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Tecnología Thin Client Sistemas Informáticos

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Tecnología Thin Client Sistemas Informáticos 2010 Tecnología Thin Client Sistemas Informáticos Luis Miguel Moya Moirón G990192 25/01/2010 SSII – Tecnología Thin Clients Página 1 Indice Sistema Informático desarrollado……………………………………………………………….......3 Objetivo…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7 Introducción: ¿Qué es un Thin Client?...................................................................7 Visión general de la tecnología Thin Client………………………………………………………..8 Arquitectura en Red………………………………………………………………………………………….9 Hardware de un Thin Client……………………………………………………………………………..15 Software Thin Client………………………………………………………………………………………..22 Fundamentos Thin Client………………………………………………………………………………...25 Arranque por red…………………………………………………………………………………….…25 Sesión Remota…………………………………………………………………………………………..29 Ventajas de los Thin Client………………………………………………………………………………35 Desventajas de los Thin Client…………………………………………………………………………39 Escenarios Thin Client……………………………………………………………………………………..41 Protocolos Thin Client……………………………………………………………………………………..44 Protocolos para el arranque por red…………………………………………………………..44 Protocolo PXE……………………………………………………………………………………….44 Protocolo DHCP…………………………………………………………………………………….45 Protocolo TFTP……………………………………………………………………………………..47 Funcionamiento del protocolo PXE……………………………………………………….49 NBP………………………………………………………………………………………………………51 Protocolos para sesiones de escritorio remoto…………………………………………..51 X-Window System / XDMCP………………………………………………………………….52 VNC………………………………………………………………………………………………………59 Terminal Services / RDP………………………………………………………………………..60 Tecnología NX……………………………………………………………………………………….63 Comparativa Software Escritorio Remoto…………………………………………………..65 Software Libre en la Tecnología Thin Client……………………………………………………..72 Conclusiones……………………………………………………………………………………………………76 Bibliografía………………………………………………………………………………………………………76 SSII – Tecnología Thin Clients Página 2 Sistema Informático desarrollado El sistema desarrollado consiste en la Adaptación del Sistema Lan Core para el Sistema Operativo Linux, desarrollado inicialmente para el sistema operativo Windows. Lan Core es proyecto software libre con licencia GPL, que implementa en un sistema completo la Tecnología Thin Client que se detallará más adelante en este documento. En este documento nos vamos a centrar en resumir brevemente la adaptación realizada del sistema Lan Core a Linux y en presentar la Tecnología Thin Client. Para más información de Lan Core se puede consultar las siguientes direcciones Web: - Web oficial de Lan Core: http://lancore.sourceforge.net/ - Wiki de Lan Core: http://tedeco.fi.upm.es/wiki/Lan_Core - Source Forge de Lan Core: http://sourceforge.net/projects/lancore El desarrollo se ha realizado sobre un entorno Virtual VMWARE, en donde tenemos una máquina Linux con distribución Ubuntu 9.1 que actúa como servidor y una máquina que simula el Thin Client, se trata de una máquina de 128 Mb de RAM que no tiene disco duro. El desarrollo se ha llevado a cabo en varios pasos: 1. Configuración de los servicios en el servidor Linux para permitir al cliente el arranque por red. Esta tarea se ha realizado mediante la instalación y configuración los siguientes servicios: - Directorio boot de Lancore original. Este directorio mantiene todos los elementos que permiten arrancar al Thin Client: el cargador de arranque del sistema operativo PXELinux, una imagen de un sistema operativo empotrado basado en el kernel de Linux, un sistema de ficheros empotrado, drivers para los dispositivos gráficos y ficheros de configuración para el Thin Client. SSII – Tecnología Thin Clients Página 3 - Instalación y configuración de un servidor dhcp para permitir la asignación de una dirección IP al Thin Client. Esta tarea se ha llevado mediante la instalación del paquete dhcp3-server y la configuración del fichero de configuración dhcpd.conf. - Instalación y configuración de un servidor TFTP con soporte para el protocolo PXE para permitir la descarga del cargador de arranque y del sistema operativo en el arranque del Thin Client. Esta tarea se ha llevado a cabo mediante la instalación del paquete atftpd y su fichero de configuración. 2. Arranque por red del Thin Client y conexión a escritorio remoto de Windows. De esta manera se prueba que el arranque por red sobre Linux funciona correctamente, para posteriormente continuar con el flujo de ejecución que tenía en la versión para Windows y conectarse remotamente al escritorio Windows por RDP. 3. Configuración de un cliente Linux acceda remotamente a un escritorio Linux. Para realizar esta tarea se han realizado los siguientes pasos: - Instalación de una nueva máquina virtual que arranca una imagen Ubuntu 9.1 para simular un cliente Linux. - Instalación del paquete Xnest. - Configuración y habilitación en la máquina servidora de los servicios necesarios para permitir la conexión al escritorio remoto por XDMCP. - Prueba de conexión en local desde la máquina servidora a sí misma. - Comprobación del acceso en red desde la máquina cliente al servidor. SSII – Tecnología Thin Clients Página 4 - Prueba de conexión a escritorio remoto desde el cliente Linux al servidor por Xnest y login en la máquina servidora. 4. Generación del sistema operativo empotrado. En este paso lo que se ha realizado es la generación del sistema empotrado para el Thin Client, actualizando la versión del kernel a una actual. - Descarga de una versión del kernel Linux 2.4.6. - Configuración de los parámetros del kernel para generar una imagen genérica para i386 sobre vmware eliminando las funcionalidades innecesarias. - Compilación de una nueva imagen del kernel Generic- i386VMWare e instalación sobre nuestro directorio boot en el servidor, cambiando los parámetros de configuración para que el Thin Client arranque con la nueva imagen. - Prueba de arranque del Thin Client con la nueva versión del Kernel. 5. Generación del sistema de ficheros empotrado con soporte XDMCP. En este paso se ha generado un sistema de ficheros empotrado para el Thin Client con soporte para XDMCP, incluyendo Xnest como cliente para conexión a escritorio remoto, además se ha actualizado el sistema a las librerías y herramientas actuales. - Actualización de la versión busybox en el sistema de ficheros. - Actualización de las librerías utilizadas en nuestro sistema de ficheros empotrado. - Actualización de drivers, binarios y ficheros de configuración relacionados con el sistema X-Window. - Inclusión de versión actual, acorde a las librerías actualizadas, del binario Xnest. SSII – Tecnología Thin Clients Página 5 - Generación del fichero configuración del sistema X-Window para soporte genérico de dispositivos de E/S y optimizado para fbdev. - Generación del fichero de arranque de X para que llame al nuevo cliente Xnest. - Construcción de los nuevos módulos y drivers X-Window correspondientes a nuestro nuevo sistema actualizado en un fichero Generic-i386VMWare.sys de dispositivos. - Construcción del nuevo protocolo XDMCP.bin - Actualización del directorio boot con el nuevo protocolo, fichero de dispositivos e imagen del kernel. - Configuración de los parámetros para que nuestro Thin Client arranque con el nuevo kernel y sistema de ficheros empotrado. 6. Arranque Thin Client por red sobre Linux y conexión remota a Linux mediante el protocolo XDMCP. En este punto final se han probado los dos pasos anteriores y se ha comprobado el correcto funcionamiento del sistema. El Thin Client arranca por red gracias a nuestro servidor Linux, descarga el sistema actualizado y se conecta remotamente al propio servidor Linux mediante el nuevo protocolo XDMCP. Todos estos pasos se detallarán y explicarán en un Trabajo de Fin de Carrera en el cuál se entrará en profundidad en cada uno de los detalles del ThinOS de Lan Core y en cómo se realiza la actualización y generación de un nuevo sistema operativo empotrado, sistema de ficheros empotrado y protocolo de comunicaciones para conexión a escritorio remoto. A continuación continuamos con un trabajo de documentación en el que se presenta la tecnología Thin Client. SSII – Tecnología Thin Clients Página 6 Objetivo En este documento vamos a presentar y dar a conocer la tecnología Thin Client (Clientes Ligeros) dando una visión global. Los aspectos que se pretenden mostrar son los siguientes: • Visión general de la tecnología. • Como se organiza su arquitectura. • Hardware que entra en juego en la tecnología. • Software que soporta esta tecnología. • Ventajas y beneficios que aporta e inconvenientes. • Escenarios de ejemplo donde se pueden implantar. • Funcionamiento y bases de los sistemas Thin Client. • Protocolos involucrados. • Proyectos software libre actuales relacionados con esta tecnología. Introducción: ¿Qué es un Thin Client? Thin Client (Cliente ligero) es una computadora cliente en una arquitectura de red cliente-servidor que depende primariamente del servidor central para las tareas de procesamiento, y principalmente se enfoca en transportar la entrada y la salida entre el usuario y el servidor remoto, aunque normalmente el término Thin Client no se usa únicamente para denominar al cliente ligero, sino que se usa para nombrar a toda la red cliente-servidor como un sistema informático. A lo largo del presente documento usaremos el término sistema Thin Client para denominar a toda la red como un sistema informático o como una tecnología y cliente ligero para referirnos a una computadora cliente específica del sistema Thin Client. SSII – Tecnología Thin Clients Página 7 Visión general de la tecnología Thin Client Al diseñar un sistema informático o una red informática, hay decisiones que
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