Wege Von Aeneas Zu Romulus

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Wege Von Aeneas Zu Romulus Wege von Aeneas zu Romulus Die troianische Vorgeschichte der Römer zwischen Vielfalt und Kanonisierung von Florian Dieter Feil (Matr.-Nr. 01317904) Masterarbeit eingereicht im Rahmen des MA Alte Geschichte und Altorientalistik an der Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck betreut von Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Christoph Ulf Innsbruck, am 17. August 2020. Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit an Eides statt durch meine eigenhändige Unterschrift, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel verwendet habe. Alle Stellen, die wörtlich oder inhaltlich den angegebenen Quellen entnommen wurden, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch nicht als Magister- /Master-/Diplomarbeit/Dissertation eingereicht. 16. Aug. 2020 Datum Unterschrift Danksagung Ich danke Herrn Prof. Ulf, der mein Interesse an Aeneas von Troia nach Rom gelenkt und die Arbeit aufmerksam und hilfreich betreut hat; Esther und ihrer Familie, die in Zeiten von Corona ein so angenehmes Arbeitsumfeld geschaffen haben; allen FreundInnen, die die Arbeit ganz oder in Teilen gelesen haben; besonders Rafael τῷ φιλτάτῳ, dessen Freundschaft meine Studienjahre unschätzbar bereichert hat; zuletzt und am meisten meinen Eltern, die mir dieses Studium ermöglicht und mich in jeglicher Hinsicht unterstützt haben. Aeneas in römischen Gründungsmythen Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung: .............................................................................................................................. 3 2. Griechische Geschichten von der Gründung Roms: ............................................................ 14 2.1 Griechische Helden in Übersee: ..................................................................................... 15 2.2 Der frühe Blick auf Rom und die Frage seiner kulturellen Zuordnung:......................... 25 2.3 Die unbekannte Großmacht und ihre Verbindung mit Troia: ......................................... 31 3. Aeneas im Rom der Republikszeit: ...................................................................................... 43 3.1 Krisen und Konsolidierung – die römische Gesellschaft im 4. Jh.: ............................... 43 3.2 Römer auf der Suche nach einer Frühgeschichte: .......................................................... 49 3.3 Aeneas und Troia zwischen Lavinium und Rom: .......................................................... 55 3.4 Die troianische Vergangenheit der Römer in der Politik des 3. und 2. Jh. v. Chr.: ....... 67 3.5 Die frühesten römischen Aeneas-Narrative: ................................................................... 73 3.6 Die verschiedenen Wege von Aeneas zu Romulus in der römischen Historiographie: . 87 3.7 Griechische Reaktionen auf Rom: .................................................................................. 94 4. Aeneas, die Iulier und Augustus: ......................................................................................... 98 4.1 Die troianische Herkunft der Iulier: ................................................................................ 98 4.2 Die Struktur der römischen Vorgeschichte bei Varro und den Gelehrten seiner Zeit: . 106 4.3 Sallust – Missverständnis oder verspätetes Experiment? ............................................. 119 4.4 Aeneas in augusteischer Zeit: ....................................................................................... 123 4.5 Griechische Reaktionen auf Aeneas in Rom: ............................................................... 134 4.6 Ausblick: Aeneas und die Gründung Roms in späteren römischen Autoren: .............. 140 5. Vergil, seine Kommentatoren und die Überlieferungslage zu Aeneas: ............................. 143 6. Zusammenfassung: ............................................................................................................. 157 8. Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis: ..................................................................................... 168 2 Florian Feil, Sommersemester 2020 Aeneas in römischen Gründungsmythen 1. Einleitung: Dionysios von Halikarnassos, Rhetoriklehrer in Rom zur Zeit des Augustus, gibt in seiner „Römischen Frühgeschichte“ einen Überblick über die verschiedenen Ansichten römischer Geschichtsschreiber zum Verwandtschaftsverhältnis zwischen Aeneas und den Stadtgründern Romulus und Remus (1,73,2 f.): „Alte römische Geschichtsschreiber oder Mythographen gibt es freilich gar keine, aber aus den alten Berichten, die auf den heiligen Tafeln überliefert wurden, hat jeder etwas übernommen und aufgeschrieben. Von diesen sagen nun einige, dass Romulus und Remus,1 die Gründer von Rom, Söhne des Aeneas gewesen seien; andere, dass sie Söhne einer Tochter des Aeneas gewesen seien, ohne zu erklären, von welchem Vater. Sie seien von Aeneas dem Latinus, dem König der Aboriginer, als Geiseln übergeben worden, als die Einheimischen auch das Übereinkommen mit den Neuankömmlingen schlossen. Latinus aber habe sie freundlich aufgenommen, sich mit aller Fürsorge um sie gekümmert und, als er ohne einen männlichen Nachkommen starb, sie als Erben eines Teils seiner Herrschaft eingesetzt. Andere wieder sagen, dass nach dem Tode des Aeneas Ascanius das gesamte Reich der Latiner übernommen, aber mit seinen Brüdern Romulus und Romus Land und Heer der Latiner durch drei geteilt habe. Er selbst habe dann Alba und die anderen Städtchen gegründet, Romus aber habe Capua (gegründet und) nach seinem Urgroßvater Capys benannt, Anchise nach seinem Großvater Anchises, Aenea, das später Ianiculum genannt wurde, nach seinem Vater und schließlich Rom nach sich selbst. Diese Stadt sei einige Zeit verlassen gewesen, aber als eine zweite Siedlergruppe kam, welche die Albaner unter der Führung von Romulus und Remus entsandt hatten, habe diese die alte Siedlung übernommen, sodass es zwei Gründungen von Rom gab. Die eine habe kurz nach dem troianischen Krieg stattgefunden, die zweite fünfzehn Generationen nach der ersten.“ Die Römische Frühgeschichte des Dionysios behandelt in zwanzig ausführlichen Büchern die Geschichte der Stadt von der Zeit vor ihrer Gründung bis zum Pyrrhoskrieg. Speziell im 1 Eigentlich Ῥωμύλος und Ῥῶμος, aber hier wie auch im Folgenden werden griechische Namensformen, soweit sie sicher als Übertragung eines bekannten lateinischen Namens identifiziert werden können, in der lateinischen Form wiedergegeben und Schreibweisen latinisiert, wo sie nicht relevant erscheinen (z.B. Capys statt Kapys); weiter unten im Zitat wird dagegen Romus statt Remus belassen, da das Aition nur so funktioniert. Zu Romulus, Romus und Remus s. u. S. 53. 3 Florian Feil, Sommersemester 2020 Aeneas in römischen Gründungsmythen ersten Buch aber versucht Dionysios zu beweisen, dass die Römer ihrer Herkunft nach eigentlich Griechen waren (1,5,1) und die Weltherrschaft aufgrund ihrer Perfektion in den griechischen Tugenden erlangten.2 Als Grundlage für dieses Werk las Dionysios, wie er selbst behauptet, während seines 22-jährigen Aufenthaltes in Rom zahlreiche römische Geschichtsschreiber auf Latein (1,7,2 f.). Ihm ist daher Glauben zu schenken,3 wenn er als Quelle dieser Aeneas-Geschichten römische Historiker angibt: Wenn man ihm nicht glauben möchte, müsste vorallem erklärt werden, warum Dionysios eine Quellenlage erfinden oder das Problem derartig aufbauschen wollte, wo dies doch seinem eigentlichen Ziel, die Richtigkeit der langen Genealogie zwischen Aeneas und Romulus zu beweisen (vgl. 1,71; 75), völlig zuwiderläuft, und wie Dionysios hoffen konnte, dass seine Leser, die ja die Richtigkeit dieser Aussagen mit Leichtigkeit nachprüfen konnten (zum Publikum des D.H. s. u. S. 138 f.), ihm weiterhin Glauben schenken würden, wenn er über einen so wichtigen Punkt die Unwahrheit sagte. Abgesehen von diesen Fragen sprechen aber auch positive Gründe dafür, dass die betreffenden kurzen Aeneas-Genealogien aus römischen Autoren stammen: Erstens entsprechen sie den Genealogien von Naevius und Ennius, in denen Aeneas der Großvater des Romulus ist, entweder direkt oder in ihrer grundsätzlichen Struktur (also dem geringen zeitlich-genealogischen Abstand zwischen Troia und Rom bzw. Aeneas und Romulus). Zweitens bieten die Geschichten allesamt die in Rom offenbar weithin akzeptierte Figurenkonstellation von den Zwillingsgründern Romulus und Remus. Drittens verknüpfen 2 Die Troianer, von denen die Römer abstammen, werden dafür zu Griechen erklärt (1,61 f.). Zu dieser von Griechen wie Dionysios im 1. Jh. unternommenen Konstruktion der Römer als Griechen s. die Einleitung zu Schmitz/Wiater 2011 und Wiater 2011, 165-225. 3 Wiseman 1995, 44 (vgl. auch 53) ist zu ungenau, wenn er die Geschichten nur einer „Roman source“ zuschreibt, wodurch er die historiographische Gleichrangigkeit mit Fabius und Cato nicht zum Ausdruck bringt. Ebenso problematisch ist die Aufteilung dieser Passage von Dionysios in Bucher 2015, BNJ 840 (Anonymus on Rome and Italy), indem zuerst nur der Satz über das geringe Alter der römischen Geschichtsschreiber und ihre alten Quellen als Fragment 2c angeführt wird, aber dann in der eigentlichen Behandlung der restlichen Passage in F40a der betreffende Satz unmarkiert (!) ausgelassen wird, wodurch die anonymen römischen Geschichtsschreiber mit dem vorhergehenden Schwarm griechischer Autoren auf eine Ebene gestellt werden. Dadurch scheint es gerechtfertigt, diese anonymen Geschichten nicht als original römisch zu beachten. Ebenso suggeriert Classen 1963, 450:
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