DOCSLIB.ORG

Remix Culture New Media, New Ownership Remix Culture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Remix Culture New Media, New Ownership Remix Culture Who is the most sampled artist? George Clinton & P-Funk? James Brown Remix Culture New Media, New Ownership Remix Culture The public is free to add, change, influence, and interact with their culture. Examples Folklore oral storytelling Music musical influences Sampling hip-hop music Graffiti architecture, space, dialogue Film draws from books, comics, etc Wikipedia public editing and organization Media Old and New “Old” Media “New” Media Media Old and New “Old” Media “New” Media Format Analog Digital Media Old and New “Old” Media “New” Media Format Analog Digital Authorship Individual Communal Media Old and New “Old” Media “New” Media Format Analog Digital Authorship Individual Communal Modularity Integral Decomposable Media Old and New “Old” Media “New” Media Format Analog Digital Authorship Individual Communal Modularity Integral Decomposable Reproduction Expensive & Lossy Cheap & Exact Media Old and New “Old” Media “New” Media Format Analog Digital Authorship Individual Communal Modularity Integral Decomposable Reproduction Expensive & Lossy Cheap & Exact Distribution Transport, Broadcast Network, On Demand Grey Tuesday February 24, 2004 Grey Tuesday Online protest of EMI’s attempt to stop distribution. Hundreds of websites. Over 100,00 downloads. Cease & desists from EMI. Fair Use Fair Use: 17 U.S.C. § 107 The fair use of a copyrighted work ... for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. Fair Use: 17 U.S.C. § 107 The factors considered shall include: 1. the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; 2. the nature of the copyrighted work; 3. the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and 4. the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. This wasn't supposed to happen... I just sent out a few tracks (and) now online stores are selling it and people are downloading it all over the place... it was not my intent to break copyright laws. It was my intent to make an art project. Brian Burton (DangerMouse) I think it was a really strong album. I champion any form of creativity, and that was a genius idea—to do it. And it sparked so many others like it... I was honored to be on—you know, quote-unquote, the same song with The Beatles. Jay-Z I didn’t mind when something like that happened with The Grey Album. But the record company minded. They put up a fuss. But it was like, ‘Take it easy guys, it’s a tribute.’ Paul McCartney As a matter of pure legal doctrine, the Grey Tuesday protest is breaking the law, end of story. But copyright law was written with a particular form of industry in mind. The flourishing of information technology gives amateurs and home recording artists powerful tools to build and share interesting, transformative, and socially valuable art drawn from pieces of popular cultures. There's no place to plug such an important cultural sea change into the current legal regime. Jonathan Zittrain, Harvard Law Open Source Software Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder> All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the <organization> nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. BSD 3-Clause License GNU (GNU’s Not Unix!) & the Free Software Foundation A “technical means to a social end” Copyright (c) <year> <name of author> This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. GNU General Public License GPL v1 Terms (ca. 1989) 1. You may distribute verbatim copies of the Program’s source code so long as you include this license. You may charge a fee for the physical act of transfer. 2. You may modify your copy of the Program if you: • Prominently note that you made changes • Carry the same licensing terms as the original 3. You may copy & distribute executable forms (object code) of the Program if you make the complete source code accessible to others. Copyleft The practice of using copyright law to offer the right to distribute copies and modified versions of a work and requiring that the same rights be preserved in modified versions of the work. Characterized by “viral” clauses or “share alike” Under which licensing regime has software most flourished? + + vs. + vs. -> + vs. -> -> + vs. -> -> -> + vs. -> -> -> Creative Commons All Rights Reserved Some All^ Rights Reserved BY: Attribution SA: Share-Alike NC: Non-Commercial ND: No Derivative Works BY SA NC ND All Some Rights Reserved Copyright from Multiple Perspectives: “Legalese” Copyright Licenses in over 70 jurisdictions Human-Friendly Descriptions Computational Metadata Caveats? Caveats? Serves “remix culture” more than artists? Proliferation of incompatible licenses? Insufficient freedoms? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights In-Class Exercise We’ve seen examples of media & technology. What about science? If you were to create a “Creative Commons for Science”, what rights/terms might you include? Consider 2-3 concrete forms of scientific output. What forms of scientific output might it cover? Who are the implicated stakeholders? Remix Culture New Media, New Ownership .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WIKINOMICS How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything
    WIKINOMICS How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything EXPANDED EDITION Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams Portfolio Praise for Wikinomics “Wikinomics illuminates the truth we are seeing in markets around the globe: the more you share, the more you win. Wikinomics sheds light on the many faces of business collaboration and presents a powerful new strategy for business leaders in a world where customers, employees, and low-cost producers are seizing control.” —Brian Fetherstonhaugh, chairman and CEO, OgilvyOne Worldwide “A MapQuest–like guide to the emerging business-to-consumer relation- ship. This book should be invaluable to any manager—helping us chart our way in an increasingly digital world.” —Tony Scott, senior vice president and chief information officer, The Walt Disney Company “Knowledge creation happens in social networks where people learn and teach each other. Wikinomics shows where this phenomenon is headed when turbocharged to engage the ideas and energy of customers, suppli- ers, and producers in mass collaboration. It’s a must-read for those who want a map of where the world is headed.” —Noel Tichy, professor, University of Michigan and author of Cycle of Leadership “A deeply profound and hopeful book. Wikinomics provides compelling evidence that the emerging ‘creative commons’ can be a boon, not a threat to business. Every CEO should read this book and heed its wise counsel if they want to succeed in the emerging global economy.” —Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chairman, World Economic Forum “Business executives who want to be able to stay competitive in the future should read this compelling and excellently written book.” —Tiffany Olson, president and CEO, Roche Diagnostics Corporation, North America “One of the most profound shifts transforming business and society in the early twenty-first century is the rapid emergence of open, collaborative innovation models.
    [Show full text]
  • Creative Commons Licence: an Alternative Solution to Copyright in the New Media Arena
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Sydney eScholarship CHAPTER FOURTEEN CREATIVE COMMONS LICENCE: AN ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION TO COPYRIGHT IN THE NEW MEDIA ARENA Chunyan Wang• AN INTRODUCTION TO CREATIVE COMMONS Creative Commons (CC) is a global non-profit organisation that provides free tools, including Creative Commons licenses and software, to enable authors, researchers, artists and educators to easily mark their creative works with the specific intellectual property rights they wish their creative works to carry. The mission of CC is to build a system of balanced intellectual property rights by advocating a ‘some rights reserved’ alternative to the traditional ‘all rights reserved’ system.1 CC is dedicated to building a flexible copyright regime in the face of increasingly restrictive copyright rules. It encourages legal sharing, remixing, and reuse of creative work, and provides a legal platform to spread and build digitally enabled creative culture. Incorporating distributive and legal mechanisms at the same time, CC serves to remedy excessively restrictive intellectual property protection. By promoting a fair and user-friendly structure of intellectual property rights, CC is helping to realise open access to knowledge. • Many thanks to Professor Brian Fitzgerald of Queensland University of Technology and Professor Gao Fuping of East China University of Political Science and Law for inviting me to write this article. Thanks also to Dr Stewart Cheifet of Internet Archive and Professor Jing Wang of MIT for their comments and assistance in writing this article. Additional thanks to Mr Yi Zheng and Mr Fei Yang for their help. 1 Creative Commons <http://creativecommons.org>.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Design Space Through Remixing
    1 Exploring Design Space through Remixing YUE HAN AND JEFFREY V. NICKERSON, Stevens Institute of Technology 1. INTRODUCTION Open innovation [Chesbrough 2006] sometimes performs better than traditional company-based innovation [Hippel and Krogh 2003, Poetz and Schreier 2012]. Open innovation communities promote collective intelligence by providing members platforms to design and create use-generated content. Among these communities, many have incorporated a system to encourage users to modify each other’s work in a process called remixing [Lessig 2014]. Remixing continues to evolve in open innovation communities including Github [Dabbish et al. 2012], Scratch [Hill and Monroy-Hernández 2013], Thingiverse [Kyriakou and Nickerson 2014], and ccMixer [Cheliotis and Yew 2009]. Remixing in online communities relies on a small number of technical features [Nickerson 2014], and understanding the way these features are used may help us design more productive online communities. Remixing can be thought of as a form of product evolution [Nickerson and Yu 2012]: Together a community explores a design space of possibilities, starting from the many designs already created. 2. EXPLORATORY STUDIES In our first study, we analyzed projects on Scratch.mit.edu to understand how users explored the design space. Scratch is a programming language created by the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab [Resnick et al. 2009]. Scratch.mit.edu is an online community in which users, mainly youth, create, share and remix projects using Scratch. The projects selected in our study are created after 2013, when Scratch 2.0 was launched, because the raw project code is readily available in text format, allowing us to compute distance measures.
    [Show full text]
  • Righteous Remixes, Sacred Mashups: Rethinking Authority, Authenticity, and Originality In
    Righteous Remixes, Sacred Mashups: Rethinking Authority, Authenticity, and Originality in the Study of Religion __________ A Dissertation Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the University of Denver and the Iliff School of Theology Joint PhD Program University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________ by Seth M. Walker September 2018 Advisor: Lynn Schofield Clark 1 Thesis Remix studies largely revolves around the metaphorical extension of “remix” outside of its typical audio-visual contexts to culture at large. While many unrelated fields have seen the conceptual application of remix to their practices and productions, its application to the study of religion has been noticeably limited. This has been a curious absence in scholarship, as those studying digital culture have increasingly examined the role of religion in new media practices. Emerging from an interest in how remix engages clouded cultural understandings of authorship, and a curiosity over what happens when it is metaphorically applied to areas where it has not yet been encountered, this project primarily asks what it would mean to study religious traditions and their developments in the modern Western world as remix processes. Moreover, it asks how the consideration of religious phenomena and traditions from this shift in conceptual and terminological framing might help scholars understand religiosity differently, and what sorts of meanings, implications, or assumptions might accompany this. In other words, what does the application of remix in this context help us rethink? Thus, the project considers how a remix model might fundamentally shift the way we perceive and understand religious phenomena and institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introductory Historical Contextualization of Online Creation Communities for the Building of Digital Commons: the Emergence of a Free Culture Movement
    An Introductory Historical Contextualization of Online Creation Communities for the Building of Digital Commons: The Emergence of a Free Culture Movement Mayo Fuster Morell Autonomous University of Barcelona [email protected] Abstract. Online Creation Communities (OCCs) are a set of individ- uals that communicate, interact and collaborate; in several forms and degrees of participation which are eco-systemically integrated; mainly via a platform of participation on the Internet, on which they depend; and aiming at knowledge-making and sharing. The paper will first pro- vide an historical contextualization OCCs. Then, it will show how the development of OCCs is fuelled by and contributes to, the rise of a free culture movement defending and advocating the creation of digital com- mons, and provide an empirically grounded definition of free culture movement. The empirical analyses is based content analysis of 80 in- terviews to free culture practitioners, promoters and activists with an international background or rooted in Europe, USA and Latino-America and the content analysis of two seminar discussions. The data collection was developed from 2008 to 2010. 1 Introduction Online Creation Communities (OCCs) are a set of individuals that communicate, interact and collaborate; in several forms and degrees of participation which are eco-systemically integrated; mainly via a platform of participation on the In- ternet, on which they depend; and aiming at knowledge-making and sharing (Fuster Morell, 2010). OCCs based on certain governance conditions result on the building of a digital commons. Digital commons are defined as an informa- tion and knowledge resources that are collectively created and owned or shared between or among a community and that tend to be non-exclusivedible, that is, be (generally freely) available to third parties.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Remixing Culture
    REMIXING CULTURE: LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Remixed, or mashed up music is a contested issue both within musical communities and the law. The dispute arises when a musician creates a new piece of music by taking apart, re-arranging and sampling the work of another musician to create a new song. These remixed versions of songs are often unlicensed and have not been granted permission by the record label that produced the original tracks. While instances of cultural phenomena have often influenced the development of new works of art throughout history, the digital technologies of the 21st century have enabled artists to directly cut and paste the works of others into their own art, creating controversy both within artistic communities and the legal realms. Methodologically, this literature review will explore the historical context of music evolution, from the performance to the first recordings to the current mp3 format. In addition, it will reference the growing culture of remix music: the artistic practice of pastiching the works of others to create new songs. Finally, it seeks to uncover implications of music as intellectual property, as opposed to a new form of cultural democracy and literacy. The research question that this literature review elucidates is whether or not a remixed song, or a mash-up, is an extension of a phenomenon of culture building, and what implications the digital nature of its production has on the notion of artistic creation and intellectual property rules. Three essential mindsets pertain to the issue of remixed music. There is one group of academics that argue remix is the fundamental cornerstone of human collective consciousness, and law professors like Lawrence Lessig and writers such as Paul D.
    [Show full text]
  • User-Friendly Licensing for a User-Generated World: the Future of the Video-Content Market
    Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law Volume 15 Issue 2 Issue 2 - Winter 2013 Article 5 2013 User-Friendly Licensing for a User-Generated World: The Future of the Video-Content Market Joanna E. Collins Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/jetlaw Part of the Intellectual Property Law Commons, and the Science and Technology Law Commons Recommended Citation Joanna E. Collins, User-Friendly Licensing for a User-Generated World: The Future of the Video-Content Market, 15 Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law 407 (2020) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/jetlaw/vol15/iss2/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law by an authorized editor of Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. User-Friendly Licensing for a User-Generated World: The Future of the Video-Content Market ABSTRACT A picture may say a thousand words, but in today's artistic culture, video is the true king. User-generated remix and mashup videos have become a central way for people to communicate their ideas, to be a part of popular culture, and to bring life to their own artistic visions. Digital technology and the rise of user-generated Internet platforms have enabled professionals and amateurs alike to participate in the creation of web videos, which often incorporate popular content. But this has led to a growing tension between amateur sampling artists and copyright rightsholders. The current video-content- licensing scheme requires individually negotiated contracts for authorized use of copyrighted material, but amateur artists frequently lack the bargaining power and understanding of copyright law to comply with licensing requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of User-Generated Content
    Mashing-up Culture Proceedings from the COUNTER workshop Mashing-up Culture Upp- sala University, May 13-14, 2009 Title: Mashing-up Culture: The Rise of User-generated Content Eds.: Eva Hemmungs Wirtén and Maria Ryman Abstract: These are the proceedings of the first COUNTER workshop “Mashing-up Culture: The Rise of User-generated Content”, Uppsala Uni- versity, May 13-14, 2009. COUNTER is a European research project ex- ploring the consumption of counterfeit and pirated goods. Sampling, remix- ing, mash-ups and appropriation are part of the digital creative milieu of the twenty-first century. Sites such as YouTube and deviantART have offered new outlets for creativity and become hubs for innovative forms of collabo- ration, thus playing their part in challenging modernist notions of what it means to be a creator as well as a consumer. Drawing on this general back- ground, the ten papers presented in these proceedings are examining areas such as: Sampling, mash-ups, and appropriation; Creativity and collabora- tive practices; Creative Industries and intellectual property; Copyright, Cultural Heritage and Cultural Policy; and Formal and informal regulations of intellectual property. The ten authors are all contributing to an interna- tional and interdisciplinary scientific discussion on the mash-up. Mash-ups and user-generated content are social and cultural phenomena which in these papers are put into various contexts, from legal ones, over technology, to the nation as a framework. Keywords: Proceedings (COUNTER Counterfeiting and Piracy Research), Copyright—Adaptions, User-created content COUNTER is funded by the European Commission’s Framework 7 programme. Mashing-up Culture: The Rise of User- generated Content Proceedings from the COUNTER workshop Mashing-up Culture Uppsala University, May 13-14, 2009 Eds.
    [Show full text]
  • Locke Remixed ; - )
    Locke Remixed ; - ) Robert P. Merges UC Berkeley (Boalt Hall) School of Law [Note: This paper was prepared as part of a conference on IP and Distributive Justice, March, 2006, UC Davis School of Law. It is still an early draft, in development. Comments welcome.] 1. Introduction This conference on Intellectual Property (IP) and Distributive Justice covered a lot of ground. I am going to bear in on only one small corner of this terrain: remixes. A remix (or mash-up) is a work created from one or more pre-existing works – music, photos, videos, computer games, etc. As everyone at this conference was well aware, remix culture is a very big thing in the online world.1 People create, distribute, trade, and comment on all sorts of pre-existing works. At least some of these pre-existing works are widely distributed for-profit mass media products such as Beatles albums, Star Wars films, TV shows, etc., etc. (In this little Essay I call works such as these “original mass- market works,”2 and I often refer to the largest corporate creators/owners of these works as “Big Media”). There is a close connection between remix culture and distributive justice. One important group of remixers is “little guys” – individuals, mostly, who modify, add to and comment on mass market works.3 It is mostly a hobby, in the sense that they are not 1 See, e.g., http://www.mashupcamp.com/. 2 “Original” stems from the Latin word “origin-em,” meaning beginning or source. I understand that very few creative works are an absolute beginning or source; that they are almost all based on or derived from other materials in one way or another.
    [Show full text]
  • EDITH K. ACKERMANN Visiting Scientist, MIT School of Architecture and Senior Research Associate, Harvard Graduate School of Design in Cambridge, MA, USA
    EDITH K. ACKERMANN Visiting Scientist, MIT School of Architecture and Senior Research Associate, Harvard Graduate School of Design in Cambridge, MA, USA Cultures of creativity and modes of appropriation: FROM DIY (DO IT YOURSELF) TO BIIT (BE IN IT TOGETHER) Cultures of creativity and modes of appropriation: From DIY (Do It Yourself) to BIIT (Be In It Together) Edith K. Ackermann “The key to creativity is to be prepared to accept the unexpected” Robert Austin (Harvard Business School) One of the particularities of today’s “cultures of creativity” place at the same time: On the one hand, culture is becoming is that they are neither local (typical of a region) nor global global as individuals are able to reach out to the entire planet. (common among citizens of the world). Instead, they cut On the other side, culture becomes customized, personalized, across generations, social groups, and territorial borders (geo­ user­generated and local (Castells, 1998). Said otherwise, the graphic, national, ethnic), resembling what some refer to as digitalization of the world exacerbates the sentiment of being “glocal” (Robertson, 1995). This neologism was first introduced at once a part of a global village and a lone wanderer in need in the late 1980s to describe the emergence of new forms of of affiliations and anchoring points. Indeed, in recent years, particularisms, made possible through the globalization of communities and neighborhoods as we know them are dis­ resources, the displacements of people, goods, and activity solving fast, thus forcing the “new migrants” we’ve become to centers, as well as the shifting of personal and societal re­ reinvent themselves, to redefine home and family, and to seek ferences and value systems, or ethos.
    [Show full text]
  • Opening the Black Box: Four Views of Transparency in Remix Culture
    Opening the Black Box: Four Views of Transparency in Remix Culture Sarita Yardi, Kurt Luther, Nick Diakopoulos, Amy Bruckman School of Interactive Computing Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA USA {yardi,luther,nad,asb}@cc.gatech.edu ABSTRACT highly networked and learning is an intensely social and Opportunities for reuse, remix, and mashup creation online collaborative process. In this paper, we look at four occur most felicitously when newcomers can easily learn to websites and describe the ways in which they support reuse participate in the community. In this paper, we analyze four and remixing based on the level of transparency in the site. online communities: Jumpcut, MySpace, Newgrounds, and In particular, we show how visibility of processes within Facebook. Each of these sites is quite popular, but offers Jumpcut1 and MySpace2 are relatively open, enabling different kinds of opportunities for consumption and sharing and reuse of content, whereas Newgrounds3 and production of content. Specifically, the extent to which Facebook4 are less transparent and members create informal remixing is facilitated depends on transparency of process mechanisms for collaborating and sharing content outside in the site. Providing visible accessibility of process of the technical constraints of these sites. facilitates a cognitive apprenticeship model of learning, where newcomers can come to participate as experts within PARTICIPATING IN REMIX CULTURE Lave and Wenger [7] describe the process of legitimate the site. We examine how newcomers can learn to remix peripheral participation (LPP) in which novices move from videos and cut and paste profile pages through observation, the periphery of a community to its center.
    [Show full text]
  • Remixing Pedagogy: How Teachers Experience Remix As a Tool for Teaching English Language Arts Stephanie J
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Middle and Secondary Education Dissertations Department of Middle and Secondary Education 5-17-2019 Remixing Pedagogy: How Teachers Experience Remix as a Tool for Teaching English Language Arts Stephanie J. Loomis Georgia State University CEHD Stephanie J. Loomis Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/mse_diss Recommended Citation Loomis, Stephanie J. and Loomis, Stephanie J., "Remixing Pedagogy: How Teachers Experience Remix as a Tool for Teaching English Language Arts." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2019. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/mse_diss/82 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Middle and Secondary Education at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Middle and Secondary Education Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ACCEPTANCE This dissertation, REMIXING PEDAGOGY: HOW TEACHERS EXPERIENCE REMIX AS A TOOL FOR TEACHING ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS, by STEPHANIE J. LOOMIS was prepared under the direction of the candidate’s Dissertation Advisory Committee. It is accepted by the committee members in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Doctor of Philosophy, in the College of Education and Human Development, Georgia State University. The Dissertation Advisory Committee and the student’s Department Chairperson, as representatives of the faculty, certify that this dissertation has met all standards of excellence and scholarship as determined by the faculty. _________________________________ Michelle Zoss, Ph.D. Committee Chair _________________________________ _________________________________ Troy Hicks, Ph.D. Nadia Behizadeh, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member _________________________________ _________________________________ Jodi Kaufmann, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]