and established in order to really allow free movement of persons within the European Union and in order to take action more effectively with regard to the fight against organized crime and against fraud. By the Maastricht Treaty the related fields of justice and home affairs have been included in Title VI of the EU Treaty (third pillar). Decisions were taken according to intergovernmental procedures. The system of the three pillars is cancelled by the Lisbon Treaty and police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters is also communitarized (n.a. communitarized is a term used to describe the transfer of competences to the European Communities pillar of the European Union). Even if the police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters is coming under the European decision, the participation of the Member States does not disappear. For these sectors the states’ intervention is more than usually possible. Special clauses of exemption remain applicable in the case of the UK, Ireland and Denmark. The Lisbon Treaty improves the EUʹs capacity to act in various areas of priority for the todayʹs Union and its citizens, including freedom, security and justice (fight against terrorism or against crime). The Lisbon Treaty promotes the Europe of rights and values, freedom, solidarity and security, as well as EU’s fundamental values, introducing the Charter of Fundamental Rights in the European primary law, providing new mechanisms regarding solidarity and ensuring better protection for the European citizens in a space of freedom and security. This latter objective is achieved through closer cooperation between police forces and customs authorities both directly as well as through Europol. International migration – either voluntary or forced ‐ is a very developed phenomenon in terms of market globalization. Currently the number of people living The Romanian Journal of European Studies, no. 7–8/2009 6 outside the country of origin (country of birth) is greater than ever in human history. The analysis of this phenomenon leads to the conclusion that migration plays a significant role in the evolution of society. This has clear benefits that could be enhanced, and disadvantages that could be minimized. From a demographic perspective, reporting to a given population there are two crossed migration phenomena: immigration and emigration, i.e. all in‐flows and out‐flows of people. Economic migration is one of the forms most frequently encountered in recent decades, being driven by differences between countries regarding access to resources and jobs as well as the specializations’ crisis. The EU space, the most spread in terms of wealth, is what stimulates intense flows of immigrants, determining an exquisite scientific activity for deciphering the mechanisms of maintenance and the consequences they generate towards the countries, both of origin and those of destination. On the eve of accession to the Schengen space (which Romania still hopes to happen in March 2011), at which the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice will be fixed on the Romania’s borders – the new European Unionʹs external borders, the “Migration School” of Timişoara looks forward and proposes for debate the subject of even further enlarging of the European Migration Space. The accomplishment of this special issue on migration of The Romanian Journal of European Studies proves Romania’s interest, as European Union member state and as frontier space, located between the space of freedom, security, justice and welfare and other areas in the immediate and in the farther vicinity. By inviting Dr. Ruspini, an appreciated scholar in the field and a long‐run partner of the Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence from Timişoara, to guest‐edit the special issue entitled South‐Eastern Europe and the European Migration System. East‐West Mobility in Flux, we aimed to bring his research experience in analyzing the European Migration Space into the debate of the new approaches and patterns of migration flows at the Romanian borders and into the region. We are open to multiple viewpoints on the multidimensionality of the contemporary migration phenomenon and intend to continue hosting the scientific research in this field within the prestigious pages of our journal, as we did since 2005, and we are honoured to enjoy the authors’ and readers’ interest in this journal. Editorial Paolo Ruspini Guest Editor Having witnessed two Eastern enlargements in a short span of time, it is somehow intriguing to look at the evolution of the European migration space in South‐Eastern Europe (SEE). Therefore a deep intellectual curiosity was once more the rationale behind the idea, in autumn
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