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Tectonic Evolution of the Bayankhongor Ophiolite, Central Mongolia: Implications for the Palaeozoic Crustal Growth of Central Asia

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Tectonic Evolution of the Bayankhongor Ophiolite, Central Mongolia: Implications for the Palaeozoic Crustal Growth of Central Asia Tectonic evolution of the Bayankhongor Ophiolite, Central Mongolia: implications for the Palaeozoic crustal growth of Central Asia By A. Craig Buchan BSc (Edinburgh) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester Department of Geology University of Leicester June 2001 UMI Number: U143408 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U143408 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Tectonic Evolution of the Bayankhongor Ophiolite, Central Mongolia: implications for the Palaeozoic crustal growth of Central Asia A. Craig Buchan The mechanism of continental growth of Central Asia is currently debated between models invoking continuous subduction-accretion, or punctuated accretion due to closure of multiple ocean basins. Ophiolites in Central Asia may represent offscraped fragments in an accretionary complex or true collisional sutures. The Bayankhongor ophiolite, a NW-SE striking sublinear belt 300 km long and 20 km wide, is the largest ophiolite in Mongolia and possibly Central Asia. The Bayankhongor area is divided into four major lithotectonic units based on interpretation of structural and lithological data from three cross-strike transects: Baidrag complex, Burd Gol, Bayankhongor Ophiolite, and Dzag zones. The Archaean Baidrag complex comprises tonalitic granulites and metasediments. The Burd Gol zone is a metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous melange. The Bayankhongor zone contains the dismembered ophiolite forming a serpentinite melange. The Dzag zone consists of asymmetrically folded chlorite-mica schists resembling meta-turbidites. The structure is dominated by steeply dipping, NE directed thrusts and NE-vergent folds. The data suggest the Bayankhongor ophiolite marks the closure of an ocean separating two microcontinents: the Baidrag complex with the Burd Gol accretionary complex to the south, and a northern continent which forms the basement for the Hangai region. Subduction was towards the SW with NE-directed ophiolite obduction onto a passive margin represented by the Dzag zone. Geochemical and Nd isotope studies of the ophiolitic rocks suggest that they were derived from a heterogeneous mantle source composed of a depleted N-MORB and enriched E-MORB component. A model for the tectonic setting of the ophiolitic rocks is presented in which the N-MORB rocks represent melts produced at a mid-ocean ridge, whilst the E-MORB rocks represent off-axis flows or melts produced at transform ridge intersections. Basalts from the Delb Khairkhan melange have island arc-like chemistry and provide evidence that the ophiolite may have been trapped within a supra-subduction setting prior to obduction. New 207Pb/206Pb zircon evaporation ages for granites and rhyolite dykes that intrude the ophiolite and its neighbouring lithotectonic units, suggest that the ophiolite was obducted at c. 540 Ma at the beginning of a collisional event that lasted until c. 450 Ma. The new data combined with that of previous studies indicate regional correlation of isotopic ages north-westward from Bayankhongor to southern Tuva. These data record oceanic crust formation at c. 570 Ma, followed by approximately 30 million years of subduction-accretion that culminated in obduction of ophiolites, collision related metamorphism, and magmatism in the period c. 540-450 Ma. Correlation of isotopic-age data for the ophiolites of western Mongolia and southern Tuva suggest that the ophiolites define a major collisional suture in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt which helps define the southern and western margins of the Hangai continental block. Acknowledgements This PhD project was mainly funded by an NERC PhD studentship no. GT04/97/145/ES. Collaboration between the University of Leicester and Max-Planck-Institut fur Chemie was assisted by grants from the British Council-DAAD Academic Research Collaboration Programme (ARC grant 0964) and INTAS project 95 RUSSIA-0934. I would like to thank my principal supervisor Dickson Cunningham because without the support of his seemingly endless enthusiasm and encouragement this project would never have been possible. I would also like to thank Brian Windley for his support and also for his money finding skills as without these the isotope section, and therefore, a large chunk of this thesis would never have happened. I would also like to thank Brian for introducing me to the notion of stocking up on miniature’s of vodka on the plane on the way to Mongolia they can be a lifesaver when you just can’t face those never ending bottles and of course save on the duty free costs. I would like to thank Tim Brewer for all of his help and advice on the geochemical side of the project and especially for putting up with my endless questions about things I should have learned years ago. I would like to thank to all of the staff of the Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources (IGMR) in Ulaanbaatar for their help in organising the field seasons. Special thanks go to Badarch without whom the Leicester Mongolian research projects would never have got off the ground or have ran for this long, but also thank you for being such an instant and good friend throughout the project. Extra special thanks go to Tomurhuu who took me under her wing and didn’t let me quit in the second summer season.. .maybe one day we can go back and pick up my Horse? My eternal gratitude goes to Otgon, Bilge, Sodbayar for the fun times had both in the field and in Ulaanbaatar. Thanks also to Tomurtogoo for the great discussions and for sharing your considerable experience of Bayankhongor and Mongolian ophiolites. From the Mainz group I owe a lifetimes worth of favours to Jorg Pfander who taught me all about isotopes for very little return, and showed endless patience....I hope we will continue to work together in the future! Thanks also to Petra, Miranda, and of course Eric who reassured me that sarcasm is alive and well outside of the UK. Thank also to Alfred Kroner for help with zircon dating and also for helping to find funds for visits to Germany as well as fun and jokes in the field. And a hearty thank you to everyone else who was involved with the Mainz collaboration and who made me feel so welcome at the Max-Planck-Institut. I miss the felafel man already!! I would like to say thanks to all the technicians/ experimental officers, secretarial staff, and general hangers on that have made life in the Leicester Geology department that little bit easier. Thanks also to all of the Academic staff who have at one time or another contributed to the discussion of my research and push the final result forward. I owe a wealth of gratitude and thanks to my housemates, Pat, Craig, and Matt who have had to put up with an extra grumpy version of me and endless taunts and bad jokes throughout the last months of course you could have shown a little more sympathy.. .1 didn’t once hear you offer to write it for me...?? Special thanks to Rich for well everything... .there are way too many things to write about here and hey guess what we made it to the end.. .aren’t you glad we didn’t decide to run off at the end of second year??? And so to all the other Leicester friends who I am afraid I am just going to thank en masse because if I try to name you all I will just offend someone who I forget.. .you know who you all are and so thanks for the beers and the laughs.. .they helped a lot!! Thanks to Stefanja who supplied the seed of thought to start the writing ’’There are lots of different kinds of rocks.. .some are big and some are small.. .etc.” ... .and for helping take my mind off the work by showing that there is a world outside geology.. .sometimes you forget! Special thanks to go to Joanna for well lots of things.. .but most of all for staying friends, I know that if you were here you would have helped me get through it and I know you were thinking about me! And in true Oscar winning speech style I save the biggest and most heartfelt thanks for the people without whom none of this would have been possible, Mum, Dad, and Luann. I couldn’t possibly put in to words the amount I would like to thank you....but without your love and support I never would have made it here....and well I think that’s everyone. Contents Chapter 1:Introduction __________________________________________________ 1 Chapter 2:Structural and lithological characteristics o f the Bayankhongor Ophiolite Zoney Central Mongolia ________________________________ 5 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................5 REGIONAL GEOLOGY..........................................................................................................................................8 TRANSECT DATA.................................................................................................................................................10 MAJOR LITHOTECTONIC UNITS...................................................................................................................10
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