Information to Users

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bieedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Artx)r, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI' Death, Burial and Mutuality A Study of Popular Funerary Customs in Cumbria, 1700-1920 by Brenda Doreen Callaghan B.A., University of Victoria, 1989 M.A., University of Victoria, 1992 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of History We Accept this dissertation as conforming to the required standard _ _ Dr^ Angus McLarfen, Supervisor (Department of History) D r . Brian Dippie, Departmental Member (Department of History) ______________________________________ Dr. Wendy Wickwire, D^i^rtment Member (Department of Dr. Nelson Smith, Outside Member (Department of English) _________________________________________ Dr. Mary Lynn Stewart, External Examiner (Department of History, Simon Fraser University) © Brenda Doreen Callaghan, 2000 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopying or other means, without permission of the author. Supervisor: Dr. Angus McLaren ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the impact of modernisation upon popular death customs in Cumbria between 1700 and 1920. Specifically, it explores the role and nature of mutuality, arguing that despite the growth of individualism, the mutual ideal which had underpinned many popular death customs in the pre-industrial environment continued to play a crucial role in shaping working-class mortuary practices in the towns. This study challenges historical arguments that mutuality was simply individualism in disguise; it suggests that at its heart lay an internal tension: a conflict between self-interest and collectivism which was exacerbated by modernising trends. Ultimately individualism was to triumph, but not in the way historians have claimed. Its success can be gauged, not by the apparent readiness of the nineteenth- centTiry urban working classes to embrace a more materialistic attitude to death and burial, but in the growth of the burial insurance industry which capitalised on the collectivism of the majority to further the self- interest of an enterprising minority. The thesis begins by tracing the roots of mutuality in death through an examination of popular death customs in pre-industrial Cumbria. It reveals that although such practices were designed to alleviate individual distress, they also worked to cultivate an ideal of collectivism by encouraging community participation, and by publicly Ill affirming a common notion of 'decency' which was rooted in powerful spiritual beliefs. Informal aid of this type was supplemented by that supplied by the guilds and friendly societies. In this more formal, premeditated setting, the contractual nature of mutuality was more pronounced, and a tension between collectivism and self-interest more clearly articulated. This conflict was exacerbated by the sanitary reforms of the nineteenth century, and in particular the passage of the Burial Acts of the 1850's . The creation of the private grave, and the division of the cemeteries into areas of greater and lesser desirability, increased social discrimination while emphasising conspicuous consun^tion as a means of articulating individual social position. A consequence of such reforms was the commercialisation of the funeral. Many of those who could afford it now modelled their obsequies on much older aristocratic rites which were designed to indicate social standing. These materialistic rituals set a new standard in funerary protocol, and increased social pressure on the working classes to conform to elite norms. Despite greater stress on materialistic individualism, however, many working-class people continued to observe familiar death customs which were rooted in community participation. Familiar customs of long-standing were of value in many ways, not least because they symbolised values which helped sustain a distinct cultural identity. Thus, while individualism emerged as a powerful cultural force, collectivism did not vanish. Indeed, this thesis concludes by curguing that the continued potency of popular IV collectivism was most strikingly exemplified in the growth to prominence, in the early years of the twentieth century, of working-class burial insurance. Examiners : Dr. »s Mcl^ren, Supervisor (Department of History) -------- Dr. Brian Dippie, Departmental Member (Dept, of History) ------------------------------------------- Dr. Wickwif6T\ Depgr^ental Member (Dept, of History) Dr. Nelson Smith, Outside Member (Dept, of English) Dr. Mary Lynn Stewart, External Examiner (Department of History, Simon Fraser University) • TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract.................................................. il TeQsle of Contents..........................................v List of Figures...........................................vi Acknowledgements........... viii Dedication................................................ ix Map of Cumbria............................................. x Introduction............................................... 1 1. Death with Decency: Popular Funerary Customs in Rural Cumbria................................................ 37 2. Funerals and Fraternity: Death and the Local Associations.............................................. 70 3. From Common Ground to Private Property: The Burial Acts in Cumbria............................................... 113 4. Rituals of Rich Folk: The Funeral as Status Symbol... 170 5. The Tenacity of Tradition: Working-class Funerals in Barrow................................................... 210 6. The 'Death-Hunters': Burial Insurance in Cumbria 241 Conclusion............................................... 275 Bibliography............................................. 283 Appendices............................................... 307 VI LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The Independent Local Friendly Societies of Westmorland/1857 ...................................... 84 Figure 2. The Independent Local Friendly Societies of Cumberland/ 1842..........................................85 Figure 3. Table of Contributions and Benefits/ Broughton- in-Fumess Friendly Society/1864........................ 101 Figure 4. Colton Parish Church Burial Fees............... 126 Figure 5. Closure of Overcrowded Burial Grounds and Opening of New Cemeteries under the terms of the Burial ActS/ Furness and Cartmel, Cumberland and Westmorland/ 1850-1876................................................ 143 Figure 6. (parts 1-3) Parishes in which a New Portion of Ground Consecrated/ 1832-1862....................... 146-148 Figure 7. Fees for New Burial Ground at Flookburgh/ 1890..................................................... 151 Figure 8. Loans Granted to Dalton Burial Board for Cemetery Purposes under the terms of the Burial ActS/ 1861-1871................................................ 154 Figure 9. Accounts of Dalton Burial Board for year ending 25 March/1887............................................154 VII Figure 10. (parts 1 and 2 ) Fees for Dalton Cemetery, 1873.................................................161-162 Figure 11. Interments in the Barrow Cemetery for year ending July, 1, 1874................................... 169 Figure 12. A List of the Affiliated Orders of Friendly Societies in the County of Westmorland, 1857.......219-220 Figure 13. The Friendly Societies of Cumberland auid Westmorland, 1874...................................... 253 VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the following people for their help in the research, preparation and writing of this thesis: the staff of the Barrow, Kendal and Whitehaven Record Offices, the staff of Barrow and Kendal Local History Libraries, the Ambleside Oral History Group, the staff of the Armitt Library, Ambleside, the Burton-in-Kendal Local History Society, Dr. Elizabeth Roberts, Mr. Kevin Lancaster, the Rev. A. Rigg, Dr. David Borwick, Dr. John Walton, Dr. June Bames, and most of all my supervisor. Dr. Angus McLaren. IX DEDICATION For Tim and Natasha, whose faith in my ability to complete this work kept me going, despite everything. CARLISLE ^ •A lston CUMBRIA WORKJj^OT^ -P en rith Cockermouth Appleby •in-Westmorland Keswick Whitehaven t Broagn Ok. ^GfEsmsrB K Ambleside Gostorth Râvsnstonsdsis
Recommended publications
  • Lake Windermere Guided Trail
    Lake Windermere Guided Trail Tour Style: Guided Trails Destinations: Lake District & England Trip code: CNLWI Trip Walking Grade: 2 HOLIDAY OVERVIEW The Lake Windermere Trail is a circular walk that takes you on a lovely journey around Lake Windermere. The route takes in a mixture of lakeside paths and higher ground walking, all whilst experiencing some of the Lake District’s most stunning views. Lake Windermere is the largest lake in the Lake District and the largest in England. At 10½ miles long it has one end in the mountains and the other almost on the coast and is surrounded by very varied scenery. On the penultimate day we walk to the well known Bowness Bay. WHAT'S INCLUDED • High quality en-suite accommodation in our country house • Full board from dinner upon arrival to breakfast on departure day • The services of an HF Holidays' walks leader • All transport on walking days HOLIDAYS HIGHLIGHTS • Follow lakeside paths and higher routes around Lake Windermere www.hfholidays.co.uk PAGE 1 [email protected] Tel: +44(0) 20 3974 8865 • Take a boat trip on Lake Windermere • Views of the Coniston; Langdale and Ambleside Fells • Visit Bowness on Windermere TRIP SUITABILITY This Guided Walking /Hiking Trail is graded 3 which involves walks /hikes on well-defined paths, though often in hilly or upland areas, or along rugged footpaths. These may be rough and steep in sections and will require a good level of fitness. It is your responsibility to ensure you have the relevant fitness required to join this holiday. Fitness We want you to be confident that you can meet the demands of each walking day and get the most out of your holiday.
    [Show full text]
  • 4-Night Southern Lake District Discovery Tour
    4-Night Southern Lake District Discovery Tour Destinations: Lake District & England Trip code: CNHCR-4 HOLIDAY OVERVIEW While the Lake District is well known for its walking options, it has much to offer those who prefer a less strenuous way of exploring. A ride on the narrow-gauge Ravenglass & Eskdale Railway and a cruise on Windermere are very relaxing ways to enjoy the beautiful Lake District scenery. You’ll visit the Lakeland towns of Ambleside and Grange-over-Sands, the quaint villages of Hawkshead and Coniston, historic Holker Hall, haunted Muncaster Castle and Cartmel. In Grasmere you’ll visit Dove Cottage – home of Wordsworth. WHAT'S INCLUDED • High-quality Full Board en-suite accommodation and excellent food in our country house • The services of our knowledgeable HF Holidays’ leader, ensuring you get the most from your holiday • Full-day excursions with all transport on touring days in a good-quality, comfortable mini-coach For 2022 departures, all admission costs are included on Discovery tours, including National Trust & English Heritage. www.hfholidays.co.uk PAGE 1 [email protected] Tel: +44(0) 20 3974 8865 HOLIDAYS HIGHLIGHTS • Explore the Grasmere home of William Wordsworth, Dove Cottage • Discover Blackwell, a magnificent Arts & Crafts home • Visit the historic and haunted Muncaster Castle • Journey on the narrow-gauge Ravenglass & Eskdale Railway TRIP SUITABILITY Our Discovery holidays give you the opportunity to immerse yourself in the culture of the local area through active sightseeing. On each Discovery day, you will be walking between 3-5 miles (5-8km), hopping on and off the coach throughout, so you should expect to spend the majority of the day on your feet.
    [Show full text]
  • Jubilee Digest Briefing Note for Cartmel and Furness
    Furness Peninsula Department of History, Lancaster University Victoria County History: Cumbria Project ‘Jubilee Digests’ Briefing Note for Furness Peninsula In celebration of the Diamond Jubilee in 2012, the Queen has decided to re-dedicate the VCH. To mark this occasion, we aim to have produced a set of historical data for every community in Cumbria by the end of 2012. These summaries, which we are calling ‘Jubilee Digests’, will be posted on the Cumbria County History Trust’s website where they will form an important resource as a quick reference guide for all interested in the county’s history. We hope that all VCH volunteers will wish to get involved and to contribute to this. What we need volunteers to do is gather a set of historical facts for each of the places for which separate VCH articles will eventually be written: that’s around 315 parishes/townships in Cumberland and Westmorland, a further 30 in Furness and Cartmel, together with three more for Sedbergh, Garsdale and Dent. The data included in the digests, which will be essential to writing future VCH parish/township articles, will be gathered from a limited set of specified sources. In this way, the Digests will build on the substantial progress volunteers have already made during 2011 in gathering specific information about institutions in parishes and townships throughout Cumberland and Westmorland. As with all VCH work, high standards of accuracy and systematic research are vital. Each ‘Jubilee Digest’ will contain the following and will cover a community’s history from the earliest times to the present day: Name of place: status (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Nr
    26 . 3 . 84 Amtsblatt der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Nr . L 82 / 67 RICHTLINIE DES RATES vom 28 . Februar 1984 betreffend das Gemeinschaftsverzeichnis der benachteiligten landwirtschaftlichen Gebiete im Sinne der Richtlinie 75 /268 / EWG ( Vereinigtes Königreich ) ( 84 / 169 / EWG ) DER RAT DER EUROPAISCHEN GEMEINSCHAFTEN — Folgende Indexzahlen über schwach ertragsfähige Böden gemäß Artikel 3 Absatz 4 Buchstabe a ) der Richtlinie 75 / 268 / EWG wurden bei der Bestimmung gestützt auf den Vertrag zur Gründung der Euro­ jeder der betreffenden Zonen zugrunde gelegt : über päischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft , 70 % liegender Anteil des Grünlandes an der landwirt­ schaftlichen Nutzfläche , Besatzdichte unter 1 Groß­ vieheinheit ( GVE ) je Hektar Futterfläche und nicht über gestützt auf die Richtlinie 75 / 268 / EWG des Rates vom 65 % des nationalen Durchschnitts liegende Pachten . 28 . April 1975 über die Landwirtschaft in Berggebieten und in bestimmten benachteiligten Gebieten ( J ), zuletzt geändert durch die Richtlinie 82 / 786 / EWG ( 2 ), insbe­ Die deutlich hinter dem Durchschnitt zurückbleibenden sondere auf Artikel 2 Absatz 2 , Wirtschaftsergebnisse der Betriebe im Sinne von Arti­ kel 3 Absatz 4 Buchstabe b ) der Richtlinie 75 / 268 / EWG wurden durch die Tatsache belegt , daß das auf Vorschlag der Kommission , Arbeitseinkommen 80 % des nationalen Durchschnitts nicht übersteigt . nach Stellungnahme des Europäischen Parlaments ( 3 ), Zur Feststellung der in Artikel 3 Absatz 4 Buchstabe c ) der Richtlinie 75 / 268 / EWG genannten geringen Bevöl­ in Erwägung nachstehender Gründe : kerungsdichte wurde die Tatsache zugrunde gelegt, daß die Bevölkerungsdichte unter Ausschluß der Bevölke­ In der Richtlinie 75 / 276 / EWG ( 4 ) werden die Gebiete rung von Städten und Industriegebieten nicht über 55 Einwohner je qkm liegt ; die entsprechenden Durch­ des Vereinigten Königreichs bezeichnet , die in dem schnittszahlen für das Vereinigte Königreich und die Gemeinschaftsverzeichnis der benachteiligten Gebiete Gemeinschaft liegen bei 229 beziehungsweise 163 .
    [Show full text]
  • Early Christian' Archaeology of Cumbria
    Durham E-Theses A reassessment of the early Christian' archaeology of Cumbria O'Sullivan, Deirdre M. How to cite: O'Sullivan, Deirdre M. (1980) A reassessment of the early Christian' archaeology of Cumbria, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7869/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Deirdre M. O'Sullivan A reassessment of the Early Christian.' Archaeology of Cumbria ABSTRACT This thesis consists of a survey of events and materia culture in Cumbria for the period-between the withdrawal of Roman troops from Britain circa AD ^10, and the Viking settlement in Cumbria in the tenth century. An attempt has been made to view the archaeological data within the broad framework provided by environmental, historical and onomastic studies. Chapters 1-3 assess the current state of knowledge in these fields in Cumbria, and provide an introduction to the archaeological evidence, presented and discussed in Chapters ^--8, and set out in Appendices 5-10.
    [Show full text]
  • SLLC Highways and Transportation Working Group 15 February 2013
    SLLC Highways and Transportation Working Group 15 February 2013 South Lakeland Local Committee Devolved Capital Programme 2013/14 Appendix 8 Small Highway Improvement Schemes Candidate List RECOMMENDED SCHEMES SHADED GREY Parish Council scheme comments (benefits; land issues and other CCC Electoral Road No. Priority Parish Road Name Settlement Parish Request/Scheme Description Detailed Location potential delivery difficulties; potential Cumbria Highways comments Cost Type Division (if known) Score developer implications; potential funding partners) Improving pedestrian (possibly cycling) and limited mobility accessibility - SLDC LDF. Also, a number of aims of the Rights of Way Improvement Plan (limited mobility, short walks, transport links, and so on). Together with the removal of the kissing gates (above) would then Extend footpath 526003 southwards create a route suitable for all those Preliminary Design - Requires further alongside railway (a track already Grange Grange-over-Sands Footpath Kents Bank Promenade walk extension with limited mobility between Grange- assessment to confirm details and 3000 60 Prep exists for most of the way - but over-Sands and Kents Bank stations. deliverability inaccessible) to Kents Bank Station This would enable those with limited mobility, and others to make flat, level journeys betwen the settlements and facilities - as well as enabling one way journeys with returns by rail. Possibly open to cyclists as well, although one stretch is narrow and would possibly entail pushing (and the right to cycle issue
    [Show full text]
  • Saltaire World Heritage Site Business Toolkit
    SALTAIRE WORLD HERITAGE SITE BUSINESS TOOLKIT SALTAIRE WORLD HERITAGE SITE 2 Saltaire World Heritage Site CONTENTS PAGE 4 INTRODUCTION 6 WHAT IS WORLD HERITAGE STATUS? 8 BUSINESS TOOLKIT 8 WHO ARE OUR VISITORS? 9 OPPORTUNITIES FOR BUSINESSES 11 FILM & TV LOCATIONS IN SALTAIRE 15 BRANDING & LOGO GUIDELINES 17 NEXT STEPS 18 LINKS AND OTHER RESOURCES Did you know? Saltaire was in The Sunday Times top 10 places to live in the North of England in 2019. © Drones on Demand Ltd England’s World Heritage Story: The North 3 ELCOME Saltaire is ranked with the most “Titus Salt’s model mill village is proof famous heritage sites in the world that life in a UNESCO World Heritage and is an exciting place to live, Site doesn’t have to be stuffy. The work, learn and visit. Saltaire is Victorian baronet was famously a special place to many people. forward-looking – providing his workers with running water, schools Accredited as a UNESCO World and allotments as well as homes – Heritage Site there are many reasons but even he couldn’t have foreseen why people visit Saltaire, from the the fun that’s never far below the spectacular architecture, to the surface in the grid of stone cottages boutique independent shops, bars he built next to the mighty Salts Mill. and restaurants. From world class His textiles factory now hosts a large exhibitions in Salts Mill or a picnic in David Hockney collection.” Roberts Park, to ten days of art and culture at Saltaire Festival. People are The Sunday Times attracted from international to local visitors.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction 8Pp:Layout 1 30/7/08 10:00 Page 1
    introduction 8pp:Layout 1 30/7/08 10:00 Page 1 For further information contact the Bradford City of Film Project Team on Tel: +44 (0) 1274 431015 or 432179 Email: [email protected] www.bradford-city-of-film.com 8 0 0 2 Pace plc is a member of the Board for Bradford City of Film. Part of Pace’s contribution to the project has been its time and expertise in creating the t s design and co-coordinating the production of this literature. u Introduction g u Pace is a world-leading technology developer for the digital TV industries, and its international headquarters are based in Saltaire, Bradford. A introduction 8pp:Layout 1 30/7/08 10:01 Page 3 Introduction What is Bradford City of Film? Bradford seeks to become the first City of Film in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and join the growing network of cities from around the globe that apply to the Network to promote their local creative scene and share their interest in UNESCO’s mission. UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network is designed to promote the social, economic and cultural development of cities in both the developed and the developing world. Home to some of the earliest pioneers of cinema and the celebrated location of many classic films, Bradford can trace a proud and accomplished film heritage. Now, the city's film related stakeholders have devised a vision that draws on this history and acknowledges the vital role film plays in the social and cultural life of this ethnically diverse city.
    [Show full text]
  • Tackling High Risk Regional Roads Safer Roads Fund Full
    Mobility • Safety • Economy • Environment Tackling High-Risk Regional Roads Safer Roads Fund 2017/2018 FO UND Dr Suzy Charman Road Safety Foundation October 2018 AT ION The Royal Automobile Club Foundation for Motoring Ltd is a transport policy and research organisation which explores the economic, mobility, safety and environmental issues relating to roads and their users. The Foundation publishes independent and authoritative research with which it promotes informed debate and advocates policy in the interest of the responsible motorist. RAC Foundation 89–91 Pall Mall London SW1Y 5HS Tel no: 020 7747 3445 www.racfoundation.org Registered Charity No. 1002705 October 2018 © Copyright Royal Automobile Club Foundation for Motoring Ltd Mobility • Safety • Economy • Environment Tackling High-Risk Regional Roads Safer Roads Fund 2017/2018 FO UND Dr Suzy Charman Road Safety Foundation October 2018 AT ION About the Road Safety Foundation The Road Safety Foundation is a UK charity advocating road casualty reduction through simultaneous action on all three components of the safe road system: roads, vehicles and behaviour. The charity has enabled work across each of these components and has published several reports which have provided the basis of new legislation, government policy or practice. For the last decade, the charity has focused on developing the Safe Systems approach, and in particular leading the establishment of the European Road Assessment Programme (EuroRAP) in the UK and, through EuroRAP, the global UK-based charity International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP). Since the inception of EuroRAP in 1999, the Foundation has been the UK member responsible for managing the programme in the UK (and, more recently, Ireland), ensuring that these countries provide a global model of what can be achieved.
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Pages
    SAMPLESAMPLE PAGESPAGES The 80-page, A4 handbook for Yorkshire Mills & Mill Towns, with text, photographs, maps, appendices and a reading list, is available for purchase, price £15.00 including postage and packing. Please send a cheque, payable to Mike Higginbottom, to – 63 Vivian Road Sheffield S5 6WJ YorkshireYorkshire MillsMills && MillMill TownsTowns Great Victoria Hotel, Bridge Street, Bradford BD1 1JX 01274-728706 Thursday September 20th-Monday September 24th 2012 2 Contents Introduction .................................................................................... 7 Bradford ......................................................................................... 8 Nineteenth-century expansion .............................................................................. 10 Nineteenth-century trade .................................................................................... 10 Bradford’s South Asian communities ..................................................................... 14 Bradford tourism ............................................................................................... 17 Eccleshill & Undercliffe ...................................................................................... 20 Manningham Mills .......................................................................... 24 Saltaire ......................................................................................... 26 Heptonstall .................................................................................... 32 Hebden Bridge
    [Show full text]
  • Local Government Boundary Commission for England Report No
    Local Government Boundary Commission For England Report No. 27 2 LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOUNDARY COMMISSION FOR ENGLAND REPORT NO. LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOUNDARY COMMISSION FOR ENGLAND CHAIRMAN Sir Edmund Compton GCB KBE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN Mr J M Rankin QC MEMBERS Lady Bowden Mr J T Brockbank Professor Michael Chisholm Mr R R Thornton CB DL Sir Andrew Vheatley CBE To the Ht Hon Merlyn Rees, MF Secretary of State for the Home Department PROPOSALS FOK FUTURE ULECTOHAL ARRANGEMENTS FOK THE SOUTH LAKELAND DISTRICT IN THE COUNTY Ot1 CUMBRIA 1. We, the Local Government Boundary Commission for England, having carried out our initial review of the electoral arrangements for South Lakeland district in accordance with the requirements of Section 63 of, and Schedule 9'to, the Local Government Act 1972, present our proposals for the future electoral arrangements for that district. 2. In accordance with the procedure laid down in Section 60(1) and (2) of the T972 Act, notice was given on 19 August 1974 that we were to undertake this review. This was incorporated in a consultation letter addressed to the South Lakeland District Council, copies of which were circulated to Cumbria County Council, parish councils and parish meetings in the district, the Members of Parliament for the constituencies concerned and the headquarters of the main political parties. Copies were also sent to the editors of local newspapers circulating in the area and of the local government press. Notices inserted in the local press announced the start of the review and invited comments from members of the public and from interested bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Trip to Bradford
    19th Century British History Studies: The Victorian City Field Trip to Bradford The field trip to Bradford is an opportunity to explore many aspects of the Victorian City. There will be site visits to Little Germany, Undercliffe Cemetery, Saltaire and Manningham Mills. An annotated map of the visit may be found below. View Bradford in a larger map on Google maps. Students will be expected to lead the site visits and should annotate the maps below with their research findings from the field trip. In particular, they should focus on how characteristics of class and housing were represented in the various sites. For instructions on how to edit maps and web pages please visit: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/undergraduate/modules/hi371/term1/fieldtrip/research Additional research resources include: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography : http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/index.html Nineteenth-century British Newspapers The Times UK Census Collection : http://www.ancestry.co.uk/ Early maps (search for Bradford, Yorkshire) http://www.old-maps.co.uk/index.html LITTLE GERMANY View Little Germany in a larger map on Google maps See also: Bradford Jewish Heritage Trail (Google maps) Census for Little Germany 1881 http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/undergraduate/modules/hi371/term1/fieldtrip/little_ge rmany_1881_census.pdf Consider: Size and layout of premises Proximity of buildings to each other Decoration and architectural style Access to premises Width of streets Housing UNDERCLIFFE CEMETERY See also: Notable graves
    [Show full text]