PLANNING HISTORY
BULLETIN OF THE INTlERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY
VOL. 19 NO. 2/ 3 • 1997 llSSN 0959-5005 PlLANNKNG HKSTORY PlLANNJIN"G HJIS'fORY BULIEfII ' OF THE n ITEPJ IAnOllAt fLAt n m IG HISTOP:{ srJ":IETI BULlETIN OF TIlE DITERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY
EDITOR Or Pieter Uyttenhove CONTENTS 64 rue des Moines Or Peter J. larkham P·?5017 Birmingham School of Planning Paris University of Central England France Perry BaIT Birmingham Professor Shun·jchi Watanabe 8422SU Science University of Tokyo UK Yamazaki , Noda-shi Chiba-ken 278 rei: 0121 331 5145 / Fax: 0121 356 9915 Japan E-mail: [email protected] rei: 81 47424 1501 I Fax: 81 471 25 7833
Professor Stephen V. Ward EDITOP.IAL page 2 EDITORIAL BOARD School of Planning Oxford Srookes University Il000eRS page 3 Or Gerhard Fehl Headington Lehrstuhl filr Planungstheorie Oxford AP..11CI P3 Technische Hochschule Aachen OX! 4LR 5100 Aachen UK Central London in the 1950s: comprehensive schemes Schinkelstrasse 1 Tel: 01865 483421 I Fax: 01865 483559 south of the Thames Germany Emmallue/ V. Marmams page 12 Tel: 0241 805029 / Fax: 02418888137 Professor Michael Ebner Department of History Town planning and conservationist policies in Or Kiki Kafkoula Lake Forest College Department of Urban and Regional Planning 555 North Sheridan Road the historic city centre of Barcelona (1860-1930) School of Architecture Lake Forest, IL 60045-2399 loall Ganau page 23 Aristotle University of Thessalonika USA Thessalonika 54006 Tel: 7087355135 / Fax: 708 735 6291 Landscape, neighbourhood m,d accessibility: Greece the contributions of Margaret Feilman to planning Tel: 3031 995495 / Fax: 3031 995576 and development in Western Australia 8arrie Melotte page 32 Professor Georgia Piccinato Published by the School of Planning, Faculty of the Istituto Universitario di Architettura di Venezia Vladimir Semyonov and the first Russian Built Environment, UCE on behalf of the International Oipartimento di Urbanistica 'garden town' near Moscow 30125 Venezia Santa Croce 1957 Planning History Society. uo"id 8. Rapolll OV page 42 Italy
Or Halina Dunin-Woyseth RESEARCH page 47 Oslo School of Architecture Department of Urban Planning Planning History is published three times a year fo r EEPOP.1'5 page 49 PO Box 271 3001 Orammen distribution to members of the International Planning Norway History Society. Neither the Society as a body nor the PUBUCATI:;II3 page 55 Tel: 47 22 20 83 16 / Fax: 47 22 11 1970 Editor are responsible for the views expressed and sta tements made by individuals writing or reporting Professor John Muller in Planning His'ory. Department of Town and Regional Planning University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg No part of this publication may be reproduced in any PO Wits 2050 form without permission from the Editor. South Africa Tel: 011 7162654 / Fax: 011 403 2519 10 1997 Planrting History Or Robert Freestone ISSN 0959 • 5805 School of Planning and Urban Development University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia Tel: 02 385 4836 / Fax: 02 9901 4505 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE I E-mail: R.FreesloneOunsw.edu.au lEDKTOR KAl NOTTICES
PETER j . LARKHAM, UN IVERSITY OF CENTRAL ENGLAND
Sth I NTEI~NAT I ON Al d iffll <;('d world Wid e, wi th million ci tJ (lS to g lobal cittes. This IS a double issue o f Plallllillg History : an to encourage and suggest improvements where l'tANN I NC li l STORY g reat challenges now bemg u nusual step c PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 2 PLANNING HtSfORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 3 NOTTICJES NOTTICES planning through lived Austra lian Housing and substantiall y d iscounted fa res. Conference proceed ings southwest of Sydney, is a lso Submission of abstracts experiences, 'other' planning Urban Research lnsti tute The Domestic Conference Fare planned for overseas histories, and cultura l studies Code is 1282804. Inquiries A volume of conference delegates (19-2] July 1998). Proposals for papers should perspectives. Conference venue can be made to Quantas papers w ill be distributed at Places will be strictly limited. be sent (posted, fa xed or e Association S., les on toll free I the conference. All papers mailed) to the Conference Keynote speakers The University of New South 800 684 880. International must be received in advance, Registration Convenor to arrive not later Wales (UNSW) is one of delegates wi ll be offered best prepared to strict layout than 1 December ]997. These The major keynote address Austra lia 's la rgest and most price fa res at time of booki ng guidelines and length limits Formal registration and proposals should include: wiU be given by Peter Ha ll progressive universities. The and are urged to contact their (l-6pp). It is hoped that an payment will be invited from (University of London), one of main campus is located in nearest Quantas Travel ed ited book compris ing early 1998. Various your name the world's foremost suburban Kensington, Skm Centre. The lnternationa l keyno te addresses and a concessions w ill apply for position/ affiliation authorities on urban planning southeast of the Sydney CBD. Conference Code is number of revised, invited early registra tion, members of postal, te lephone, fa x and c and planning history, and The confe rence is being Cle461/31. Further papers may be published "fler the Intern ational Planning mail addresses author of Cities of tomorrow: Ill! hosted by the Faculty of the in form ation on travel to the conference w ith the History Society, and fulHime title of paper illtellectl/al IlisfOry of IIrban Bui lt Environment, and its Australia and accommodation assistance of the Australian students. A brochu re with possible thematic pla nning and desigll ill tile Department of Planning and in Sydney and near UNSW is Housing and Urban Research further details about the track/ desired grouping twentietlt centllry (second Urban Development. The available on the conference Institute. conference program, an abstract of no more than edition, 1996). Severa l other main venue will be the interne! site (see below) and field trips, accommodation and 250 words leading urbanists have also Faculty's new landmark will be distributed with Field trips travel a rrangements will be accepted invitations to present building, to be completed by registra tion materia ls in 1998. distributed to everyone Authors will be notified of the major addresses, including the end of ]997. A rar,ge of half-day fiet d tri ps submitting a paper proposal acceptance of their pape rs as Leo nie Sandercock Conference Program will be o((ered in the Sydney early next year. soon as possible after receipt. (Melbourne), Patrick Troy Sydney area on a special fieldtrip day Detailed guidelines for those (Canberra), Michael Barry Papers on all aspects of urban w ithin the conference dates. Important dates who wish their papers to be (Melbourne) and Liu Thai Ker Sydney is the capital of the and regional planning from n ,ese will be run with the included in the volume of (Singapore). state of New South Wales any period or setting are generous assistance of various The key dates to remember conference proceed ings will (NSW), and Austra lia's la rgest invited. Conference NSW state government arc: be sent out with Sponsors metropolis. It is a presentations and discussions agencies including the acknowledgement of receipt. cosmopolitan global city w ith will focus on both general Olym pic Coordination Dead li ne fo r receipt of The major sponsor of the a population of 4 million. surveys and case studies of Authority, City West abstracts: ] December 1997 Conference contact conference is the Sydney The venue for the 2000 ideas, issues, policies and Development Corporation, Registration Commences: based Lend Lease Property O lympics, Sydney has been problems. Papers w ill be Sydney City Authority, and early 1998 All inquiries, requests for Group. Key support has also consistently rated one of the organised into parallel the NSW Department of Submission of papers to be further in formation, and come from: world's most li vea ble cities sessions around thematic Housing. 111e major tour will included in the Proceed ings: abstracts of proposed papers and popular tourist tracks with 15-20 minute be of the main si te fo r the April 1998 sho uld be sent to: University of New South destinations. The weather in presentations. Expressions of 2()(X) O lympics at Homebush Deadline for earlybird Wales July is cool to mild with an interest to organise theme l3ay, the largest-ever planned registration: I May 1998 Dr Robert Freestone NSW Department of Urban average maximum sessions, panels, workshops urban redevelopment project IPHS Conference Convenor Affairs and Pla nning temperature of]6 degrees and multimedia presentations in Austra lia. Other areas Conference Internet site Faculty of the Built Royal Australian Planning Celsius. are ve ry welcome. English is targeted will be inner city Environment Institute the language for all papers redevelopmen t, heritage More deta iled information on Unive rsity of New South lnternational Planning History Accommodation and travel and proceedings. The actua l conservation, and public tmvel arrangements, Wales Society conference program will be housing. accommodation and program Sydney NSW 2052 Sydney City Council Travel and accommodation developed when all proposals details is available at, and will Australia The KinhiIJ Group a rrangements are the for papers are received . An Canberra fi eld trip be added progressively to, the APT Peddle Tho rp responsibility of individual indicative progra m should be conference Internet homepage Tel: +61-2-9385-4836 Australian lnstitute of Urba n delegates. Quantas has been available by early 1998. The An optional 3-day post at: Fax: +61-2·9385-6264 Studies appointed the officia l closing conference dinner will conference fi eldtri p to http://www.fbe.unsw.edu.au E-ma il: [email protected] ACT Planning and Land conference ai rline. Australian be on the evening of Saturday Canberra, Australia's planned /events/ I998/planhisl/ Management delegates are eligible for 18 July. national capital located severa l hundred kilo metres PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 4 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 5 NOTTICES NOTTICES The theme is the WE8SITE NOTICES AND Editorial head notes, provide connections to related publications produced by the be useful to students, historical relationship between REVIEWS indented and in smaller type, articles. Links to other UMRG. It also contains a academics and professional public transport and the identify the author and equivalen t web sites will be partial archive of the Group's practitioners. urban development of cities. Plamring History welcomes comment about the contents made as they appear. paper newsletter, the Urban RUDI is based at A range of speakers from the notice of relevant websites, of each selection. For easier Morphology Newsletter, edited Oxford I3rookes University, academic world and from d iscussion groups and other reading increase the font size The full URL is: since 1987 by Or Terry Slater. collaborating with the Joint The UMRG site also Centre for Urban Design. practice, from the UK and electronic media to 14 point. Most of the http://www.library.comell.ed overseas, is participating. The documents appear without u/Reps/DOCS/homepage. currently hosts the home page Technical expertise and of ISUF, the International project management is conference fee is set at a low Website: Anthology of urban deletions. Ellipses or htm £30, to encourage a wide and planning documen ts prior to bracketed notes in the text (note that upper and lower Seminar on Urban Form. 1111S provided by the Engineering 1919, created by John Reps mark the few cases where case must be exactly as is a relatively new Research and Development diverse attendance; and a variety of accommodation is material has been omitted. At shown) organisation, originating in a Centre of the University of John Reps has put together a the end of each document the series of small annual Hertfordshire. available in the city. Further details //lay be remarkable web site that is an reader will find the editor's John Reps is Professor seminars hosted by the Ecole anthology of more than 160 mailing. fax and e-mail Emeritus at Com ell University Polylechnique F&terale de The URL is obtained from Professor Colin writings on city planning addresses. Comments and (where he taught city and Lausanne. It held its first http://rudi.herts. ac.uk Diall, hrstitllte of Railway major international conference Studies, National Railway published before 1919. This suggestions are welcome. regional planning from 1952 work includes more than 160 Dozens of journals, to 1987) and author of twelve this summer in Birmingham RUDI would be Mllsellm, LeemQ/r Road, York, articles about early modem conference reports, books, books, including TIre making of (see report later in Planning interested in carrying relevant Y02 4X/, UK. TeI: 0 1904 material, case studies etc. in town planning from authors official documents and other IIrball America: a history of city History), where it adopted a 686229 or 01904 432990, Fax: in 10 countries. In length sources were examined plallnillg in tire United States, formal constitution and planning history w ith a 01904 61111 2, or e-mail: cd equivalent to a 500-page book, during the four years that this Princeton University Press, o fficers. It publishes its own design orientation. This could 11 @york.ac.llk. it is the most comprehensive collection has been under 1965. In 1996 the American journaL Urban Morphology. be newly-created or, if collection of its kind, whether preparation. A Planning Association, citing The ISUF website is in the copyright permissions are available, reproduction of in hard copy or published supplementary bibliography him as "the father of modern process of being further already-published material. electronically. of additional docum"' nts and American city planning developed. Town and gown: Ihe Potential contri butors should The introductory modem references is far from history" designated him a planning hislOry of contact the RUDI Resource comments to these pages complete but will be added to "Planning Pioneer". The URL is university campuses and Editor, Catherine Tranmer, at describe this ambitious and as time permits. Some of http://www.bham.ac.uk/geo university lowns admirable undertaking: these references may be g raphy/umrg Oxford Brookes University scanned, edited, and Library (e-mail : Fi fth Symposium of Ihe ctral"[email protected]) "These documents a re annotated for future incl usion Websile: Urban Morphology Planning History Study primary source material for in this anthology. Research GrouPi Group (South Africa), the study of how urban A brief general International Seminar on RUDI: Resource for Urban Stellenbosch, April 1998. planning developed up to the introduction sets the material Urban Form Design Information end of World War J. They of the anthology in an OTHER NOTICES The Symposium Committee is include statements about historical perspective. It ends There has long been a strong RUDI is part of the Electronic seeking as b road a spectrum techniques. principles, with a short list of component of planning Libraries programme funded Suburbanising the masses: of papers as possible and will theories and practice by those representati ve anthology history in urban morphology by the UK Higher Education public transport and u rban welcome both local and who helped to create a new selections that make possible teaching and research. The Funding Council and the development in historical international contributions. It professional specialization. a quick sampling of the h istorical interest, in this British Library. It aims to be perspective is anticipated that the papers This new field of city variety of articles, papers, and research group at least, begins a significant multimedia will be rigorously researched planning grew out of the other documents that live at in the early mediaeval period. resou rce for research and 111is is a major international and scholarly in approach. land-based professions of this si te. The UMRG is a research teaching in the field of urban conference being held at the The symposium will architecture, engineering, g roup based in the School o f design. It provides material UK's National Railway focus on two major topics: surveying and landscape Three bibliographies arranged Planning at Birmingham on urban design in the Museum, York, 14-16 first, the history of the architecture, as well as those by author, date and subject University, directed by Western cultural context usin g November 1997. It is planning and p hysical concerned with social and make navigation of this large Professor J.W.R. Whitehand. text, high-quality colour organised jointly by the d evelopment of campuses of economk subjects, municipal web site easy. Links at each This website describes the images, sound and motion Institute of Railway Studies universities and other law, hygiene, and public entry take readers directly to range of activities u ndertaken, picture elements. It will have and the National Tramway institutions of higher learning; admin istration. the document, and other links people involved, and sufficient scope and depth to Museum. secondly, the historical PLANNING HISfORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 6 PLA NNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 7 NOTICES NOTICES planning and development of which may inforn, the efforts opening on 18 December on central government. cities' and 'the city and the At tile end of tire cen tury: olle the towns or cities in which o f architects, planners and the theme of "Mastering the Governance involves senses' to 'shaping urban lumdred yea rs of architecture. these institutions are located. politicians to contribute in city: 100 years of urban the d evelopment of legal identity in late mediaeval This p roject will present a Flirt/rt'r details from unison to the aspirations of planning in Europe". structures and entities and Eu rope'; 19 specia list sessions g lobal perspective on a series Professor Jolm Mliller or Linda freedom and social harmony. a lso the disposa l of expertise (5 papers each), from of significant works, ideas Brocket t, PlalZlrhrg History There is more information on to deal w ith problems in an 'European spa towns' to and directions within the Study Cro up, Depnrlmfllt of Conference sessions the interne! at increasin gly complex 'problems and policies of architecture of the past one Towu and Regional Pla nning, include: Registers (particularly hltp://www.naLnl or via e economy and society. It preservation in contemporary hundred years, w ith a specia l University of tire Wi twalersrand, the World Heritage List), m PLANNING HISTORY VOL 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 8 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 9 NOTKCES NOTKCES fo llowing the exhibition's Suburbanization, urban establishment for potential An added interest in The comments, doodles and research students are welcome stmcture. It will also contain renewal and consumption in planners. some of these books and notes often found within his to use this reference newly-commissioned New Haven' left Hardwick This was, however, a papers comes from his own texis will also prove collection. However, as the photography reflecting the 'Gordon Cherry and the challenge to which Leslie rose manuscript annotations and interesting to many readers. co llection is not accessible urban contexts in w hich many internationali zation of with unusual ease as a result comments! In short, the collection every day, please contact Ken of the century's most planning history studies' of his professionalism, His apparent support contains an immense range of Harrison, Information Centre, significant buildings ex ist Robert Freestone worldly experiences, fo r public participation, and information, most of which is Edge Bui ld ing, UCE, today. The book will initiall y determination and cha risma, his involvement in directl y rela ted to the history Birmingham, 642 2SU, before be published in English and More details from which had earned him great community action groups, and practice of town planning your visit. Japanese. Professor Robert A. CaWII , respect amongst the stands out as a major element in the post-war period. Call/den College of Arts and professional planning within the collection. Visiting scholars and Sciences, Armitage Hall, 311 fratern ity. Nortll SII! Street, Rutgers The sudden death of There's more to planning Universily-Camden, Camden , NI Leslie Ginsburg in 1995 history than Pla,mi"g History 08102, USA . shocked and saddened many of his associates, including An issue of Planning History former students and members Studies, journal of the Society of staff. However his wife, for American Ci ty and Cloud Cuckoo La nd Madelaine, has kindly Regional Planning His tory, - donated his fascinating and SfECKAL OffER an affiliate organisation of the Cloud Cuckoo umd is a journal di verse literature collection to IPHS itself - has just crossed published by the Department the School of Plarrning, to my desk. In many ways of Architecture and Town form a research resource in The New Towns Record complementary to Planning Planning of the Brandenburg planning history and practice. History, this is an interesting Technical University. It is The Ginsburg This is a CD-ROM compiled and published by the Planning Exchange. A fu ll revie w of this and well-produced smaller published on the Int C' rnet at: Collection contains: innovative and exhausti ve publication, by Professor Dennis Hardy (M iddlesex Unive rsity) will journal, which has recently http://www.theo.lu appear in the next issue of Plann ing History. made the transformation from cOtlbut.de/ wolke/ wolke_ l.ht • Key planning texts a society newsletter, and is ml covering the last 50 years The Planning Exchange has offered a special price fo r IPHS members: still feeling its way. It is, for Anyone interested can contact • Numerous subject example, currently debating the editor, GOllfried Schlueter, specific journal issues £350.00 (plus VAT if appropriate) or $(US) 575 whether 10 have a book bye-mail at • A range of review section. It does, schluete®tucs I.rz.t u photographs, many 01 however, welcome longer coUbus.de. Birmingham's comprehensive instead of the normal publication price of £450 or $675. papers - 7,500 - 8,500 words. redevelopment and To demonstrate the architecture of the 19605 and If any IPHS member is interested in purchasing the New Towns Record on CD-ROM at this range 01 papers, Vol. 10 no. 2 1970s special price, please contact the Marketing Assistant at the Planning Exchange, Tontine House, 8 Gordon Street, Glasgow, G I 3PL: tel: 014 1 2488541, Fax: 0141 2488277, e-mail: (1996) carried the following: The Leslie Ginsburg • International planning [email protected] Collection texts, focusing particularly on 'The Mumlord-Jacobs debate' Israel, Europe and the Robert Fisll1"an In 1957, Leslie Ginsburg Americas 'Planning, the refonn became the first Head of the • Numerous other tradition, and twenty-first Birmingham School of references reflecting his century cities' Mary Corbin Planning. Starting from d iverse interests: from Sies humble beginnings in a architecture to zoology 'The planning technician as cramped offi ce above a garage • An extensive urban visionary: Frederick on Broad Street (on the edge collection of newspaper Bigger and American of the ci ty centre). Leslie was cutt ings, articles and other planning, 1913-1954' lolln F. given the unenviable task of useful material on subjects Ballman and Edward K. Mill/er rapidly establishing the ranging from transport to the 'A downtown Utopia? School as a firSI-class learning future of Covent Garden. PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2{3 · 1997 · PAGE 10 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 1\ OENTRAl lONDON ITN 1HlE 19l50s: COMPRlEHlENSlNE SCHEMES SOUTH Sk.w'n ,obsolV1cQnt . cnd _or Of 1HlE lHAMES Oom-a~ propt!rtk:1; o- EMMANUEL V. MARMARAS University of the Aegean, 30 Voulgaroklonotl sir., Gr. 11472 Athens, Greece Tel, (01) 6400193 - 6; FAX , (01) 6400197 Revised mmlllscript accepted for publica/ioll 5 September 1997 Introduction be incurred, only the eight most u rgent areas There is Cl general agreement among historians were selected 10 be dealt w ith as and practitioners that the Second World War Comprehensive Development Areas.1 These marked an important new stage in the were as follows: Stepney-Poplar, Bermondsey, d evelopment of urban and regional planning South Bank, Elephant and Castle, Bunhill in Great Britain. Admittedly, it was widely Fields, Barbican, SI. Paul's Precinct, and felt that extensive urban areas, particularly in Tower of London1 (Fig. 1). the city centres, would need reconstruction. Very soon, the debate on Central Quite quickly, however, the debate broadened London attracted both the interest of the out from the simple reconstruction of bombed private sector, which aimed at the participation buildings and districts to the re-planning of of private enterprise in the speculative the cities as a whole, and even of the regions opportunities generated by reconstruction around them. As a consequence, there was activ ity, and the attempts of the various almost unive rsal agreement that this collective institutions and bodies to bring reconstruction would need to be planned under about, in some way, the "rational" the aegis of central and/or local government, development of Central London. This clash of Fig. 1. The CLD Plan: the areas of comprehel1sive development are sllOwl1 superimposed 011 ti,e rather than left to the free play of the market. approaches was typified in the endeavour, lIIail1 areas of SIIllI1 , obsolescel1t mid war-damuged property. In this context, the re-planning and re undertaken mainly by the London County (Source: C/rilds, D., 'Londoll Pia/I : a critical report', building of London became a "burning" Council (LCC), to "up-grade" the south part of Architects' Journal, 114 (December 27), 1951, p. 761. question of the British political and social London's central area, and to connect scene. Particularly in the central area of organically the two parts lying respectively on London there were extensive areas damaged the north and south banks of the Thames. interrupted by the First World War and the described tn the Forshaw / Abercrombie County Hall was not opened until 1922. Report.s According to this Report, a complete by enemy action, which became subject to the Both of these targets would be realized Another 11 years passed before the northern and splendid rene\':al of the reaches between preparation of three-dimensional schemes. through the implementation o f the These schemes were based, on the one hand, comprehensive schemes of South Bank, and section was completed. In the years between the County Hall and Southwark Cathedra l was 1933 and the beginning of the Second World proposed (Fig. 2). It was to be carried out by on the Town and Country Planning Act, 1944, Elephant and Castle of the Administrati ve War, the LCC made several attempts to high-density frontage development of office which set out the procedure of Reconstruction County o f London Development Plan. This acquire land between the County Hall and building or housing behind a new river wall. Areas, and, on the other, on the Town and significant episode of London planning will be Hungerford Bridge. The first purchase, and The general intention was that the whole of Country Planing Act, 1947, which not only explored in this paper. that by agreement early in 1940, was of the made the submission of a Development Plan this river frontage should be laid out with new land no rt h of India Stores.) obligatory, but also enabled Planing The South Bank project buildings for public, cultural, office and It was during the Second World War Authorities to define areas of Comprehensive It had been recognized that the section of the commercial purposes, together with provision Development, which was a similar but more South l3ank of the Thames, belween Vauxhall that ideas about the South Bank began to for public open space and improved roads, to flexible idea than that of Reconstruction Areas. and Southwark Bridges, was overdue for crystallize. At the end of 1941 the LCC give the South Bank a character and Furthermore, the Administrative redevelopment. It was not until 1905 that the received a deputation from the Royal appearance that would worthily match that of Philharmonic Society about a concert hall. The 6 County of Lo ndon Development Plan, 1951, LCC decided to acquire an extensive riverside the North Bank. So, how did the above earliest conference with the National Theatre which was the first established statutory plan si te for its offi ces. In order to carry out its policy decisions on components of the South Committee took p lace in 1943, a month before for London, stated that some 100 areas stood intention, it required two p rivate Acts (of 1906 Bank site redevelopment relate to the the pub lication of the County of London Plan.4 in need of comprehensive treatment; but in and 1909). In 1909 work began on the ri ver corresponding situation in town planning fact, owning to the financial liability likely to wall and the County Hall. However, this was As a consequence, the first comprehensive terms? scheme for this area was illustrated and Immediately after the war, the LeC, PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 12 PLANNI NG HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 • 1997 • PAGE 13 Architects' JOllrnat was described as "a was assumed that the whole of this area was fabulous steel and glass mountain topped with required by the Ministry of Works for building a helicopter tower, which contained suspended operations, with access from Belvedere Road. within its ribs hundreds of pavilions and Finally, Zone 5 was Chicheley Street, which, attractions linked by ramps and winding although a small area lying outside the waterways".' Exhibition boundaries, was suggested to be the The Exhibition took place between subject of a separa te detailed recommenda tion. May and September 195 1, and it was, in In addition, in the Administra ti ve a rchitectural terms, a triumph of Modern County of London Development Plan, Architecture.lo Another, indirect, recognition submitted to the Minis te r of Housing and of the success of this architectural experiment Local Government, the site of South Bank had was the fact of Hugh Casson's appointment been characterized as a Comprehensive as consultant 10 the government on the Development Area under the Town and ,...... \,.. ,.. . "", " " .,,~ .. , immediate future of the South Bank site. Country Planning Act, 1947.14 However, ' u" ~ , ~ ., Casson was member of the Presentation Panel immediately after the Festival of Britain, and of the Exhibition, under the chairmanship of anxious to enable the public to continue its Cecil Cook, the Di rector of Exhibitions. 11 enjoyment of the riverside amenit ies, the LCC Casson had, in collaboration with LCC carried out a temporary scheme, laying out the a rchitect, Robert Matthew, and the chief officer si te with lawns, nower beds and paved walks of the Parks Department, L.A. Huddart, to with provision for adults' and child ren's jointly submit a report under the following recreation and amusement. IS terms of reference: MeanwhiJ e, work had sta rted on plans ..... ' O . ~ .,., ,' ' for the permanent development of the site. In "10 examine those parts of the South Bank this context of action, the LCC's Town Exhibition which may be made accessible to Planning Division prepared a scheme, under the public as gardens or other open space, and the direction of the Architect to the Council, to advise the London County Council in J.L Martin, the Senior Planning Officer, A rthur consultation with the Festival Office how the Ling, the Assis tant Senior Planning Officer, existing assets can most suitable and Reconstruction Areas, Percy Johnson-Marshall, economica ll y be put to use in the interim and a team of 10 more persons.16 The scheme towards the development of the proposals of this plan were circulated in Council's proposals for the future of this area October, 1953, and they had the following , , as a public open space".ll main features. The scheme was proposed to have TIlis joint report was ready for submission three levels: ground level for pedestrians and \ I' on 8 November 1951 {hereafter cited as the essential vehicular access, a lower level fo r •• ,,~ ,oO "Casson Report"). 13 Acco rding to its vehicle parking, and an uppe r one for a " ~'U ( .' ~ ,q ~.". 1 r(.-'commendations, the South Bank site was pedestrian promenade and intercommunication ...~ " .., , .. ., d ivided into five zones, as follows (Fig, 3): from building to building, extend ing right • ; :,:,·1:..···': - -'. . Zone 1 was the Ri verside Promenade, across the site from Waterloo Bridge to the includ ing the Shot Tower, which was the most BEA Air Terminal and to Walerloo Station at 17 Fig. 2. Tile LCC Pla ll for London: Axollometric view of tile suggested treatment easily and quickly transformed from ils platform leveL The scheme was bisected by of ti,e SOIIlII Bank from COl/llty Hall to Soutilwark Catiledral. exhibition use into an attractive public open the Hungerford Railway Bridge into (Source: J.H. Forsllllw and P. Abercrombie, County of London Plan. space and whose existing character should be "upstream" and "downstream" sectors. London: Macmillan, 1943: Plate XLVIff,facing p, 130) kept. Zone 2 was that of the Homes and Ln the upstream sector, behind the Gardens, which lay between Belvedere Road gardens, the National Theatre and a new hotel which had the great advantage of owning all centuries, though the South Bank was near the and York Road downstream of Hungerford were sited, while between Belvedere Road and the land, was advancing rapidly along the Strand as Piccadilly, the river had been an Bridge. Although not directl y associated with York Road a large office complex and the BEA broad lines indicated by the County of London impassable psychological barrier.s the riverside views, it had important visual Air Te rminal was proposed. The buildings Plan, in which the South Bank was proposed This aspect must be considered as the links with the Thames and the Royal Festi va l were grouped to form major inte rconnected as the southward extension of the central area meeting point of the various elements Hall . It was suggested that the existing layout "places", one of which lay around Theatre of London, The LCC intended 10 create a suggested in those years for South Bank and type of structure of Ihis zone gave it the Square and the other a round Terminal Square. cultural and administrative centre between development, according to which the holding opportunity to be treated partly as an The dominating feature of this sector was an Hungerford and Waterloo Bridges, to be there of the Festival of Britain in 1951 should extension of the riverside promenade in the office building of 25 storeys. Careful thought designed by its a rchitect, Robert Matthew? have done much to break th is barrier down. form of gardens, bandstand and terraces, and had been given to the contribution these This centre could become the means to For example, Misha Black of the Central Office partly for commercial use. Zone 3 was the buildings could make towards the river scene. overcome the traditional unwillingness of of information, plumping for the South Bank Station Gate, which could be taken over by It was also suggested that there should be a some people to cross the river in search of as a site for housing the 1951 Exhibition, British European Airways (BEA), with its bus Helicopter Air Stop, with provision for access pleasure and refreshment. Southwark was imagined an architectural composition in ,md car parks and general circulation areas, to and from the BEA Air Terminal, over the once an active recreation centre but, fo r several space. This, according 10 ASlragal of Tile Zone 4 was the Ministry of Works, where it roof of Wa terloo Station.1s PLANNING HISTORY VO L. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 14 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 • 1997 · PAGE 15 At the same time, It was s u ~es l cd that the space. Moreover, the scheme had been downstream sector should have two major developed in accordance WIt h the Oayhghtmg squares, one paved and the other green. 11,e Controls.:ZO Royal Festi val Ha ll was linked with But what problems emerged in anlntemational Conference Centre to be built endeavouring to turn the plans mlo rea bty? alongside Waterloo Bridge. It was intended The first negati ve development was that I3EA that the whole complex could be used as a decided to build their Air Termmal elsewhe re. single unit or as separate build ings. 19 Lastl y, However, this had its good side, as it was special emphasis had been placed on the needs decided tha t the site was uns ui table for the of pedestrians; and, indeed, the whole river landing of helicopters, on grounds of noise, as fron t had been given over to them. Accordmg was proved by an extens ive research study to the suggested planning controls for this part carried out by the LCC. 21 On the other hand, of the South Bank Comprehensive the fi rst la rge building to be e rected after the Development Area, it had been zoned for scheme was published in 1954 was the LCC's Public Buildings as the predominant use and extension to the North Block of its own "programmed " in the first five-year period . headquarters. This was fo llowed up by the n,e plot ratio was 5:1 ove r the whole sector, Shell Petroleum Company build ing complex in -- :. but the comprehensive nature of the 1956 (Fig. 4), although this was considered an ,- ' development unde r one ownership had given architectural d isappointment, as it was , the opportunity of varying the fl oor space on characterized as the "South Bank's Vertical each site so as to give the best architectural Fml ure".n result and the maximum amount of open Z < -- 7 C C , I I., I 0 ,. , , J , '--... 0 ./ \ , ' ,, Fig. 3: Soutl! Ban k: tile zo nes proposed by tile Casson Report. (SO ll rce: 'Solltll Bank Site - Interim Development ', joint report by tile ArciJitect, ti,e Chief Officer of tile Parks Department and H. Casso ll, 8 November 1951. Fig. 4. TIll! SlIell P/!/ roleum Com1'(/ IIY Building Complex. Public Records Office file HLG 71/1574) (Photo: The nll t/JO r, M(/ rciz 1990) PLANNING HISfORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/ 3 ' 1997 · PAGE 16 PLANNING H ISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 17 ThL' bllLldLl\g W.1S designed by Howard by th~ high plot ratio permitted and to deal efficiently with the growing number of combining of their two separate underground Rl chardson, who w.n. one of the tei1m of Implemented, and by the lack of architecture vehicles using it. The opportunity was given stations and s urface ticket offices into one.)6 de:'o lgnen. of the UllItcd Nations Secreti1rii1t, the of high quality within the Comprehensive by the wartime destruction suffered by the Finally, it was the Ministry of Transport which gla:.s-sidro ~ I ab of offices in New York, which Development Area. a rea, which made it possible to create not only decided that the traffic intersection should be :.ct a ~tandard for post-war office buildings.2.l a major improvement in traffic terms, but also resolved by a single level roundabout ..l1 This The architectural design of the monumental, The Elephant and Castle project a new centre for this part of London. development, of course, should be considered stone-faced, Shell budding went bi1ckwards If the South Bank project was the " fa~ade " of The first attempts to f Fig. 5. Ti,e Natiollal TII/~alrc. (PllOla: TIle allllwr, Marclr 1990) PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 18 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/ 3 · 1997 · PAGE 19 ELEPHAN T" CAS TL ( a uc;. Ci I ITC g ItO u .. g "O O Ul FiS. 7. Ekp/lant and Castle: tile slloppmg centre. W/wto: the author, March 1990) Fig. 6. Elephant and Castle: Sketclz plan of a roundabout suggested ill the co ntext of tile LCC Plan for umdoll. (So urce: Fors/la w (1l1d Abercrolll bie, 1943, p. 138) Conclusion reconstruction of London, the developing town In conclusion, it is shown that the conception planning ideas, the adopted architectural of comprehensive planning provided Central styles, the attent ion to urban scale and the London with the opportunity to realize appropria te formation of the planning laws. significant projects in the early post-Second Research in these areas must have regard to World War period, and to meet the ta rget of the speculative character of developers, whose its unification through their realization. criteria often fluctuated between the minimum However, we can legitimately say that, build ing costs and the maximum returns from although the suggested proposals for the South the sale of the building product. Bank as well as the Elephant and Castle areas Furthermore, these kinds of economic fa ctors could seen quite in teresting, the purpose of are usually hidden in the "dark side" of the unifying Central London has not been fulfi lled. whole process and, fo r this reason, have The me tropolis of Great Britain continues to be operated effecti vely and have determined the d ivided into two parts with different levels of real rules, the wider framework and the logic, growth and land values. An explanation of according to which this system functions and this development must take into account the fo rms the man-made environment as a final economic factors in the contex t of the post-war result. FiK. 8. Elepl/alll (md Castle: Alexllnder F/cming House. (P11010: ti re arltlror, March 1990) PLANNING HISfORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 20 PLANN ING II1STORY VOL 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 21 NOTES 1fOWN PLANNlIl\TG AND CON§ERVATIONJI§1f POLKCIE§ IIT\T 1HlE 1. P. Johnson-Marshall, Rebuilding Cities, of the Parks Department, and Mr. Hugh Edinburgh: University Press, 1966, p. 178. Casson, MA, FRIBA, 8th November, HK§1fOruC CITY CENTRE OlF 2. Ibid. , pp. 178-93. 1951', PRO file HLC 71/1574. 3. G. Stephenson, 'The permanent 13. 'London County Counci l', op. cif., PRO BARCELONA (186(())- Jl93(())) development of the South Bank', Tire file HLG 71/1574. 1011 m al of the Royal III stitllte of British 14 . Anonymous, 'Proposed scheme for the Arc/ll trcts, January 1954, pp. 1-7. South Bank redevelopment', Tile JOAN GANAU 4. Ibid. Arcllitects' Iou mal, vol. 118, October 22, Departament de Geografia i Sociologia, Universitat de Lleida, Pla,a de Victor Siurana 1, 5. J.H. Forshaw and P. Abercrombie, COllnty 1953, p. 502. 25003 LIe;da, Spa;n, Tel' 973 702102; Fa" 973 702062. of London Plan, London: Macmillan, 1943, 15. Ibid. pp. 130-5. 16. Ibid., p. SOL Accepted for publicatio1l 10 Seplember 1997 6. Redevelopment of tlte SOIIlII Bank, 17. Ibid., p. 502. Memorandum by the Minister of Housing 18. Ibid. and Local Government, April 1952, p.l, 19. Ibid., p. 504. Pllblic Record Office (PRO) file HLG 20. Ibid., p. 506. 71 / 1575. 2l. Johnson-Marshall, op. cit., p. 185. The fi rst redevelopment projects for the compared to the 19.9 years for males from the 7. Anonymous, 'LCC scheme for the Thames 22. Anonymous. 'South Bank's Vertical historical centre of Barcelona more humble classes. 1 South Bank', Tire Architects ' jOllrnal, voL Fai lure', Tile Architec/s'loumal, vol. 123, In the first decades of the nineteenth centu ry, The solution to the urban problems 108, October 21, 1948, p. 374. May 10, 1956, p. 466. Barcelona underwent an industrialisation - which fa ced Barcelona in the middle of the 8. Editorial, 'Multiple use on the South 23. Ibid. which was very early in the Spanish context - nineteenth century lay in three fundamental Bank', Tire Arc/ri/ccts'lollmal, voL 108, 24. Johnson-Marshall, op. cit., p. 185. based on the textile industry which had been actions: the demolition of the city walls, the December 9, 1948, p. 525. 25. Ibid. created in the eighteenth century. The increase expansion of the city and the redevelopment of 9. Astragal, 'Notes & Topics: Black magic', 26. Ibid. in population ran parallel to the ra pid the old historic centre. In 1854, permission Tile Arc/ri/eels' jOllrnal, voL 104, December 27. Ibid. industrial expansion of the city. The number was given for the demolition of the city walls, 19, 1946, p. 445. 28. Ibid., p. 258. of inhabitants increased from 92,835 in 1787 to and the elimination of that physical obstacle 10. See photographs of the buildings in: 29. Ibid., p. 185. 235,060 in 1857 and 544,137 in 1900. Part of permitted planning for the expansion of the Anonymous, 'Festival of Britain: South 30. E. Marmaras and AR. Sutcliffe, 'Planning this population settled in the new districts city. A few years later, in 1859, the ell SallcJre Bank Exhibition nears completion', Tile for post-war London: The three which appeared, unplanned, in the and redevelopment plan for Barcelona Architects' journal, vol. 113, Apri l 26, independent plans, 1942-3', Planning neighbouring towns; although the growth of presented by the engineer Ildefons Ccrd il was 1951, pp. 508-10. Perspectives, vol. 9, no. 4, 1994, pp. 440-3. the centre of Barcelona was also considerable approved. This plan, based on what had taken 11. See in: (a) Anonymous, 'Plans for the 31. N.]. AsIan, 'Crit ique', The Architects' and the population almost doubled in seventy place in Paris, contemplated the transformation 1951 Festival', Tire Architects' jOllrlllll, vo!. journal, vol. 96, October 22, 1942, pp. 269- years. In 1857, 167,436 people lived in a city of the centre and the expansion of the city as 108, October 21, 1948, p. 374; (b) E. 70. which still had its city walls (and, therefore, one single operation. But the complex process Marmaras, Ce lltral Londoll IIIIder 32. Forshaw and Abercrombie, op. cit., p. 138. practically the same perimeter as in the 10 approve Cerda's project meant that, in Reco lls/ruc/ioll Policy and Planning, 1940- 33. Johnson-Marshall, op. cit., p. 187. fourteenth century) and within which a large contrast to the French capital, only the PIa" de 1959, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University 34. Ibid. , p. 186. area was occupied by ecclesiastical buildings. Ensanche was approved in Barcelona, of Leicester, 1992, p. 313. 35. Ibid., p. 187. The result was a density of over 2,000 postponing until much later the redevelopment 12. See in: (a) Astragal. 'Notes & Topics: New 36. [bid., p. 187. inhabitants per hectare in most of Barcelona, of the historic centre.l hope for the South Bank', TIre Architects' 37. Ibid., p. 260. with as many as 3,000/ ha in some parts of the Ibid., pp. 186-7. In fact, the etl sanche solved Barcelona's JOllrnal, vo!. 114, November 1, 1951, p. 38. city. 515; (b) 'London County Council, South 39. Ibid., p. 262. main urban problem: the excessive density and The process of desamortiwci6n (sale of Bank Si te - Interim development: joint 40. Ibid. , p. 262. lack of building land. Moreover, while the Church properties) which began in 1836 report by the Architect, the Chief Officer building of an ensanc/re meant large profits for allowed a certain easing of the demographic urban owners due to relatively low pressure with the conversion or redevelopment urbanisation costs, the initial stages of the of some convents and churches into squares, redevelopment of the city needed an important public buildings and hOUSing. But the investment of capital which the city could not situation was still alarming. The consequences provide. TIle redevelopment of the city centre of the lack of space and poor hygienic was, consequently, considered to be less conditions typical of an industrial city were urgent and was postponed. This decision was denounced by Cerdil in his statistical study of to have major significance for the future of the U, e situation of the working classes in historic centre of Barcelona. Barcelona in which he stated, for example, that Cerda's redevelopment project was between 1837 and 1847 the average life basically a simplifica tion of Haussmann's expectancy of rich males was 38.8 years, model. with the construction of three avenues PLANNING HISTORY VOL 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 . PAGE 22 PLA NNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/ 3 . 1997 . PAGE 23 w hich, III Ihe shape of an H. were 10 penetrate However, the diffi culties in were given individual treatment with the basic pillars of the nation. And the the historic centre - joining up with the implementi ng Baixeras' project were not really creation of green areas around them or by monuments. the most visible evidence of the avenues of the CflSilllCllc. This was a solution a result of this amount of demolition work. converting them into scenic points along the great Catalan past which was to be recovered, which was very simila r to those which other The main reasons were the high cost of the new straight streets in the cent re of the ci ty. went through an important period of authors adopted when they presented their operation and the multiple administrative The problem was a diffe rent one: what did revalua tion and study. projects ill 1859: Antoni Rovira, Francesc $oler problems which appeared in the following l3aixeras and his contemporaries understand This process of change also had its and J. Fontsere also related the transfom,ation yea rs. The echoes of the operations performed by the term "historic monuments"? continuity in town p lanning. This was first of the historic centre to tra ff ic and the street in Paris were heard all over Ba rcelona, and the evident in the work of the Belgian Charles layout. necessity to redevelop the city centre was The revision of conservationist ideas and the Duls, which became known very early in With the start of the construction of widely accepted at that time. The destruction beginning of the transformation of Barcelona. and secondly. a few years later, the C,.s~mclle, the problem of redevelopment of an important part of the architectural Barcelona's centre with the in fl uential book by Camillo Sitte.9 was temporarily abandoned by the city council heritage of Barcelona was not a cause of The influence of the ideas of the French However, these new attitudes to intervention until it was taken up again in the 1870s by A.J. controversy in the fi rst few years. architectural theorist and conservationist in monuments and historic centres were not Baixeras. This lawyer worked for years on a Ba ixe ras had spent a quite a long time Viollet-Ie-Duc upon Spanish architecture and immediately refl ected in urban ism in new redevelopment project for Barcelona, also studying the consequences of his plan for the town planning in the last quarter of the Barcelona. owing to the delay in the start of explicitly recognising as his model city's monuments, and was able to counter the nineteenth century was enormous. In the redevelopment work; and, consequently, to Haussmann's transfonna tion of Paris.J weak attacks of the incipient conservationists, l3arcelona, this influence originated in the fi rst the lack of opport unity to put them into With the new possibilities of the 1879 such as "What are these monuments which we director of the School of Architecture. Elies ope ration. Law of Forced Expropriation, Baixeras red rew don't know?", and "Where are they?".s These Rogent, and remained among disci ples of his The demolition work was far too long Cerda's plan and expanded it, transfonning words bring to mind those which the prefect such as Josep Puig Cadafalch and Antoni delayed. The economjc cost of Ba ixeras' plan large areas of the mediaeval heart of of Pa ris would use at a later date to counter Gaudf. the principal representati ves of Catalan was excessive for the city. Barcelona was not Ba rcelona. O f the 5,n2 buildings in the city's similar attacks.6 Baixeras, like Haussmann, ModemiSII/O. Their ideas concerning the Paris. Without its dimensions, and without a centre, 44% would be ex propriated to carry out was not aware that he was planning to treatment of monuments are clearly revealed state to provide the necessary capital. it was the redevelopment suggested by Baixeras, and demolish any important monument in the city. in the criteria and restoration techniques in the impossible to find the necessary resources to 28% would be totally or partially demolished.· On the contrary, fo llowing the baroque interventions carried out to the Catalan begin the work. Moreover, the slowness and This meant, therefore, the virtual construction tradition which was adopted by the t coie architectural heritage at the end of the complexity of the bureaucratic procedures also of a new city over the one al ready in existence Beallx Arts, the main monuments in the city century.7 helped to delay the implementation of the (Fig. I). (the cathedral and the major Gothic churches) However, the wamings which John redevelopmen t. The Ba ixeras plan was Ruskin had gi ven in the mid dle of the century approved in 1889, but the work did not start in The Seven wmps of Architectllre concerning until 1907, when a contract was signed with the impossibil ity of restoration took a long the Banco Hispano-Colonial, which undertook time to become known and to be accepted. to finance the rebui lding. First, the traditional links between the cultures However, faced with the physical of Spain and France explain the surv ival of the impossibility of applying the Baixeras plan in ideas of VioIlet-Ie-Duc in Catalan architectural its totality, it was decided to begin with the circles until the end of the cent ury. Secondly, construction of just the three main avenues in contrast to the poetical digressions of (via), those that Cerda had designed in 1859. Ruskin, Viollet-Ie Duc spoke the same A long path of fifty years had been travelled, language as the architects and offered technica l only to return in the end to Cerdil's plan. solutions to the problems which came up in Barcelona was, therefore, left in the first years the everyday exercise of a rchit ectur e.~ of the twent ieth century with an obsolete plan Only from the l B80s did the ideas of which had to be app lied by a generation which Ruskin and of William Morris begin to spread. had completely d iffe rent urbanis tic ideas. The But, as in other European countries, the reat relentless straightness of the streets planned by spreading of their ideas did not take place Cerda and Baixeras clashed head-on with the lmtil after their dea ths, and the subsequent new ideas w hich had been imposed upon trans lation of their main works, at the tu rn of town planning in Barcelona, and the conflict the century. The influence of French did not take long to break out. archaeology also appeared at that ti me, using a Nevertheless, in the years prior to the similar methodOlogy to that of Viollet-Ie-Duc redevelopment, practically no voices were but questioning the value of his theories on raised against the planned demolition work. restoration. But, a fter years of continuous delays, public All in all, a profo und change was opinion in Barcelona held the redevelopment taking place in Catalan conservationist thought to be an urgent necessity. With a high Fig. 1. Baixeras' rcdevelopmcllt plall for Barcelo lla, 1888 at the end of the nineteenth centu ry. prior to percentage of the buildings in the historic that in the rest of Spain. This change owed centre threatened with destruction, urban much to the rise in Calalan nationalism which property owners had seen how the va lue of occurred in the last quarter of the nineteenth their property had fa llen, and they had century. TIw search for national essences transferred their investments towards the made the language and history identifi able as cU5al1clle area. Li ving conditions in the city PLANNING HISTORY VOL 19 NO. 2/3 • 1997 · PAGE 24 PLANNING H1SroRY VOL 19 NO. 2/3 ' 1997 · PAGE 25 centre had be<:ome considerably worse during buildings. For ,,11 of these reasons, in that period, and the situation had become December 1908 the U"i6" de Artistas of unbearable. Barcelona and the Asociaci611 de Arquitecfos of On the other hand, while the Catalonia proposed that the council should redevelopment was no more than lines drawn rebuild such preserved buildings around the on a plan, there was no clear awareness of the cathedral, "forming a collection which would Impact that its application would have on the synthesise the art of old Barcelona". _~ ___ .--:F_---= --~ historic city. In Paris, for example, the TIle Goth ic ca thedral was being conservationist movement and opposition to completed at that time. As in many other the redevelopment had grown at the same rate European countries and cities,lI the middle as the advances in the demolition work. lO classes had, at the end of the nineteenth But. in Barcelona, the delay in the start of the century, rallied around their ca thedral and had redevelopment led to the conservationist financed the construction of the fa,ade, which opposition remaining latent, and it did not had remained incomplete since the fifteenth appear overtly until the very moment in which century. Alongside this work, there had been the demolition work started. So, a few months plan after plan to reorganise the a rea around after work began on the opening of the Via the ca thedral. Most of the proposals agreed LAiettHla (the first and only lIia which would be with the necessity to create a great square completed), the first criticisms were heard which would make the monument stand out: concerning the destruction of the urban as had been done, for example, with the open framework of the mediaeval area of Barcelona. spaces in front of the Duoll/O in Milan and These took two main directions: first, the need Notre Dame in Paris.ll to preserve the most significant architectural However, what was then proposed remains, and secondly, the need to reduce the was a completely different kind of impact of the redevelopment upon the historic organisation, which abandoned the tendency city. With time, the former would lead to the to isolate monuments common in the Fig. 2. Proposal for buildings surroullding tile Got/lic square, by J. Manic/I , 1911 construction of the Ba"i Gotic (Gothic quarter), nineteenth century. To begin wi th, it and the latter to the near paralysis of the coincided with the new currents of historical redevelopment programme. urbanism of Charles 6uls and Camillo Sitte, and with the revaluation of mediaeval town The birth of the Barn Gotic in Barcelona planning. Further, and paradoxicaUy at the In 1907, the city council had planned to gather very time when the concept of the unity of together the most interesting a rchaeological styles defended by reslorationists in the last fragments which might appear. Soon, century was put into serious doubt in however, the demolition work revealed that architecture, a similar concept was applied to those unhealthy streets and precarious town planning· extending it to the collection workers' houses concealed numerous of monuments and creating homogeneously mediaeval constructions hidden by successive Gothic surroundings for an equally Gothic alterations. The discoveries surpassed all ca thedral (Figs 2 and 3). expectations, and the accumulation of The idea, proposed in 1908, met wi th archaeological material soon raised the immediate success. In 1911, the writer R. question of what its fate should be. Rucabado was already describing in great The museum was still the main detail how the Barri Golic should be built. 13 instrument of the city council's conservation Rucabado's proposal, endorsed by the most policy at the time when the redevelopment representative urbanist architects in Barcelona, began. In the same way that the delay in the intended to convert the space lying between implementation of the redevelopment had the cathedral and Saint James' square (the paralysed the evolution of urbanistic criteria centre of power of the city) into a Gothic for intervention in the city centre, it had also quarter, taking advantage of the existence of impeded the modernisation of the techniques some buildings of that era, although they were of conservation. But the limited conservation in a clear minority. The proposal was to performed by the museums proved soon to be convert that part of the city in to a kind of insufficient. At a time when the open-air museum to which the buildings of the mneteenth--century concept of the museum was nea rby Via Laietana, which would be entering a period of crisis, it was very difficult demolished, would be transferred, and where to organise a museum of the dimensions that the few Gothic buildings in existence would be the archaeological remains demanded. reassessed. A scenography would be created Moreover, the elements to be preserved were with details, such as Gothic arches in the Fig . 3. Tlw frltll re Barri Gotic of Barcelona, not always small fragments; on occasions, it streets at the entrance to the area, which drmUlr by the arc/ri/ecl /. RI/bio, 1927 was deemed necessary to preserve entire would complete the character of the ensemble. PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 ·1997 · PAGE 26 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/ 3 • 1997 • PAGE 27 This Impbed an ope ration which, at the same yet begun. In 1916, the architect Antolli tllne, guaranteed the preservation of the Da rder, head of the Redevelopment Office in hlstoncal legac)' of the ci ty and intended to Barcelona, drew up a new plan which was fortify the s)'mbolic value of the cent re of approved by the ci ty council in 19 18 (Fig. 5). Barcelona: giving back its centrality, which had Bearing in mind the examples of most recent been eroded by the peripheral growth of the oper.,tions in Mad rid, Rome, Genc,., and Paris, c ...... _·· ... "'H. .... ('nSQIlc/II'. Dardcr replaced the straight line with a curve, Bu t, a lthough the idea was already fo llowing the route of streets already in well developed, it would take years to be put existence, which were simply widened. In this mto practice. The fi rst buildings saved from way, the redevelopment project came close to the demolition work, basically buildings of the town pla'lning precepts of the era; religious or guild o rigin, were transferred, particu larly the curved streets w hich people fo llowing a practice which had beglm in the such as Si lle, Carl Henrici and Unwin had nineteenth century, to the new areas of the defended. Moreover, the project was more ci ty. In the 19205, even the architect Joan feasi ble and economical. It did not require Rubi6 revived the old idea of crea ting a grea t great ex propriations, and it respected the "'" ... _...... squa re around the cathedral. '4 But the ex isting city and the buildings considered to opposition of the town plarulers and the be monuments at that time (considerably ...,. "...... artistic and intellectual ci rcles in Barcelona was lengthening Baixeras' list). Bu t the project was unanimous, and the controversy which never put into practice. The high economic fo llowed helped to accelerate the start of the and social cost of the fi rst via of the construction of the Bar'; Cotic. rcdevelopment plan put a SlOp to ils In 1925, the first transportation of continuation. Gothic buildings to that area of the city began, Despite everything, the transfo rma tion neo-gothic restorations were ca rried out upon of the historic centre continued, in view of its some buildings already in existence, and new urgent necessity. For that reason, in 1927 the squa res we re built to create the desired Gothic city council invited architects to develop new .-...... -__.. 1I>e.10 1<\0 __ 1J.,..u. 1<\o 1J. _ ...... atmosphere. These operations were cont inued ideas and to draw up a new redevelopment -J._ ...... 80...... -1_ ...... - a ft er the Civil War (1936-39) by the a rchitect plan. More than 50 professionals took part in ...... ,,-,,_01_, -. Ad olf Florensa, who completed them with the the open competition, which was won by "'--'--•-'. restoration of the Ro man ci ty walls around the Jeroni Martorell and Gui llem Busquets. From district, and finally gave the Ba,,; Colic the 1928, the projects of these architects and others appearance which it has today.'s which had won awards were studied and, Fig. 4. Modificat io n of tile Via Laietana. Project by J. Pllig, L. Domencll and F. Romell , 1914 under the co-ordination of the municipal Modifications to the redevelopment project architect Joaquim Vilaseca, a definitive plan While these acts of preservation were being was agreed upon which paid greater respect to pe rfonned, from very early on the the historical heritage 01 the city. conservationists in Barcelona tried to modify But the plan d id not come into fo rce the redevelopment p lan which was the origin until 1935. The Civil War, the long post-war '. of all the destruction. So, in 1911 , a critical period and thc pol it ical changes put a report of the main conservationist bodies in definitive brake upon the development Barcelona suggested that the Via Laietana did process, despite the fa ct that the Vilaseca plan not maintain any relationship with the old remained in force until 1985. In that year, city.'6 with very different criteria and instruments, In 1913, the city council entrusted three the tra nsfo rma tion of the historic centre of prestigious architects, Ll uis DomEmern, Josep Barcelona would be carried out with a new Puig i Cadafakh and Ferran Romeu with the plan, but one which would, to a large extent, modification of the route.11 The new project be influenced by the intense debate which took improved connections with the old city and place in the first third of the century. designed new streets which, in the Beallx Arts tradition, reinforced the perspecti ve of the Conclusion monuments. With the creation 01 squares, the The long process of redevelopment in ,I plan also reduced the monotony and Barcelona was the main condit ioning factor a t - -' emphaSised the presence of nearby the turn of the century in the conservationist , I .-'- monuments (Fig. 4). movement in Catalonia. First, the delay in the For the first time, a modification of the application of the development plan restricted redevelopment project had been achieved aft er the spreading of conserva tionist ideas to it had remained invariable for decades. The certain limited professional and intellectual next step was the modification of the other circles. However, from 1908, the beginning of two remaining vias, on which work had not the destruction of the heart of Ba rcelona Fig. 5. Darder's redevelopment plall of Barcelona, 1918 PLA NNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/ 3 · 1997 · PAGE 28 PLANN ING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/ 3 · 1997 · PAGE 29 provokNi a reaction which had important efficient instrument fo r the conservation of 13. R. Rucabado, 'Un ba rrio g6tico en 16. The report was published in AIII/ario de la consequences; the most immediate being, as Catalan heritage in the following decades. Barcelona', La Ca lalutia, No, 89, 191 1, pp. Asociaci6n de Arqllitectos de Ca lalmrya, we have St."{' n, the preservation of most of the Secondly, from 1910 a prolific circulation of 308-311. 1912, pp. 45-50. The Asociaci611 de historic Ci ty. But there were other, more conservationist ideas took place in other 14 . J. Rubi6, Taber Mons Barcenollensis, Arql/ itectos again denounced the same far. reaching consequences. First, in 1914, the medium-sized Catalan ci ties which, for Barcelona: lmpremta Casa de la Carita t, problems two years later: ' Exposici6 de St"rtlt·, de CO II Sl'rvaci6 i Catalogaci6 de Monuments example, would lead to the 'recovery' of the 1927. I'Ajuntament sobre J'urbanit7..aci6 de was created, under the direction of Jeroni cathedral in Llcida (prev iously in military use), 15. A. Florensa, 'Restauraciones y Ba rcelona', La Veil de Catallmya, 17 Martorell. This service, promoted by Catalan the cancellation of the plans to transform the excavaciones en Barcelona d urante los February, 1913. nationalism and supported by its own centre of Girona and the preservation of the ultimos veinticinco anos', Cllademos de 17. X. Peiro, ' L'obertura de la "G ran Via 1I1stituhonal bases which d id not have to important Roman legacy in the city of Arqlleologia e Historia de la Ci lldad , No. 6, La ietana"', L ' A ven ~, No. 140, 1990, pp. contend with the immobility of the centra l Tarragona. 1964, pp. 5-36. 8-14. government, was to be the most important and I ~ NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This is a revised version of a paper fi rst Ciudad. f Congrcso fn terdcpartamell tal, presented a t the Fourth In ternational Seminar Valencia : Generalitat Valenciana, 1994, on Urban Form (Birmingham, 18-21 July 1997). vol. 11 , pp. 153-65. It summarizes resea rch included in the project 8. N. Pcvsner, Ruskill alld Vio/let-Ie-Duc. DGCYT PS 9,5.0050. A wider treatment can be Ellglishness alia Frellclm ess ill tile found in J. Gana u, Eis /"icis del Pensamellt A,'preciatioll of Gotlric Arciritectll rc, CO ll servacio"ista en r Urba"isme Catala, London: Thames and Hudson, 1963. 1944-1931 , Barcelona: PubLi cacions Abadia de 9. C. Buls, Est/u!tiqlle des VilIes, Bruxelles: Montserrat, 1996. Bruylanl-Christophe, 1893. This was known very early in Barcelona: F. 1. I. Cerd i'l, Teoria General de la Urba ll izaci6 /1 , Miquel, ' Las opiniones de un Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, burgomaestre sobre la estetica de las 1859 (1968). ciudades', Diario de Barce/ona, 1894, pp. 2. A. Soria, 'El projecte i la seva 2231-2234,2489-2491. C. Sitte, Der circumstancia ', in Laboratori d'Urba nisme Stiidtcha ll naelr SCillCII Kiinst/erisc /Jcn (ed .) Trebnlls sobrc Ccrdii i el sell Eixnmple a Grr llldsiitzen, Wien: Graeser, BarcelOlla I Readings 011 Ccrda alld tire 1889. This was known in Spain through extension plan of Barcelona], Barcelona: its French translation by C. Martin in Ministerio de Obras Publicas and 1903. Aj untament de Ba rcelona, 1992, pp. 30-75. 10. See A.R. Sutcliffe, Tile Alltumn of Central 3. A.J. Baixeras, La verdad sobre el proyecto Pa ris: Tire Defeat of Town Plan lli ng, 8oixera s, Ba rcelona: lmprenta Barcelonesa, 1850- 1970, London: Edward Amold, 1970, 1883, p. 21. pp. 179-212. 4. A .}. Ba ixeras, Reforma de Barcelona, 11. The restoration - or completion - of Ba rcelona: tmprenta Ba rcelonesa, 188 1. cathedrals was a widespread practice in 5. Ibid., p. 13. the nineteenth century. See: J. Fawcett, 6. G.E. Haussmann wrote: "But my good 'A restoration tragedy: cathedrals in the fe llows - you who seem to have seen eighteenth and nineteenth centuries', in J. nothing beyond the gloom of your Fawcett (ed.), Tile Futu rc of tile Past, l li braries - name me just one ancient London: Thames and H udson, 1976; J.M. monument of interest, just one building Leniaud, Les Cat/ledrales all XIXe siee/c, of a rt istic value, noticeable for its Paris: Caisse Nationale des Monuments remembrance, which my administration Historiques et des Sites, 1993; and S. destroyed" (Memoircs, Paris: Victor Crewe, 'Cologne and other completions, Harvard, 189(}'93, vol. 11 , p. 28). On these Chapter 12 of Visiollary Spires , London: words, see also F. Choay, L'AlJegoric all Waterstone, 1986. Palrimoin e, Pa ris: Scuil, 1993, p. 135. 12. Inicis de la IIrbanfstica lIIunicipal a 7. J. Ganau, 'El urbanismo neorromantico en Ba rcelon a, Ba rcelona: Ajuntament de Catalunya en el periodo de la Barcelona and Corporaci6 Metropolitana Restauraci6n', in Ciencia e Ide%gia ell In de Barcelona, 1985. PLANNING HISTORY VOL 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 30 PLAN NING HISTORY VOL 19 NO. 2/ 3 · 1997 · PAGE 31 (W.A.) in 1959. Between 1959 and 1990, she seems that the intense {eelmg (or her identified some of the major heritage Australian landscape which she brings in to lLANDOCAlPlEp NlEITGHlBOURHOOD conservation areas of Western Australia, her planning must have commenced its including the Town of York and the development in those early years".! AND AOClESSITlBITlLflll{; mlE Greenough Front Flats. Margaret was invited Margaret's primary school education to be an inaugural Commissioner of the was at va rious Western Australian State CONTIDlBUTIONSOf MARGARET Australian Heritage Commission in 1976; and schools. Her secondary schooling s tarted with before completion of two tenns of office in one year at Princess May Girls School in flEITlLMAN TO lPlLANNITNG AND 1981, she had played a major role in the Fremantle, where she was awarded a setling·up of the Register of the National Scholarship to Perth College. After a further Estate. She also supported Heritage four years, she matriculated in 1937. DlEVlElLOlPMlENT ITN WlESTERN Conservation courses in Planning at Curtin University of Technology, and in the School of Tertia ry ed uca ti on and early professional AUSTRAUA Architectu re at the Un iversity of Western a ppointments Australia . Margaret started professional life in 1938, as BARRIE MELOTfE Feilman's contributions to the the first female Architectural Cadet in the School of Architecture, Constructi on and Planning, Curtin Uni versity of Technology, architecture and planning professions ,md the Public Works Department, and the Workers PO Box U 1987, Perth 6001, Western Australia community have attracted several significa nt Homes Board, of Westem Australia. During Tel: +6189 266 7174, Fax: +6189 266 271 1, e·mail : [email protected] awards. In 1981, she was awarded the O.RE. her seven-year indenture to the Principal for community services in the conservation Architect, AE. (Paddy) Clare, she completed a Accepted for pllblicatioll 18 September 1997 fie ld, and she also accepted the Award of Bachelor of Arts degree over 5 years part time, Honorary Fellow of the Royal Australian at the University of Western Australia; Planning Institute. The Honorary Fellowship majoring in history and economics (1943). was awarded in recognition of her wide and She also completed the Final Examination for valuable pioneering contributions to town registration as an architect with the Architects planning in Western Australia over the Board of Western Australia (1945). Her Introduction She also introduced innovative interpretations previous 30 years, in addition to her planning registration as an architect started in 1946, This paper examines the career and of residential neighbourhoods and hierarchical contributions to the establishment of the preceding the establishment of a School of contribution of Margaret Feilman, a pioneering traffic circulation principles. Western Australian National Trust, U,e Architecture in Western Australja. Australian architect/planner probably best When Margaret Feilman retired, her Australian Heritage Commission and the Perth Margaret worked as an architect for known for her work in creating the post-war busy innovative professional career, including Chamber of Commerce. the Workers Homes Board and the Public New Town of Kwinana. Margaret Feilman her indenture, had spanned just under 50 In 1989, she was made a Life Fellow of Works Department in Perth until May 1946. was born in Perth, in 1921 and grew up in years. the Royal Australian lnstitute of Architects, Between 1946 and 1947, at the Brisbane City South Western Australia. In 1938, Margaret and was awarded the first Honorary Doctorate COlmciJ, she had an "introduction to town became the first female cadet in the Public Her contribution of Architecture at the University of Western planning and environmental issues in the Works Department of Western Australia, and One of Margaret Feil man's major contributions Australia, in recognition of her contribution to workplace".J After moving 10 the planning completed a Bachelor of Arts degree at the was the development of planning as an the preservation of the heritage of Western section of the Commonwealth Works and University of Western Australia in 1943. She Australian professional discipline. InitiaHy, Australia. Also in 1989, Margarcl was Housing in Melboume between 1947 and 1948, passed the Final Examination fo r Registration she contribllted to the planning profession awarded the Paul Ha rris Fellowship of Rotary she worked on planning and environmental as an Architect in 1945, and her indenture from her knowledge and skiJIs in architecture International. This award recognized decades issues, as well as the rebuilding of Darwin and ended in April 1946. and the environment. But, following her of community contribution in the broad Papua-New Guinea towns which had been After working as an Architect for the postgraduate education in Great Britain, environmental field and was "in appreciation bombed by the Japanese in the Second World Public Works Department in Perth until 1946, Margaret gave an address at the launching of of tangible and significant assistance given fo r War .~ and the Brisbane City Council and the Australian Planning Institute in 1950, and furtherance of better understanding and Commonweallh Works and Housing in she concentrated on planning as a three friendly relations between people of the Postgraduate study and private practice Melbourne between 1946 and 1948, Margaret dimensional exercise concerning the natural world".1 In 1993, the National Trust (Western In 1948, Margaret won a British Council won a British Council Scholarship to study in and built environments. Australia) honoured Margaret Feilman and the Scholarship for two years' study at the School Great Britain. In 1950, she completed a Post Margaret introduced innovative urban other five founding members of the Trust in of Town and Country Planning in the Graduate Diploma in Town Planning with planning and medium-density housing that State. The Western Australian Heritage Newcastle·upon-Tyne College of the Distinction from the University of Durham. concepts, and new statutory planning Council also honoured her with thei r University of Durham. She "became involved Shortly afterwards, the office of 'Margarel A. techniques, to address the post-war housing prestigious Heritage Award for 1995. in the euphoria of (thel immediate post-war Feilman, Architect and Town Planner' was shortage and the implementation of the Perth planning and environment d ream sweeping established in Perth, Western Australia. Metropolitan Region Scheme. She also Some ea rl y influences Bri tain - the move fo r new towns, Over the following 33-year period, included environmental and heritage plalUling Margaret Feilman was born in Perth in 1921 , redevelopment of bombed cities, the controls in Western Australian town plalUling Margaret Feilman made significant and and grew up in sma ll towns in South-Western preservation and balanced economic uses of schemes, and developed new Australian innovative contributions 10 the establishment Australia. She learned much about the uniquc the countryside and the issues of total techniques and policies for heritage of p lanning as an Australjan professional landscape of the Jarrah forest arcas of the environment · cities and the countryside" .5 conservation assessment. discipline. She created Kwinana as an South-West, and grew up loving the "b ush". Her thesis, entitled A Study of Density, was a Margaret Feilman, with five others, innovative New Town encircled by the West "As a small child she enjoyed walking and comprehensive study of the influences and established the National Trust of Australia Australian bush in a Tuart woodland valley. exploring the bush with her mother and it impact of residential density,6 a topic that is PLANNING HISTORY VOL 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 32 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 33 ~hll current 1Il Australian p\cllUling. Her thesIs the heritage of the built and natural the Perth Metropolitan Region. These government also provided ". .. the fimtncc and W,\5 supported by a thorough historical and environment in all Western Australian local Tl's idential areas induded Ardross, AltadaJe, the basic services. includ ing the land, roads, contemporary analysis of residential densit y government planning schemes. Balga, Bassendean, Bateman, Bayswater, water, and power".16 A new local authority, th'lt Bclmonl, Booragoon, Brentwood, Clont.lrf, the Kwinana I ~oad Board, was established in Significant professional an d community Coobelup, East Fremantle, Edgcwater, January 1954 by the Western Australian i) outlined a "historical basis of present co ntributions Ferndale, Gosnells, Grcenmount, Greenwood, government and the Commissioner, Mr J-I.L. population distribution and density growth"; When Fcilman returned to Western Australia Kardinya, Ka rrinyup, Koondoola, Kwinana, McCuigan, was appointed to oversee the il) identi fied the "reaction and reform" (the from England, she would have been onc of the Langford, Leeming. Lynwood, Melvi lle Bo.,ud for the first fi ve years. mdustrial city, Port Sunlight. Boumville and very few planners in Australia with such Heights, Mirrabooka, Nollama ra, Noranda, Garden Suburb development); recent and val uable knowledge which was Sa mson, South Melville, 11lOrn lie, Turana, The New Town model iii) reviewed "density methodologies and their required fo r solutions to the problems of post· Wanneroo, Warnbro, Welsh pool. Willagee, The British New Town model was skilfully e'ponents (Howard and Le Corbusier); war planning and housing. Her significant Whitfords (part), Willeton, Yangebup, and adapted to the local conditions in the design iv) identified density determinant(sl in contribution in Austra lia would be most Yirrigan. and planning of Kwinana. This was the first "regional land use"; appropriately categorized as being in the fifth Her contributions to statutory planning comprehensive app lica tion of the New Town v) compared "high and low densities in segment of Cherry's framework for "the were not confined to the Pert h metropolita n model in Western Australia and it pa ra lleled urban areas"; development of planning thought ... ".'1 area. She was retained as a consult,mt by Ule application in Elizabeth, Soulh Australia, vi) surveyed an exis ting high density area, Margaret Feilman's significant some 20 local authorities in count ry areas of as being amongst the first applications of the Elswick, as a case study, and contribution is certainly that of introducing Western Australia, and [I Councils in the New Town model in Australia. The projection vii) d rew conclusions on "neighbourhood "changes in contemporary approaches to metropolitan area, to prepare Town Planning of a 25,000 population for Kwinana New Town integration and social cohesion". planning" in Western Australia and Australia. Schemes. Margaret prepared a di verse range of is notably on a par with population projecti ons Her contributions to the planning of Kwinana town planning schemes for a variety of for the English Mark I New Towns, wh ich The thesis was successfu ll y defended in 1950, New Town were published in the August, planning, development and conserva tion were designated during the decade 1946- 1955. and Margaret Feilman completed a Post 1955 issue of the British journal Town and issues. Some of the country local authorities Margaret Feilman's postgraduate studies in G raduate Diploma in Town Planning Country Plu"niPlg. In the introduction to this were: Albany, Bunbury, l3usselton, Chapman England had begun two years after the (Dunelm), graduating with Distinction and article, Feilman noted "the widening innuence Va lley. Dardenup, Esperance, Greenough, in troduction of the English 1946 New Towns becoming an Associate of the Town Planning of the conception of completely planned and Harvey, Kellerberrin, Mandurah, Mundaring, Act. Stevenage, He rtfordshire, was the first Institute of Great Britain? socially equipped new towns in connection Narrogin, Northam and York. New Town designated under the new Later in the same year, the offi ce of with new industries is exemplified by the legislation, and it was followed by 14 New 'Margaret A. Feilman, Architect and Town character of this new town in Western Kwinana New Town Towns in the first decade of the Act. Planner' was established. She was Australia ... "}O In Ule design and planning of Kwinana New Margaret Feilman had noted that "Ule professionally qualified in town planning, and The development of planning as an Town, Margaret Feilman made at least three problems created by monolithic very low her office was the only practice of its kind in Australian professional discipline has been pioneering contributions to Australian dellsities were obvious to me before 1950". Her Western Australia. It was also a rarity in identified as one of Feilman's major planning. She contributed new applications University of Durham thesis was undertaken Australia. He r "post-war ove rseas training" contributions. She gave an "... address on of the Eng lish "New Town" Model; the so that she ..... was equipped to tackle the was used to set up a community education current town planning at the launching of the integration of landscape site analysis, problems of a ll low density which even in program of public lectures and liaison with then Australian Planning Institute, circa residential neighbourhoods and hierarchical 1950 was not the best use of land. The issue of government, developers, and the community. September 1950 .. "'}l She also gave a number traffic circulation. The Kwinana New Town limited water resources was clea r not only in She presented a "new view of the environment of talks during September to December of that was deSigned and built for the Government of Pert h Metro Region, but in all Austra lia's large in relation to planning and development. The year in response to an increasing awareness of Western Australia as it s fi rst post·Second cities"}8 messages of the 1950s a re now the the need for planning in the post-war World War New Town. 11\e Kw inana The design and planning for Kwinana stock-in-trade of normal good development.",8 examination of urban needs. Townsite formed the major urban area New Town exemplifies Margaret's profeSSional Over the fo llowing 33-year period of private Drawing on her post-war overseas component for the workforce of the Kwinana contribution to planning "... as a three practice, Feilman made significant training, Ma rgaret started a community Industrial Complex, and was designated for an d imensional exercise to achieve the best use of contributions to Australian planning. She education programme on the "new·' view of ultimate population of 25,000. The general the land as part of a total environment - to be retired as the Principal from Feilman Planning environment in planning and development, location of the Complex was based on the good for the people who used it, to give safety Consultants late in 1983. with public lectures and liaison with siting of the Anglo-Iranian (later British) and convenience and the maximum amenity. Margaret was invited, early in 1984, to government, developers and the community. Petroleum Oil refinery, which was developed This meant responding to the land as I found become the last Chairman of the Town She concentrated on planning " ... as a three through the 1950s on the shore of Cockbum it, using contours as a basis fo r design as well Planning Board of Western Australia. She is dimensional exercise to achieve the best use of Sound.1J Kwinana was named after a as the best of the natural features, including still the only female to have been appOinted to the land as part of a total environment ... "y shipwreck visible immediately to the west on trees, views etc. w hich we now take for the top public planning position in Western Margaret's innovative urban planning and air photos of Cockburn Sound. granted". Australia. In this role, Margaret continued her medium-density housing concepts for the Margaret Feilman designed, planned Margaret bush-walked for miles innovative contributions to planning for just Kwinana New Town in 1952, and for the and coordinated the construction of Kw inana wearing her oldest and heaviest shoes and under another two years before retiring. Edgewater Estate later in the 1970s, were New Town for the Government of Western slacks exploring the whole Kwinana site. During this time, she established a close pioneering developments in Australian Australia as their Consultant Planner in "Fai rl y soon in he r mind's eye and then on liaison with the planning staff in an attempt to planning. conjunction the existing Govern ment pape r, the pleasantly undulating bush land was 14 improve the standards of planning design and Margaret also made significant Departments and instrumentalities. The State laid out as the neighbourhood or suburb of the basis of policy formation. Margaret also contributions in subdivision and community government provided approximately 18,681 Med~a ... She has planned a community to try guided the introduction of an environmental design, whilst being responsible for the hectares (7,560 acres) under the Industrial and fit the Australian way of living, and has 1S planning policy focus, part icularly regarding planning of many loca li ties and suburbs in Development Act (KwiJmna Area) 19S2. The succeeded in integrating an essentially PLANN ING HISTORY VOL 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 34 PLANN ING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 • 1997 · I)AGE 35 Australian town in a particularly attractive brilliant blossom, are planted".v Medina Local landscape."lO Centre was located to the south of Medina Park, which was a native park retaining large Landscape site analysis forest trees as ..... a background for the shops. Landscape site analysis was used by Feilman the Hall and other public facilities".Vl 10: i) separate the residential neighbourhoods from the industrial areas w ith the major Residential neig hbourhoods western ridge and landscape buffer; ii) design the siting of the residential areas between the "At Kwinana from the bush two miles squa re western ridge and the eastern ridge with the of land is being earmarked for fo ur resid ential town centre in the "flattish basin .. 2l between dis tricts - or neighbourhoods as they are called the residential a reas and the ridges; and iii) - grouped around a Town Centre. The Town plan the detailed layout of the residential Centre will consist of larger stores, banks, neighbourhoods. "The landscape treatment is offices, [and] public buildings necessary to ci ty a special feature; the planner's aim has been tife. The aim has been to make it possible fo r to integrate an essentially Australian town in a every man, woman and child to take a full particularly attractive landscapc".22 place in both the local life of the Maragaret correclly read the landscape neighbourhood and for the adults in the social, as coastal lim estone overlain with red-brown cultural and corporate tife 01 the town. It sand of the Spearwood dune system. These should be relatively easy for every inhabitant shallow sands form the Collesloe soil to make his or her personal contribution to the association, which supports the tall open bush welfare and community life of the whole town. mainly ..... characterised by a eucalypt ca lled Each of the four districts will be provided with tuart, which has grey-green fOliage and a a school. a cinema, and open air picture white-barked trunk, and by various varieties of gardens - since films lare] mostly shown in the Bal/ksia and the unusual black boy".2l Some open on West Australian summer nights - a jarrah is found away from the Cottesloe public hall, an infant health centre, a club, association. The eastern margin of the several nursery schools, and a row of small Spearwood dune system and the western stores which will stock all family local margin of the Bassendean dunes are marked requirements".:!'J by a line of swamps and lakes, such as Wellard Swamp to the east of Kwinana and The four residential neighbourhoods in White Lake 10 the south-east."~ Kwinana New Town - Medina. Calista,Orelia "The planting programme in the and Parmelia - and the major roads such as Fig. 1: COllsl ruction of bUllgalows ill MediI/a, firsl l1 f'igllbo llrl/Ood of Kwillalla New Towl/, residential section has added more native Gilmore, were named after sailing ships that alld bl/iII closest to Fei/mall'S ideals trees, a number o f them with brilliant flowers had brought the early settlers to the Swan sllch as the red flowering gum, the bottle River Colony.30 This association with the early brush and the yellow flowering wattles. Some Colonial settlers was strengtilened because ..... non-indigenous trees have been in troduced in the street names commemorate members of the special locations to provide a contrast WiU, the crews of these and other ships and some o f g rey-green bush. The whole landscape is on a their passengers"?l Construction of the three-dimensional approach not a paper onc. buildings in Kwinana was begun in January Every house should have a view of open 1953, and in less than six months the fi rst trees".2S Each neighbourhood was p lmUled to houses were being completed and occupied. have its p ublic open space close to the houses The Handing Over ceremony for the first left as much as possible in its natural bush group of houses in the Medina neighbourhood state. "These open spaces a llow large trees 10 took place on May 8th, 1953, when the be kept fo r shade and amenity. The childrens' Western Australian Minister for Housing, the playing units are sel infornlally among the Hon. H.E. Graham M.L.A., handed the houses trees in a small opening where the low scrub ..... 10 A.E. Mason Esq. General Manager, has been cleared away".26 Australasian Petroleum Refineries Ltd .. ?2 The Commissioner of the Kwinana The Medina Residents Association, Road Board noted, in 1956, Iha' "this is being which was being formed in October / achieved by the siting of the major park land November 1953. was an active by Christmas of between the industry and the town and by that year. This Association spawned various the generolls provision of open spaces, where clubs that contributed to ti,e social life of tile clearing is only ta king place where actual town.3J Cricket was played during the g rassed playing areas are required. Where 1953/1954 season on a paddock of a farm clearing has been heavy in the residential adjoining Medina. The first Kwinana Flowe r Fig. 2. Medina s/lOpl'illg cell/re, 1959 sections a va riety of local trees, many with Show was held in the Spring of 1954.).1 TIle PLANNING HISTORY VOL 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997· PAGE 36 PLANN ING HISTORY VOL 19 NO. 2/ 3 • 1997 • PAGE 37 Fdlm.1Il nOkci 11ll' im port.lnn' of Ilw 1I1,l ln bu .., ,ltI()w~ 110 d ln'et ( ro..,.., ((),Id .., .Incl un"I'" rou te ,111(1 M ccl in,l J\V('ilUl' ,I.., Ilw ({'nl l', 11 "'PUII' "'pl"f"dlllf; bt'(oll1l''> ,rnp0.,.., lbk 1111 f/''>ld.'nl,.,1 o f M edina, Shl: wt'nl on 10 ~" I y Ih.lt " till' fIIMI.." WIt h Ill(' ((,.,u lt Ih,d tht· 1I1/('flloIJ 'I urned w ay' tr<.>a lmL'n l h .. " b('('n l'Xll'n.., lv('ly f l' ~ i dl' 1 1 I I, . 1 ro.. d ., f(·nd 10 1""('()Illl' !'nllfj'Jy lI'><.'d , wi th ollly tht" OCC ...... IOlloll ( ul dl' 1'1, 1{, I hl' IInUlIt ' rl' S lJ n~ 10 Fig, 3: Layout of Medina: departllre frolll prl'ViollS gridiroll plall s neighbou rhoods were planned to be ..... of hierarchies",JlI The Kwinana Town Centre was varying sizes dictated by the well-defined begun earl y in the construction of the New topograph ica l fea tures".» They were designed Town ".. , to assist businesses, banks, offi cia l to "... embrace school catchments and provide and community organisations to establish for orderly and co-ordinated positionin g of themselves in their correct and final location",l9 community facilities such as shopping. public Commissioner McCuigan also commenled that open spacC$ and schools".;l6 Fei lman wanled 10 "provision is a lso being made for a Civic creale four neighbourhoods, each of which Centre .. , grouped around a fo rma l 'Place' Ln was based on the fa mily unit?] contrast 10 the local cen tres where the keynote o f the trea tment is one o f informalit y",tO Hierarchical traffic circulation TI,e new traffi c circulation concepts Margaret Fcilman mtroduced the emerg ing introduced by Feil man fo r Kwinana New concept o f a road hierarchy in Western Town meant that " .. , roads a re developed to a Australia. "In the early 1950s it was basically a defin itive hierarchy which minimizes new concept fo r Western Australian u rban pedestrian and vehicu ltJr conflicts",4! "Bus growth pla nn ing and included the idea of routes to permit easy access pa rticularly neigh bourhood o r cells of development within women and child ren" wcrc incl ud ed. In a new road structure that established traffic describi ng the planning of the New Town, Fig. 4. Medina : c/lflracter alltl appearall ce PLANNING HISTORY VOL 19 NO. 2/3 ' 1997 · PAGE 38 PLA NNING H'STORY VOL 191\:0,2/3 · 1997 · PAC] 31.1 Thus the ro."\d hierarchy for Kwinana Concl usion Kwillalla to Miss Mary Lovel/, P.M. Lovcll to A. E. Mason Esq . General Manage r, estabhshed one of the earliest limited road Margaret Feilman created Kwinana as an untitled note retyped with amendments, Aus tralasian Petroleum Refineries Ltd. ,lccess systems for Western Australia; innovative New Town encircled by the West undated. Blueprint with plan of neighbourhood. mduding provision for public transport, Australian bush. She gave particular attention 32. r .M. Lovell, untitled typed note on the Scale approx. 800' = I". pedestrian circulation, integrated open space, to the Tuart woodland valley in locating the establishment of Kwinana, wi th 37. Seddon, 1972, op. cit. and the grouping of shopping and community residential suburbs, the local public open space handwritten amendments, undated. 38. As Note 1. facilities. These concepts were a significant and the regional-scale buffer reservations. She 33. Seddon, 1972, op. cit. 39. McGuigan, 1956, op. cit., p. 3. departure from the prevailing grid-iron patlern also introduced innovative interpretations of 34. Fei lman, undated, op. cit. Note 31. 40. Loc. cit. of subdivision in Perth. "The principles of residential neighbourhoods and hierarchical 35. Feilman, 1955, op. cit., p. 382 41. Western Australia, 1953, op. cif. town planning embraced in the Kwinana New traffic circulation pri nciples by responding 36. Western Australia, Kwinalla MediI/a 42. Feilman, 1955, op. cit., p. 382. Town design became the model fo r sensibly to the topography. Neighbou rhood, May 8, 1953. Unpublished 43. Seddon, 1972, op. cit., p. 3. subdivision and community design throughout souveni r of handing over first group of 44 . As Note 2, p. 3. the Perth Metropolitan Area ... " .45 houses by the Hon. H.E. Craham, M.L.A. 45. Wes tern Australia, 1953. NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper has been prepared drawing on 9. C.E. Cherry, 'The development of letters and CIIrriCII/um vitae from Margaret planning thought', in M. Bruton (Ed.), Feilman. Additional information has been TIle Spirit and Purpose of Planning, (see page 55) consolidated from the Testimonial Citation London: Hutrninson, 1974. prepared by the present author for the award to. M. Feil man, 'Kwinana New Town', Towll of Honorary Fellow of the Royal Australian alld CO IIl/try Plmming, August 1955, pp. Planning Institute to Margaret Feilman in 1980. 381-385. A shorter paper, 'Margaret Anne Feilman: an 11. Ci tations given in Acknowledgemen t. Australian planning pioneer' was presented by 12. As Note 1. this author as a keynote address for the 13. Feilman, 1955, op. cit. AI/as of Australian Planning History Conference in 14. H.L. McGuigan, Kwinalla New TowlI, March 1993 and published in R. Freestone memorandum issued by the CO MPA RAT I VE U RBAN DES I GN (Ed.), The A ustmlian Plml1ler, Sydney: UNSW, Commissioner - Kwinana Road Board, Rare.:: Ell gravi ll g~. J H : ~O - J fl 4 :~ 1994. Another shorter paper, The August 8, 1956. contributions of Margaret Feilman to the 15. L. Russell, Kwillalla "Tllird Time Lucky", planning of new communities and heri tage Perth: Town of Kw inana Advance Press. conservation in Western Australia and 16. Anon., Kwinal/a New Towll, mimeo, Ip., Austral ia ' was presented by th is author to an September 1954. Australian Library In formation 17. M. Feilman, My Philosophy of Plallllillg, l'rmSt' ror 11", R.... ( ,'(hl"m "I Association /Curtin Cultural Heritage Centre unpublished notes sent to Barrie \/I/U ("C"'''I'''''''''''' t 'ri",,, I), "":'1 Conference in October, 1994. Meiotic, February 24, 1993. "TI ..· '.,11<""., "f (·,1, ,hI", .lu!"" I>''''' 18. Ibid. .,nd 1>I''lXN'S ".un.v"'1! '\.1.1,·" ·\ III'I,·"I... n .",d \nu.... · .•~, l.>rul>.,,,... t In 19. As Note 1. 1. M. Feilman, personal communication to .1" \ I"dnd ~, ..I \1 ,1.",. or ,hn"'~, n Barrie Melotte, February 19, 1993. 20. As Note 2, p. 3. 110".... b..,ul• ." 'pr.",l",~ Ilmn"'l!;IIJIIl 2. Anon., Australia's first oil township planned 21. Feilman, 1955, op. cil., p. 381. \n. )",{"r p. 385. by a woman, mimeo, undated. 22. Ibid., ,\ '''I)('rhh ,lIu"r"1<"d ,,"d, nf lh,· 11"'<1. 3. As Note 1. 23. As Note 2. " 1I.'lu,,' ....,.1 I,",!h-nl' of I:",,,tll nl In 4. Ibid. 24. C. Seddon, A sense of place, Perth: "dl·~"()w,, IIrh ..., n·,,1<-r. "' 1'1 ",,11\. 5. Ibid. University of Western Australia Press, , ...... , 1"I(IIll!; ,1"," ,\.. \(·I(~"''''n! "p 1<> ,I,,· 6. M. Feilman, A Study of Density, 1972. 1'-;1(\, Chn,!,,!,I,,·, I... ·h"'."", 11. ",1" \ CII ) ",l r",,, \ unpublished thesis presented for the 25. As Note 2. Diploma in Town and Country Planning 26. Seddon, 1972, op. cit. ~ "1"''11,· 10" r·, "Ior .h·,·1 ,.,,~I." "'I!' in the University of Durham, School of 27. McG uigan, 1956, op. cit., p. 3. .-fli( .... ", In" <1,· ... ,,1 .. · ,·.,(,11 l· '(" 1".1"" \11 ' 1\1111 ( III{\'III d,·"",,,r.'plll .,,,d I'I"""(II~ In'nd, Town and Country Planning, Kings 28. As Note 2. I ,I/,,!!.,· I·"".,· College, Newcastle upon Tyne, May 1950. 29. Ibid., p. 2. 7. As Note 2. 30. McCuigan, 1956, op. cit. 8. As Note 1. 31. Seddon, 1972, op. cil.; M. Fei1man, PLANNING HISTORY VOL. t9 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 40 PLANNING HISfORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 41 new settlement was 10 be bu ilt , and the An area of 680 ha was set aside for the company hoped 10 exert close cont rol over ils future settlement. It was situated nea r Vllcaldliimllr §emyOJl"ilo'V calJl"ildl ilie fiIT'§~ development. The dependence of the Prozorovskaya Station on the Moscow-Kazan settlement on the possible unfounded li ne. Later, a pa rt of this area was developed lRtll§§llcalJl"il d gcallIdeJl"il ~OWI1lP Jl"ilecallI' Mo§cow pretensions of the rail way's management into Ihe so-ca lled 'external parks', with troubled Semyonov, and he mentioned it in a wooded a reas still ex is ting a round the 191 2 report About tile Garden-Town oftllc settlement, and on 35 ha of the inner LEONID B. RAI'OUTOV Moscow- KaztUl Railway. However, the architect residentia l a rea, greenery providing public Moscow Architectural Institute, decided to start designing the first 'garden open spaces and tree-lined promenades was Roxdestvenka 11, 103574 Moscow, Russia town' in Russia, wishing to put in to practice provided. ideas of laying-out and development of Blocks of small dwellings were to be Accepted for pllblicatioll 1 October 1997 settlements of this new type, whose placed on 335 ha of the area. The residential attracti veness he had observed and appreciated development was to consist mainly of wooden during his time in England. These ideas can dwellings: along the main street would be be contrasted with the grid plans of late stone one- and two-storey buildings with nineteenth century suburban expansions garden plots. The size of each plot was to around Moscow (Fig. 1). Semyonov's background to Engla nd with his w ife, and settled in range from 1,365 to 2,276m', depending upon The transformation of Moscow into one of thee London. During his UK stay of almost five greatest industrial centres of the country at the years, the range of his interests widened end of the 19th century was accompanied by greatly. He was engaged in studying new both a considerable influx of population and data on architecture in the British Museum, the enlargement of the city's area. The took part in archi tectural competitions held in population growth was greatest during the Russia, worked on a book dealing with period 1892-1917, doubling 10 two million contemporary European town planning, went during that quarter-century. By 1917 the on trips to Germany, Austria, Belgium and Moscow population was ranked eighth France and beca me acquainted with amongst the world's largest cities. contemporary town planning in those The chaotic development of the capital countries. However, he was especially led theorists of town planning, social reformers interested in theoretical research and practical and various social groups look for ways to experiments in English town planning at the limit its population and physical expansion. time. Being in London, he was well placed to TI,is explains the fact that Ebenezer Howard's comprehend the theoretical opinions of Tomorrow: a peacefill patll to social reform, Howard and other members of the Fabian published in 1898, immediately attracted the Society, as well as town planning concepts of attention of diverse strata of society in Russia. lhe fi rst 'garden city' of Letchworth and the Even before the first Russian translation of first 'garden suburb' of Hampstead, both Howard's book, published in 19 11 in SI. under construction at that time. Petersburg, many architects, engineers, figures Following his return to Moscow in of culture and patrons of art from trade and 1912 he published his book Town improvement, industrial circles had read and become which had been prepared during his stay in followers of his ideas. London, in which he paid specia l attention to A particular role in pushing for towns of the future, and in particular to the Howard's ideas and their rea li zation in garden city. On the vitality of Howard's ideas, practice was played by the young architect which had originated a great social movement Vladimir Nikolayevich Semyonov (1874-1960). in England, Semyonov wrote: "the main merit He later became the chief architect in Moscow of E. Howard is in the fact tha t he was the fi rst and, a quarter of a century later in 1835. made to solve the question of an elastic plan, ie a a great contribution to the development of the plan adapted to gradual town development. Master Plan of the metropolis in 1935. He was the first to consider the town as a It is possible to explain Semyonov's constantly developing organism and adapted regard for contemporary English town the plan to its dynamics".l planning, particularly that connected with the concepts of decentralising large industrial The Moscow-Kazan Railway'S Garden-Town centres, through examining his biography. Semyonov had an opportunity to put garden Having graduated from the SI. Petersburg city ideas into practice on his arrival in Civil Engineering Institute in 1898 he set out Moscow. In 1912 the management of the for the Caucasus where, as an architect, he Moscow-Kazan I ~a il w a y commissioned him to Fig. 1. Plall S of some self/clI/ellt s ill ti, e suburbs of Moscow designed health centres, mansions and design and build a settlement for its at tilt' end of tile nilletecll th century weekend houses in Pyatigorsk and employees in a Moscow suburb. The ra ilway Zheleznovodsk. In 1908 Semyonov travelled company was the owner of the land where the PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 . PAGE 42 PLANN ING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 . PAGE 43 tht, import,lIlcc of the adjoining street and the -ril y system was completed by other streets The three-ra y street system and the When working out the plans of "illue of the trees retained there. running towards the public space had been radial roads were the main traffic routes. resid ential areas, he d id not employ the courts Even before the laying-out and known through the history of urban form Tramlines were also to be laid there, to d'I1 o"IIellr refin ed in the form and picturesque building of residential blocks, various rules with, for example, the square of Del Popolo in connect the station square with the main groupings of cottages so characte ristic of were .ldoptcd for regulating the future Rome, the ensemble of Versailles, and St 'circus', the hospital and school complexes, the Letchworth and Hampstead. Instead he development of cottilges. For example, it was Petersburg. This form then became a part of park on the bank of the River Khripanka, and preferred perimeter development, traditional pcmllssible to c rect houses set back not less artisticall y-executed planning compositions of the residential districts. for rural settlements of the Moscow region in than lO.5m but no more than 32m; the area of small towns and settlements. Semyonov Retaining the general concept of the particular, and of Russia in general. the house was 10 occupy not more than 10 per attempted to apply it in Prozorovskaya, where mas ter plan of the new form of settlement, Semyonov allowed developers to choose, to cent of the plot area, and height was not to the three rays converged at the entrance to the Semyonov developed during 1912- 13 a number some ex tent, where to locate their houses on exceed two storeys. These were considered settlement. Here, in a small square, there was of similar versions. In comparison with the the plots, but defined their distances from the reasonable to offer the owners of sites a rililway station. The central ray, in the form 1912 plan, these later solutions intentionally street: introducing some principles of examples of buildings which would satisfy a of a wide, tree-lined boulevard, served as the emphasised the main thoroughfare of the regularity to the development of the residential certain level of city comfort and also the mil in compositional axis connecting the three-ray system - the focal axis directed from areas. These a re connected 10 the prinCiples of conveniences of rural life. settlement entrance with the main square, or the railway station to the central 'circus'. The Russian town planning from the 19th century, 'c ircus', of the town. importance of this three-ray structure was which he attempted to transform for his own underlined by the system of semkircular The plan layout TIl is 'circus', with a theatre, library, period. The planned character of the In laying-out this first Russian 'garden-town', lecture hall, bank, church and various streets crossing it, which thus determine the settlement can be seen from the plans and Prozorovskaya, Semyonov d rew inspiration administrative buildings was the focal point, to shape and dimensions of the residential street elevations of proposed buildings (Fig. 3). blocks. from the plans of Letchworth and Hampstead which ran other wide diagonal streets (sec Fig. which he knew well, with a three-ray system 2). It was proposed to provide small squares of three main streets converging on a large along the main thoroughfare in places where it public open space (Fig. 2). This three was crossed by the semi-circular radial roads. , • 1--•- .. Fig. 3. Plall S alld elevatiolls for proposed dwellillgs, Prozorovsknya, 1913 Fig. 2. Tile pla n of Prozo rouskaya ill 191 2 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 ' 1997 · PAGE 44 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 • 1997 • PAGE 45 Conclusion greatly-mcreased cost of building materials Scmyonov designed the layout of this first and labour, work on building the 'garden Rus~ ian 'garden town' p.lying close attention town' was first delayed, and then stopped lRlE§lEAlRCH to the topography, and with regard also to the completely. climatic conditions of the Moscow Region. He Ln the composition of the settlement of deliberately incorporated the river and the this new type, Vladimir Semyonov attempted railway lme into his composition. Because of 10 pul into practice new methods of planning this, and despite not attempting to replicate and development. This fi rst Russian 'garden The Making and Remaking of Engla nd's Inter-wa r Suburbs the layouts of Lctchworth or Hampstead, he lawn' was seen as an artistic whole in which nevertheless created onc of the most original the single conception of the architect-planner 1.W.R. Whitehand works of the Russian town planning school of united all its components: residentia l and School of Geography, Universi ty of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham 8 15 2TT, UK the early 20th century. public buildings, squares, streets and planting. Tel: 0121414 5543; Fax : 0121 414 5528 111e preparatory works connected with Pcrhaps that is why thc layout of the the development of Pozorovskaya began 'garden town' created by Semyonov can be before lhe outbreak of the First World War in represented as a model of a new type of This project is the first attempt to undertake a physical changes (such as redevelopment, August 1914 . By that time, builders had settlement for Russia in the 20th century, wide-ranging examination of the physical form infilling by the insertion of addilional managed to lay water mains and to begin which was to be further developed during the of the suburbs thal were created in England dwell ings, aod the extension and adaptation of construction of a hospital complex and century. between the two world wars - principally existing dwell ings) that they have undergone resi dential areas. However, because of the those characterised by houses alld ga rdens, since the Second World War; and fourthly, the hereafter 'garden suburbs'. In physical extent, role of planning in these changes. these suburbs a re a dominant feature of The principal achievements of the English cities and they house a la rge project are four in number. First, the project proportion of the country's population. TIley has laid to rest a number of myths about have hitherto been the subjects of insufficient England's suburbs. It has provided for the OTE systematic examination to atlow reliable first time a clear picture of the actual physical conclusions to be drawn about thei r physical form, antecedence, development and 1. Vladimir Semyonov, Towtl improvement make-up. The focus of examination in this modification of those inter-war suburbs that publisher unknown, 1912, p. 65. project has been those suburbs created by were created by private enterprise. A similar private enterprise. study of council-built suburbs is a realistic The work undertaken has comprised possibility and could benefit greatly from the an extensive literature review and, much more knowledge gained in this project. importantl y, a number of empirical Secondly, it has demonstrated the investigations. The review of existing importance of establishing a fa ctual basis for litera ture and data was undertaken with four the discussion of physical change, rather than main purposes in mind: first, to quantify the being reliant on the documentation of physical ex tent of inter-war submbs; secondly, projected, special developments that constitute to trace the development of the ideas, only a tiny fraction of suburban developments. especial ly concerning garden suburbs, that It has shown thal d iscrepancies between the ;. - have shaped twentieth-century English history of planning and the actual historical suburbs; thirdly, to clarify the various development of the landsca pe we re ?irij~ twentieth-century perceptions of suburbs, widespread. Thus a view of the landscapes focusing in particular on the views of those through the lens of local plans is both partial with a professional interest in the subject and misleading, unless seen in the context of (architects, planners and builders) and those the large majority of ordinary landscapes that who occupy suburbs, and ex ploring how arise from the proposals of a multitude of official views have changed; fourthly, to pri vate enterprises. ensure that ex.isting publications casting Thirdly, detailed information for small significant light on the nature of post-war suburban areas has provided a teat bed for the suburban change were taken into account in wider examination of the ideas on tissues and the main part of the research. This review townscape units explored in another recent brought into sharper focus the main queslions research project which dealt with the that the research sought to answer concerning description and prescription of urban form. the creation of, and changes to, suburbs and Hithe rto these ideas have been largely the conceptual frameworks wi thin which this restricted in their application to the core areas process of production and change might be of old established settlements, partly for want viewed. These questions relate to four of suitable morphological information fo r principal matters: first, the extent and physica l suburban areas. charac teristics of privately-built, inter-war Fourthly, it has opened up a number suburbs; secondly, the processes by which of important possib ilities fo r much wider these suburbs were created; third ly, the comparative study, bearing in mind that PLANNING HISTORY VOL 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 46 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 . PAGE 47 RESEARCH REPORTS ' Pla n I Non-Plan': session convened for the mixed development schemes, creating a new England i ... a strategic areas as source and Publication 1997 Association of Art Historians' Annual sense of the 'Picturesque'. dis~t:minalor of the garden suburb. Conference "Structures and Practices", RIBA policy transpired as some thing Companuivt! studies in continental Europe are C M.H. Carf and J.W.R. Whitchand. Courtauld In stitute of Art, London, 4-6 April of a parochial compromise with the strictest all obvious next step. In this way a funhcr ' Birmingham's inter-war suburbs: origin s. 1997 percepts of rationalist, mode rnist planning. [n contnbutlon can be made to the genealogy of development and change', in AJ. Gerrard and fact, and as Barry Curt is (University of settl ement forms. a major interdiscipl inary T.R. Slater (cds) Mal/aging Cl CO llurbation: SimOIl Sadler, Open Ul1iversity Middlesex) showed in his paper The heart of field that is still onl y in its infancy. IJirmillglwlII and its regiol/, Studley: Brewin the city', something of a shift in paradigm was Books. We a re all familiar with the idea of plannil'g - occurring during the post-war years even in Peter Hall's words, "building a physical w ithin the caucus of intemational modernism, environment, in terms of housing and shops the Congn!s internationaux d'Architectu re and factories and offices and railways and Modcrne. Concerned that modernism had not roads and parks and pubs and li braries, which paid sufficient attention to the free association is better to li ve in and work in than the of individuals, we find in ClAM's post·war a lternative which would have grown up meetings the inklings of a new architectural without a plan·'.l Hall suggested this ideology of spontaneity, informed by definition in 1963 in order to cri tically aSSeSs existentialism and organicism, that arguably the legacy of post-war planning. Yet. within a would underpin the deliberate decomposition few years, Hall would be one of a highly o[ modernist design in the later 1950s and influential group of thinkers to pose the 1%Os. apparently heretical question: what if there Doubtless, then, non-plan was inspired was no plan? in part by the demand for a 'popular' visual The title of the session 'Plan / Non idiom and by the New Left's demands [or P!an', which was convened at the Association greater freedom from state apparatus. Yet, in of Art Historians' Annual Conference in retrospect, the connotations of non-plan can London earlier this year, was borrowed from feel rather different. Indeed, Benjamin Franks an extraordinary article which appeared in the (Uni versity of Nottingham), in his paper 'New main organ of the British 'New Left ', New Left, New Right', went some considerable way Society, in 1969. Recognising the problematic towards establishing a connection between the effects of post-war British planning, the article non-plan of the late 1960s and the New Right o - which Hall co-authored with the radical theories derived from the thinking of Friedrich architect Cedric Price, the architectural crit ic Hayek and his followers, which were and historian Reyner Banham, and the then translated by the Conservative party of the late editor of New Society, Paul Barker - suggested 1970s and 19&1s into deregulation and the creation of planning-exempt zones as an enterprise culture. And the 'freedoms' experiment in 'non-plan'. afforded by state-sanctioned non-plan, he Opening the session with his ta lk showed, were rather different from those 'Non-Plan / a true mirror of social appeti tes?', offered by the outright self-management keynote speaker Cedric Price recalled the advocated by squatters and anarchists, who crushing weight of Town and Country have steadily gathered force in Britain since Planning legislation, widely perceived in the the Second World War. It soon be<:ame clear 1950s and 1960s as inhibiting environmental in the session that non-planning presents some creativity and spontaneity. and suspected of complicated political ramifications:non-plan aesthetic snobbery - policing the expansion of can be made just as responsive to the needs of 'popular' and 'commercial' architecture in the capital as to those of popular participation. name of 'Brilishness'. lan Horlon later Examples of bllilding forms and styles i/l UK suburbs exam ined In 'Expe riments in freedom', Simon provided a detailed investigation of the Sadler (Open University) attempted to link aesthetic assumptions of post-war British New Society's notions of non-plan to other post planning in his pape r, 'Legislating fo r aesthetic war currents of d issatisfaction with planning content in planning proposals, 1945-60', and permanence. One obvious connection was explaining how the Royal Institute of British with the British nvalll-gnrde newsletter Architects steered local auUlOrities toward Arclligra m, to which Price was a regular acceptance of modernist high-rise as integra l to contributor and fo r which Banham was a PLANNING IIISTORY VOL 19 NO. 2/3 . 1997 . PAGE 48 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 • 1997 • PAGE 49 RlEP O RTS RlEP O RT S persuasive advocate. By championing England). presented a critique of the city indelemlinate processes. Anyone wishi ng to Simon Sad ler, 2 1 Trinity Green. Mi le End techniques for architectural nex ibility and centre of Bristol as it is curremly organised. find out more or to make suggcstions is very Road, London. E l 4TS, UK. Tel: 0 17 1 790 adaptability, Archigral1l architects drew upon The anonymous bureaucratic planners of welcome to contact the convenors at the 54 14, e- mai l: s.j .sad [email protected]. uk )'ources of progressive architectural thinking Bristol. Highmore argued, have succeeded in addresses below. They part icularl y wish to worldwide. One such source was the Groupe creating an orticially-sanctioned ' image' of accruc examples of non-planning from all Note d'Etude d'Architecture Mobile, led by thc the city. in the process struggli ng to regu late over the world, particul arly from the Far East. French architec t Yona Friedman, the second the social acti vities at the city core. In hi s I. P. Hall . London 2000, London: Faber, keynote speaker of the ' Pl an I Non-Plan ' paper 'Li ving lighll y upon the earth ' , Dr Jonathan Hughes, 15 Hamilton House, 81 1963. p. 20. session. Friedman delighted delegates wit h a meanwhile, Malcolm Mi les (Chelsea College Southampton Row, London. WC IS 4 HA. UK. pictori al exposition of hi s belief that ' fu ncti on of Art and Design) foc used upon the Tcl: 0 17 1 636 2669. e- mail: fo llows foml·. showing how the users of a extraordin ary energies of marginal. non [email protected] building can be allowed to displace the plan ned, anti -capitali st. and 'green' urbani sms architect as the main designers of the to explore the likelihood of 'alternative urban structure. futures' . One of the most inspirational fi gures Certain ly. it would be a mistake to for Archigram architects and other regard non-planned. indeterminate. and orientations, planni ng history suffers from a architectural radicals was the American part icipatory architecture as merely abstract. The Socia list City lack of solid theoretical foundation. In designer Richard Suckm inster Fuller, whose as two very di fferem examples helped to addition. it appears that pl anning hi story is work was summari sed with admirable demonstrate. Taking John Weeks' hospi tal An IRS Workshop series on the hi story of simply not perceived as interesting or relevant succinct ness by John Beck (Darwin Coll ege. architec tu re at Northwick Park as the case planning and urban ism in the German by planni ng practitioners. T hi s is ironic. Cambridge). Here again . the confused study ' Brutal hospital' , lonat han Hughes Democratic Republic because connections between historical ideologies and inspirations of non-plan ning (Courtau ld Institute) showed that ex perience and present-day prax is are as resurfaced, indic ated in the title of Beck's indeterminate, nexible architectu re in the Holger Barth. Berlin evident as they are pl entiful. Hohn pointed paper: ' Fordist, Futurist or Fabulist: 1960s could manife st it se lf as a fu nctionally out that historical reference fonns an Suck minster Fu ller and the politics of shelter'. and intellectuall y- ri gorous bu ilding The Instit ut fUr Raumplanung (lRS: Institutc important part of ind ividual and group whic h charted Fuller's progress fro m New programme. And in ' Empowermem through for Regional Development and Structural ident ity, and that knowledge of hi storical Dealer to Countercultu rist. Further self-build: township hou sing in South Africa' , Planni ng), Universit at Dortmu nd, is hosting a developments is necessary to understand the exploration in to non-planning as some sort of Chi ned Umenyilora (Archi tectural series of workshops during 1997 dealing with specifi c genius loci and , th us. the essence of Utopian response to real social, historical and Association) explai ned how fi eld research in historical research on architecture. plann ing that which one is attempting to 'plan '. archi tectural pressures came in the paper "'Le the Ri ve rl ea township had convinced hi m that and urbanism in the former German In di scuss ing the relation between Cybernatrope": art and technology in thc self-build would bc thc best way 10 redress Democratic Republic. Histori ans and other aesthetics and politics, Dirk Schwicdergoll writings of Henri Lefebvre', in which the legacies of apartheid planni ng. Limiting scholars are invited to present and discuss pointed out that continuities and ru pturcs in Eleonore Kofman (Nottingham Trent hi s intervention as an architect to that of their own research at these workshops, and we urban development are well doc umented in University) and Elizabeth Lebas (Uni versity 'facilitator' , he has attempted to establ ish part ic ul arly encourage the part icipati on of biographies of architects and in town of Middlesex) considered the relationship archi tectural cl in ics to supply 'cl ip-on' parts younger scholars. chronicl es. Here. 'good' and ' bad' are not so between Lefebvre's thought and the acti vities for the continuous improvement of housi ng. The first session focused on two areas much an issue, rat her the ' usual' now of of the Situationi st Internat ional on one side, The sense at the conference was that of wider political relevance: the aesthetic historical events. Art historian Ute Fendel and post-war French urbani sm on the other - th is session on ' non-pl an' had opened a topic representation of polit ical concepts and compared the experience of postwar anarcho-Marxist non-pl anners pitched aga inst on which there is much more to be said , a ideologies (using the example of the "Soc iali st rcconstruction in East and West Germany, bureaucratic pl anning. feeli ng since reinfo rced by an exhibition at City") and the di scuss ion of historical research focusing on local communities and c ivic As Kofman and Lebas pointed out, the the RIBA, London. on ' Portable architecturc· . as it relates to present plann ing processes and identity. She exp lai ned that civic identity was The convenors of the 'Plan I Non-Plan' current resurgence of interest in Lefebvre and urban development policies. In bcg inning his most cl early typified by the RaIl/ailS (town session are now considering making it thc the Si tu ationists ind icates that dissatisfaction discuss ion of research methodolog ies. Andreas hall) in the West and the KtlllllrlwlIs (c ultural basis of it book on non-planning: that is, on wi th modemist. rati onali st and capitalist Hohn emphasised the political salience of the centrc) in the East. However, these two the hi story. theory and practice of recent planning, and the hierarchies of power that issucs at hand by quoti ng Ludwig Feuerbach' s in signi as of local life were used in very architectural and environmental projects which impose it, is ongoing. Two papers in exhort ation that "we shoul d not just ex plain simi lar ways. with both dominating the re particul ar bore thi s out. One. deli vered by have consciously rejected predeterm ined and the world bu t change it !". Hohn remarked built town cent res. Sen Highmore (Uni versity of the West of permanent solutions in favour of ongoing and that. because of its strong hermeneutical PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAG E .50 PLANNING HISTO RY VOL. 19 NO. 2/ 3 • 1997 • PAGE 51 RlEPORTS RlEPORTS attempted to clarify the essence of the so dominated in the period fo llowing the fall of In the opinion of Simon Hubacher. an practic ..11 experience in urban reconstruction called Social ist City wit hout dwe ll ing on the Fascism. Thus the provocative idea that, architect from Cologne, historical research in offers .1 clear indication of the general obvious, visual aspects. Rather, she suggested alongside the 'American' and the much pl:mning and urban ism is of direct practical relevance of hi storical research to the that the sociali st city is onl y ex plainable exalted 'European' city. an alternative relevance to the new German Slates and their pl anning and urban des ign processes. Perhaps within specific economic and soc ial contexts. 'Socialist city' could ex ist, appears to enjoy a ex penence of rapid systemati c and economic more so than any other city in Germany, Thus. what onc is dealing with here is not the following in Ital y. transformation. He criticises, for example, Magdeburg has agoni sed over its own post 'aesthetic poverty' so lamented by West A degree of suspense surrounded /rm PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 ·1997 . PAGE 53 PLANNING HISTORY VOL 19 NO. 2/3 · 1997 · PAGE 52 REPOR1'S PUl5lLKCA 1'lIONS I lIclusioll ill Il,est OllllOllPlCCII1C11 ls of pllblica/ioll does 110/ ",cc/w lc f llller review 0/ a lalcr da le 'perspectives on historical urban morphology but virtually ignored in some development', '1Ialian viewpoints', elements of urban planning and design. On a ' Prei ndustrial towns', 'Nineteenth century different theme. Tony Scrase (University of Melvill e C. Branch Atlas of twenty years ago and has lx'Cn d reams and realJl.oo c ities', 'Cult ural periods and urban foml' , the West of England) reviewed the slU dy of COmpllralive Urban Desig n (sc<:ond long out of print. commissions. In the prOClO:>,!" wc 'The imerprelation of urban form ', IwO urban form and Ihe development of the t.-d ition), New York : Princeton rhe ed itor is repull-dl y see how modern architects sessions on 'Culture, morphogenesis and pl an ning profession. Architectural Press, 1997, ! 16pp, the fIrst person to rccelve a grad ually developed a WIde comparative study', 'Cities in the late It is hoped that some of the planning ISBN 1-56898-073·6, cloth $60.00 doctorate in plann ing - (rom range of vlsionilfY designs (or / £42.00 Ilarvard in 1949. both the future cit y and Its twentieth centu ry'. and 'Urban morphology, hi story·related papers will be published in SOCie ty. Thl'$e designs, however, plann ing theory and planning practice'. There Plannil/g Hislory (the first. by Joan Ganau. is The milp·plans in this collection r~ cpr in t s were seldom intended as was also a well ·,lItended New Researchers' in thi s issue). Other thematic journal issues. of 40 citit.-'S in Europe, Russia, the bluepri nts. Modernism Forum. Many papers thus had direct including an issue of Buill Ellv;rollmerll Uni ted States, and Asia were Princeton Architl'C tural Press throughout the period of this relev ance to the study of plann ing history. developed from the session on culture. first published in the m id- have also repnnted Raymond study remamed characteTlzed by ninch.. 'Cn th century by the Unwin's 1909 tex t, Town experimenta tion and pluralIty. Amongst these, G. Curdes (InstilUl fUr morphogenesis and compasrati ve study in English Society for the Diffusion PIa/Wing II! Pracllce (ISIJN 1 This book cha ll engl'$ (o:>:istlng Sttidtebau und Landesplanung, RWTH Asia, and other fonus of publ icati on, are of Useful Knowledge (they arc 56898·00+-3, cloth, $75.00 / understanding of the Impact of Aachen) reviewed the importance of the planned. A book proposal from the New still readily available as £50.00) and the Plan of Clrrcago ModernIsm on the twentleth influence of ' innovation', broadly defi ned, in Researchers' Forum is being prepared. individual original coJ ourC!d by Daniel I I. Burnham and century City. the development of the urban form of Cologne Although generally feh to be p rints from anti quarian Edwa rd If Bennell (ISBN 1· booksellers and antiq ue print 878271-41·5, cloth, $75.00 / John Delol fons, Polllics and between 1840 and 1990. For example, the successful , the conference did have some dealers in the UK). The maps £50.(0). preservation, London: E. & EN. importance of transport innovations are well problems: not least the practical probl em of were a ll commissioned and Spon, 1997, 215pp, ISBN 0 419 known, but planning innovations have been language difficulties, and the related issue of d rawn w ithin a period of 13 John R. Gold, l'he eXPerience of 22390 8 HB £49.50, 0 419 22400 9 less well understood. JOrgen Lafrenz (Insli tut terminology uses and definitions. The latter years, presenting a unique Modernrsnr Modern ardu/eels and PB, £24.99) fO r Geographie, Uni versitat Hamburg) point wi ll be a continuing focus of ISUF's opportunity to comp.ue urban lire flllllre clly, 1928·53, London: development among 40 cities in E. &. EN. Spon, 1997 This is the latest book m the reviewed 'cycles of the pre·induslrial act iviti es: thought is being given 10 the 19 countries at Virtually the same familiar scrles Sllld,es In hislory, town scape in the industrial era' - it is usefu l development of some form of international momen t in time. Fascinating to Few topiCS In con temporary plannmg and I/le e/lfJlronmenl. to consider cyc lical element s in the shaping of comparati ve glossary, an in itiati ve led by Joe see, these hand·coloured steel architl'Cture and urba nism have Conservation, which began as an urban form , and thi s has been a strong Nasr. engravings are artistic rl'Ceived more atten tion than the antiquarian and scholarly purSuit componen t of some elements of urban masterp ieces in themselves, role of modernism In reshaping sometimes also undertaken for re presentative of an era of the fabric and t>tructure of the social advancement, and which exceptional artisanal skill. They ci ty. Yet, despite that atten tion, developed into an ~Iitist cause, arc reproduced here in fine most prevIOus wri ting fai ls to go has now become a populist detail in an oversized format. beyond generaliza tIon and movement in the UK. As The Alias of Comparative blanket criticism. There is little altitudes changed, so d id Urba" Design includes both well · understa nding of the complex government policy. Such known Eu ropean and American origms of modern archltl"Cts' changes in policy reflect wider cities such as Amsterdam, thinking about the fu ture city or social and cultural influences, London, Madrid, Moscow, New the many different strands in albeit somellmes at a distance. York and Venice, as well as thei r Ideas for Its {l'Construction. Politics and preservation smaller ci ti es like Ca lcutta, Tile o:pmence of unfolds the fascinating history of Edinburgh, Hamburg, Lisbon, Modernism fi lls that gap. the policy and politics of urban Ma rseille, Parma and Stockholm. DraW ing primarily on conservation in the UK, from the An introductory essay unpublished documentahon and listing of the first 29 monumenb by the editor discusses the the author's tra nscnpts of in England and Wales m 1882 to historical evolution of urba n mtervlews Wi th individuals today's 15,(0) scheduled anCient design, and provides a active in the Bntish and monuments and over 500,(0) background on engraving Conllnental Eu ropean Modem listed buildings (the 10,000+ tl'Chniques. Branch also Movements between 1928 and conservation areas are dealt with evaluates each map-plan, 1953, thiS te:>:t builds a only In passing). remarking on the details of each sympathe tI C understanding of The personalilll'S . both engraving and the evolution of how early modern archi tects mside and outside government. the forms of the cities, their thought about and vis ualized the thei r actions and the results - arc histories, and demographic future city. A'!' the account presented in an enlertamlf1g and cha racteristics. unfolds, it sifts the evidence of a highly informallve style, with This rare collection first quarter of a centu ry of exhibition well-chosen and clear appeared in its modern form projects, paper plans, pipe Illustrations. Relevant legislation PLANNING H ISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 • 1997 · PAGE 54 PLANNING HISTORY VOL 19 NO. 2/3 . 1997 . PAGE 55 IPUlBLKCA l'KON§ IPUlBLKCA l'KON§ MId policy Instruments arc Bruno Marchand, Daniele Andrew Blowers ,1nd Bob Evans Douglas J. W,1tson, The 1It'W civil suggests that planners and city Zynep Celik, Urbllnforms ond summanzed, wl"l1lc short case Depuis, SylvJin Malfroy, (.. 'CIs), Town plll/millg ill to Iht' 2151 Wilr: government compellsalimr for officials lacked the requisite tools colo/llol confronllllrolls: AlgIers studies show policy in action. Dominique Za nghi and Colelte century, London: Routledgc, cconomic developmenl, Westport, to combat larger forces leading under French fIIle, Universi ty of Part I deals with the Fa hndrich, LaIlSflIHlI' dims It: 1997, 187pp, ISBN 0 41 5 \0525 0 CT: Praeger Press, 1995, 144 pp., to population loss and economic California Press (distributed origins of conservation and its conll'xtt' dll secolld IIprrs -gllcrre, (HB), 0 415 105269 (PB) ISBN 0 275 94788 2 $49.95 HB dedine. Secondly, the book through Wilcy), 1997,250 pp, cultural b PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 . 1997 . PAGE.56 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/3 . 1997 . PAGE 57 lPUlBl IT CA TIT O N S lP U lB lIT e A T IT 0 N S: lBOOlK RJEVlIlEW aViulablc), ISBN 3 7983 In9 8, Miles Glcndinning (l-d.), The historica l development of approx. OM 2S Rebuilding Scotland: till' postltlllr the system and its policies are tlugh MurT.lY, Sca rborough, York ca ri cature images of Yo rk 's to rel y fo r rl':>('il rch In the visioll, /945-75, Tuckwell Prt'Ss, explained, with a critical I/Ild I..eeds. Thl' loum pla/1 s of lolm Gl-orgian bUJldrngs which planning history of the pe riod, The 1997 Yearbook's main theme 1997, 250pp., ISBN 1 89841 033 discussion of current issues and Coss;"s, 1697-1743, York: Yor k appear quite unlike the simple since so many of the feat ures IS the conversion and X. £20.00 PB. problems. An ex tensive Architectural and York ske tches in Cossins' notebook, that they depict ha ve been lost Tevlmhzation of blighted areas as bibliogr .. phy and li sts of official Archa<.-'O logical Society, 1997, ,me! bear little re ~ mbJan c e to the through demolition. In thiS a strategy of urban renewal. A. Calvert, Boui!'VIlrd BI'fml81'f 11 publi cations are included and loopp, A4 fo rmat, ISBN 0 actual buildings themselves context, Murray's book provides International examples used are TOlu s: twlut ion urbml istique I·t e .. ch chapter ends wit h notes on 95 1998 1 27, £9.94 (Available (which Murray also depicts a useful case study from which from Brazil, Spain, Vienna, Cape architec/llraie du XV I ~mt' sii!clc I) further reading. The twelfth from the author at 46 Burton using photogr.1phs). We can to seck a more general Town and New York. 1105 jours, Ecolc d' Archi tecture de edition has Ix-en completely Stone L.1ne, York, Y03 6BU) o nly g u e~s as to what the plan's understanding of how fu nd ing, Nantes. 1997, 175pp, FF 85. revised and expanded to cover local subscribers thought of this surveYing, eng ra ving and Kl.lus Schmals (cd.), Vor 50 the whole of the UK. It explains This is a marvellous book which misrepresentation (the buildings promoting all ultimately shaped la/lre/1 ... all ch dir Ralmlplalllmg Christian Hauer (l-d.), more full y the pla nning policies tran'S the activi ties of John depicted belonged to thl'SC local the plans being produced for /Ul t tint ~hiclltt, Dortmund: Cllristop/rer Wren /lIId IIlc mallY and actions of the European Cossins, an ea rl y-eighteenth subSC ribers). Pre~ umab l y, they towns (particularly new o r fast Dortmunder Beitrage zur sides of 81'ni115: proctfdinss of a Union and takes into account century Yorkshire cartographer. were not Imprl'S::.ed. expanding) In the eightl-enth Raumplanung, 1997, ISBN 3 Cllristopller Wrtn Symposilml, the implications of local The author does this by Subseq uently, whilst preparing a century. 88211 099 6, OM 35 Mellen, Ca nada, 1997, ISBN 0 government reorganisation and depicting the maps and plans plan of Whitby, Cossins appears Altho ugh obvio us ly of 7734 8546 5, £39.95 the growing interest in that Cossins surveyed, and by to have abruptly endl-d his greall's t interl'St in the local Documentation of a series of promoting sustainable revealing the biographies of cartographic enterprise, though context, fo r work o n towns in lectures at the University of Barry Cullingworth and Vincent development. those p€.'Ople who subscribed to he 81v<,'S no re.1son why. Yorkshire, the book a lso Dortmund and of a conference in Nadin, Town Imd Country the finished plans and whose In one way, the provides a very interl'S hng and Berhn on the conditions and the Plmming in Britain, 12th ed it ion, properties were illustratl-d o n engra ver's caricaturing of York's readable account of bro.lder lIlfluence of town and regional Routledge, London, 1997, ISBN 0 them. The result is a fa scinating Gt.'Orgian buildings o n Cossins' issues relating, for example, to planning in the Nazi period. 41 5 139 120 (HB); 0 415139139 account of English provincial life plan may sim ply refll'C t the cartogrilphlc history, urban This IS town planning as a (PS) (Wilh t/wlks for contribulions to in the first century after the difficultit.>S of re produci ng, in a morphology and a rchitl-'Ctu ral discipline not as a neutral lis t of This is the la test edition of the tlris St'clion from Pc/ra Pol z and Restoration, touching on sma ll space, ~ om e rather vague his to ry. The book IS thoroughly lIlstruments and techniques, but long-established Cullingworth Ursll/a 0011 retz.) contemporary ideas about hand-drawn sketche of researched and has extenSIVe as a fundamental result of social text, now co-written wi th archi\t'ctural taste and the role of (probably) un$l'en bu ildings. On footnotes. The illustrations are policies. This volume should be Vincent Nadin. It has been town plans as vehicles for what the other hand, the eng raver clearly reproduced on high considered significant in the Significantl y updated even since today would be called 'place· was, perhaps, not too concerned quality gloss paper (as came ra exploration of the responsibili ti es the 1994 edition. and the ma rketing' or 'civic boosterism'. with the indiVidual designs of ready copy). Unfortunately, of planning - including aspects structure further developed. Thus, Sca rborough is vividly the buildings themselves, but though, the plans of York, of housing, urban renewal and represented as a newly had in mind an idea of how the Scarborough and l.c<>ds are regional planning - during the flourishing leisure town, whilst buildings ought to look. The printed across the double-page Nazi regime. Yo rk is revealed as the cul tural engraver's idea of a Georgian spread, and the middle part of capital of the north, complete town· house is, therefore, a each is lost in the binding. wi th many new i1nd elegant revealing onc; si nce the windows town-houses that were then arc left looking gaunt, as black Ke ith Lilley being bui lt by the city's rectangles WIthout detailing, and Department of Geography wealthier ci ti zens. the heavil y·tiled roofs of the Royal Ho ll oway, UnIversIty of It is this aspect that houses rise steeply upwards. London makes this book so interesting, What should have been a well because what Murray does is to balanc('d n(.>{) PLANNING HISTORY VOL 19 NO. 2/3 . 1997 . PAGE 58 PLANNING HIsrORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/ 3 . 1997 . PAGE 59 JP U IB lL TI C A l' TI 0 N §: PlLANNJING HK§l'OJRY RJElLlEV AN1' JOURNAL AIB§1'RACTS BULLETIN OF TIlE D.rrERNATIO IIAL PLAl n m~G HJ5TORY SOCIETY N0 11E§ f OR CONTlRlIlBUJrOlRS Patricia Burgess (1997) 'The L. Luithlen (1997) ' Llnd· property market. These efforts expert's vision: the role of design ownership in Britain and the fi nally culmi nated in the 1925 The prime aim of Pla nn jng His/ary is to increase Notices of relevant publications from In the historical development of quest for town planning', Properl y Statutes. At the same awareness of developments and ideas in planning publishers' publicity material are useful; and full city planning', IVI/rnal of Ell ui rO/1ll1l'llI IIl1d Pll1IJllillS A vot. time governments pursued hiStory in all parts of the world. In pursuit of this, publication reviews (700 - 1,000 wo rds) are ArciJil/'e lllra / and PllWllillg 29 pp. 1399· 1418 efforts of devising new contributions (in English) are invited from members encouraged. Abstracts of relevant journal papers, RI'SI'a rch vot. 14 no. 2 structu res of urban governance. and non-members of the International Planning parti cularly those originall y published in a language In Ihis paper I endeavour 10 However, these measures Histo ry Society alike, for any secti on of Pla nning o ther than English, are requested. Res pondmg to criticism of recent show that town planning in generally were piecemeal and History . Non-native EngliS h speakers should not be Reports of recent conferences and o ther planning-d esig n mitiatives, this Britain, although plac('d within their implementation was concerned if their English is not perfect. The Editor events are very welcome, and should conform to the essay r ~xammes the role of the ' publiC domain', is largely fraught with diffic ulties. A new will be happy to help improve its readability and above notes on style and layout. design in the development of opcr.lting in accordance with the approach, recognising the comprehension, but unfortunately neither he nor the planning from a histori cal princi ples of private law. I also interdependence between markel Society can undertake translations. NanCES OF CURRENT EVENTS perspecti ve. The ideas and argue that town planning is an proct.'SSeS, market regulation, Contributors should supply one copy of acromplishmt'nts of designers integ ral part of the land and and 'public improvement', was their text, clearly printed, in do uble spacing and These are welcome from any pari of the world. Frederick La w O lmstead and property market which itself is championed by the radical with generous margins. Do not supply copy Organisers of events should, however, bear in mind D.lnJcl Hudson Burnham created conditioned by the definilion of Liberals towards the end of the already in column format. A disk copy is also that Plan n jng Hjs/ory is o nl y published three times an image of the planner as the rights in land and propcrty. 19th century. This philosophy is encouraged, which should be in Word Perfect o r per year; normally in April, August and December. expert with the vision to These rights are shown to be reflecled in the enactment of the Word for PC if possible. Ill ustrations should be Please try to ensure that Ca lls for Papers etc. are Improve the urban env ironment. g rounded in the traditions of the first planning statutes of 1909 clear black and white photographs with good noti fied to the Editor in suffi cient time fo r inclusion. When the city planning private land law as evolved over and 1919. Bot Acts made contrast (i t is rarely possible to print satisfa ctorily Later inserts are possible at the time of despatch. profession broadcm.-d its focus to the centuries from the fe udal provisions for the reta inment of from colour transparencies or photocopies) or good Sufficient copies, folded as required, must be include elements not based in system of land and property development value for reasons quality line drawings. Contributors are responsible supplied by the event organiser. Nothing larger design and developed a theory relalions. I therefore begin with of social justice ilnd the funding for securing any necessary copyright permissions to than a single A4 sheet will normall y be accepted. drawn from the social sciences, an examination of development of urban infrastructure. reproduce illustrations, and to ensure adequate Every effort will be made to include such inserted the image of planne r as under the leasehold system in SubS<.'quent enactments have acknowledgement. Captions should be pri nted news material w ithout cost. However, the Editor visionary expert remained. At London during the 18th and 19th tended to isolate town planning double-spaced on a separate page. reserves the right 10 make a charge for such the sa me time, constraints centuries and find that not only from housing but also material at normal advertising rates. imposed by political, social and landowners, in thcir efforts of from the land market and the ARTICLFS economic realities limited the maintaining the value of their issue of betterment, and thus NOTFS FOR ADVERTISERS planners' abllity to achieve their estate, conduct<.-d a form of from urban governance. The These should be in the range of 2,000 • 3,000 wo rds. goals, while the results of thei r environmental control very reason, it is argued, is that They may be on any topic within the general remit Planl1 ing History has a circulation of approximately efforts o ften brought criticism. similar to what planners do property as well as planning of the IPHS and may well reflect work in progress. 400, reachi ng most of the world's active planning Despite these constraints and nowadays as part of their legislalion are still hemmed in Articles should normally be referenced with historians, mainly in academic institu ti ons. CritlQUes, contemporary planners activities in development control. the straight·jacket of Ihe private superscript numbers and end notes. Refer to recent Publishers, in particular, w ill find it a useful way of are aga in (still ?) trying to create It is then shown how the old land law. I conclude that the issues fo r guidance on referencing and text style. publicising new books, journals etc. Advertisements parllcula r urban enviro nments system was unable to cope with isolation of town planning can be ca rried either printed within the jo urnal, o r mtended to stimulate particular the pressures of industrialis.llion wi th in a fra gmented 'public OTHER CONfRIBunON5 as inserts. Sufficient copies of inserts must be human behavio urs. They might and rapidly expanding urban domain' bodes ill for the future supplied in good time fo r despatch. areas. Politicians, royal of our ci ties. do well to Il.' l the successes and Other types of contribution are a lso very welcome. Advertisements printed in the magazine must be faI lures of the past g uide their commissions, and expcrt Research reports should not be of more than 2,000 supplied in camera-ready fo rm and must respect committe-cs sought to adapt the (ColllribrlliOIlS for IIris section are VIsion for the future. words. They need not be referenced, but any normal deadline times. The usual charge is £50 for leasehold system and to reform wc/collie: particularly of Eng/jslr relevant publicati ons should be listed at the end, in up to a Single A4 sheet or page. Multiple page existing property ri ghts to langllagt' abstracts frOIll jo rmla /s the standard format. Ill ustrations, where provided, inserts w ill be accepted pro rata . accommodate a newly emerging pub/js/red jn other languages.) should confo rm to the above notes. Similar short pieces on important source ma terials, aspects of planning history practice (e.g. conservation) are also encouraged . PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 19 NO. 2/ 3 . 1997 . PAGE 60 lIN'flEIRNA TIONAl PlANNlING Hll§']['ORY SOClDE1f'Y (lOPHS) THE INTERNATIONAL PLAl-lNING HISTORY SOCIETY • endeavours to foster the study of pla nning history. It seeks to advance scholarship in the fields of history, planning and the environment, particularly focusing on industrial and post-industrial cities. In pursuit of these aims its interests are worldwide; welcomes members from both academic diSCiplines and the professions of the built environment. Membership of the Society is both multi-diSCiplinary and practice-oriented; encourages and gives support to networks, which may be interest-based, region- or nation-based, working in the fields of planning history; • provides services fo r members: publishing a journal, promoting conferences, and providing an international framework for informal individual member contact; • invites national organisations, whose work is re levant to IPHS, to affiliate status; administers its affairs through an elected Council and Management Board. The Society was inaugurated in January 1993 as a successor body to the Planning History Society, founded in 1974. Its membership is drawn from several disciplines: planning. architecture, economic and social history, geography, sociology, politics and related fields. Membership is open to all who have a working interest in planning history. The Society for American City and Regional Planning History (SACRPH) and the Urban History Association (UHA) are American affiliates of IPHS. Members of IPHS elect a governing Council every two years. In turn, the Council elects an executive Board of Management, complemented by representatives of SACRPH and UHA. The President chairs the Board and Council. PRESIDENT MEMBERSmP Professor Stephen V. Ward Applications are welcome from individuals and School of Planning institutions. Oxford Brookes University Headington The annual subscription is: Oxford OX l4LR Australia 24.50 $ Aus UK Canada 21.50 $ Can Tel: 01865 483421 France 90.00 FF Fax: 01865 483559 Germany 27.00 OM Italy 23,500.00 Lira EDITOR OF PLANNING HISTORY Japan 1,700.00 Yen Netherlands 30.00 Fl Or Peter J. Larkham USA 17.00 $ US Birmingham School of Planning UK 10.00 ( University of Central England Perry Barr Further alternative currencies available on request Birmingham from: B422SU UK Or Oavid W. Massey Treasurer, IPHS, Tel: 0121 331 5145 Department of Civic Design Fa x: 0121 3569915 UniverSity of Liverpool Liverpool E-mail: [email protected] L693BX UK Tel: 0151 7943112 Applications for membership should be sent to Or Massey. Cheques, drafts, orders etc. should be made payable to the ' International Planning History Society'.