Storstadens Dagbok Boulevardpressen Och Mediesystemet I Det Sena 1800-Talets Stockholm Edoff, Erik

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Storstadens Dagbok Boulevardpressen Och Mediesystemet I Det Sena 1800-Talets Stockholm Edoff, Erik Storstadens dagbok Boulevardpressen och mediesystemet i det sena 1800-talets Stockholm Edoff, Erik 2016 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Edoff, E. (2016). Storstadens dagbok: Boulevardpressen och mediesystemet i det sena 1800-talets Stockholm. Mediehistoria, Lunds universitet. 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LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Storstadens dagbok boulevardpressen och mediesystemet i det sena 1800-talets stockholm Erik Edoff Mediehistoriskt arkiv 289 Storstadens dagbok boulevardpressen och mediesystemet i det sena 1800-talets stockholm Erik Edoff Mediehistoriskt arkiv nr 33 Till Malin Medie historiskt ArkiV Mediehistoriskt arkiv publicerar antologier, monografier – inklusive avhandlingar – och källsamlingar på både svenska och engelska. För att säkerställa seriens vetenskapliga k valitet underkastas insända manus som regel dubbelblind granskning av oberoende sakkunniga. Redaktionskommittén består av Marie Cronqvist (Lunds universitet), Anna Dahlgren (Stockholms universitet), Johan Jarlbrink (Umeå universitet), Solveig Jülich (Uppsala universitet), Mats Jönsson (Göteborgs universitet), Pelle Snickars (Umeå univer sitet) och Ulrika Torell (Nordiska museet). Redaktör: Patrik Lundell (Lunds universitet och Mittuniversitetet) I digital form är Mediehistoriskt arkiv en CC-licensierad bokserie – erkännande, icke-kommersiell, inga bearbetningar 3.0. Böckerna kan fritt laddas ned i PDF-format från www.mediehistorisktarkiv.se Vi ser gärna att de används och sprids. Fysiska böcker kan beställas via nätbokhandlare eller Lunds univer- sitet: www.ht.lu.se/serie/mediehistorisktarkiv/. E-post: [email protected] Utgivare: Mediehistoria, Lunds universitet Mediehistoriskt arkiv nr 33 Bild s. 107: Stockholmskällan: Fotonummer F 89395 (htths://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/se/) Grafisk form och omslag: Johan Laserna Omslagsbild: Omslagsbilden är hämtad ur Budkaflen och föreställer dess kåsör som blickar ut över Stockholm. Tryck: Studio RBB, Riga 2016 ISSN 1654-6601 ISBN 978-91-981961-8-4 (tryck) ISBN 978-91-981967-7-1 (pdf) Innehåll inledning Vad är en boulevardtidning? 11 Syfte och utgångspunkter 14 Boulevardpressen och storstaden 15 Kulturhistorisk medieforskning 17 Mediesystem 19 Medierat centrum och journalistiska tekniker 21 Forskningslägen 23 Tidningspressen och det sena 1800-talet 23 Sekelskiftets storstäder 28 Undersökningen 29 En sanningssägare 33 Disposition 34 i. Boulevardtidningar: en Bakgrund Den moderna staden 37 Föregångare och internationell inspiration 38 Industriell drift och hantverksmässiga småföretag 40 Figaro den 30 april 1892 42 Upplagor och läspraktiker 48 Boulevardpressens självbild 54 Signaturer eller pseudonymer 57 Sammanfattning 62 II. Boulevardpressen och stockholMs MediesysteM Kommunkation i Stockholm i slutet av 1800-talet 66 Ekonomiska beroenden: 69 Annonserings- och porträttpraktiker 69 Det intermediala sekelslutet 78 Avgudadyrkan: Kapten Rolla skapas 79 Sammanfattning 91 iii. Boulevardpressens storstad Modernitet och framsteg 95 Tidningsstäder 98 Medierade storstäder 99 Med bladen genom staden 101 Framåt och uppåt: Modernitet och överblick 105 Rörelse, nyhet och tidningsmannaroller 113 Det offentliga livet 117 Sammanfattning 125 iv. Medierat centruM Med journalistiska tekniker Trovärdighet och autentiska återgivningar 127 Det medierade centrumet 131 Tidningsmannen i centrum 133 Aktiv puffjournalistik 141 Sammanfattning 146 v. Boulevardisten i Ballongen Självhävdelse med journalistiska tekniker 148 Kartering: Vittnet-ambassadören och Stockholm som helhet 152 vi. redaktören på Boulevarden Redaktörerna och deras nätverk 158 Boulevardteaterns roller och intriger: Kriget! 160 Den manliga publicisten utmanad 171 Iscensatta publicistiska fejder 175 Sammanfattning 181 vii. Boulevardernas porträtt och individerna i centruM Illustrerad press och porträttbilder 184 Centrums invånare 189 Mellan förtjänad och orättfärdig synlighet 192 Den intermediala porträttekonomin 194 Boulevardpressens ryktbarhetssystem 199 Självframställan och det sena 1800-talets kändisskap 202 Sammanfattning 211 avslutning 213 Noter 221 Referensförteckning 267 Summary 281 Efterskrift 284 Personregister 286 Inledning Sommaren 1889 hade Stockholm fått besök av den tyske aeronauten Paul Feller. Med sig hade han tagit sin luftballong, Victoria. Ballongflygningar var populära. Det visste Mosebackes källarmästare Qvintus Mellgren, och det var på hans initiativ som Feller engagerats. För att få maximal uppmärk- samhet och hjälpa affärsbekanta enrollerades ett helt mediesystem: pressen, varietéerna, sandwichmän, flygblad och andra medieformer.1 Ballongflyg- ningen planerades som en mediehändelse, och stockholmarna gick man ur huse för att på olika sätt bevittna spektaklet. Och det var inte minst i den så kallade boulevardpressen, i tidningar som Figaro och Budkaflen, som de sedan kunde läsa om vad det var som verkligen hade hänt under luftfärden – och vad den egentligen betydde. 2 Ballongflygningar var i slutet av 1800-talet inte bara publika spektakel. De erbjöd också en unik utblicksposition, ett panorama över den moderna storstaden, ett helhetsperspektiv i kontrast till de fragmentariska enskild- heter som ett marknära och vardagligt perspektiv kunde erbjuda – det som stod vanligt folk till buds. Ballongflygningen hade en viktig symbolisk funktion för boulevardtidningarna, det var från en sådan upphöjd placering de såg ner på och betraktade den storstad som Stockholm höll på att bli. Då Fellers ballong lyfte mot Stockholmshimlen under sommaren 1889 visa- de den sålunda en storstad i vardande. Det var i första hand boulevardtid- ningarna som var där och speglade den vertikala rörelsen, berättade om det här perspektivet. Boulevardpressen var ett storstadsfenomen som ständigt upptäckte den moderna staden, och samtidigt skapade den. Boulevardtid- ningarna beskrev Stockholm för stockholmarna. De guidade, tolkade och förklarade staden för dem. Här lärde läsarna känna skribenterna: de blev du och bror med varandra, för det var borgerliga män som skrev för sina gelikar. Mest uppburen var kåsören, han skrev dagbok för sina läsare som vore de gamla vänner. Han tog dem med in i Stockholms salonger, på pro- menad längs Drottninggatan, på sexor med presskolleger, på teater- och varietépremiärer och inte minst in på Berns och Operakällaren. Där hade 9 han sitt vardagsrum, och i boulevardtidningen beskrev han sitt, som han själv uttryckte det, ”offentliga privatlif”.3 Vem kåsörens verklige läsare var är svårt att fastställa, men vad han skrev om och vem han adresserade låter sig däremot undersökas och analyseras. Den som tilltalades tillhörde också den här världen, han var utan vidare ”Frippe” med Gustaf Fredrikson och han kunde nicka igenkännande åt Hasselbackens både döva och blinda ganymeder eller dra en djup suck när han påmindes om klumpiga kappvaktmästare som stoppade den ena smut- siga galoschen i den andra. Boulevardtidningen tillhörde vad som har kallats den offentliga läsningens tradition. Den sålde mer i lösnummer än prenumerationer och den låg framme för besökarna på restauranger och kaféer. Tidningens föreställde läsare var ständigt uppdaterad om det senaste numrets innehåll – porträttet av Tivolis nästa stjärna med alla detaljer eller vilken av konkurrentbladens redaktörer som blivit överförfriskad och hög- ljudd på Operan senast. Även personer utanför den manliga elit som frek- venterade huvudstadens bättre restaurangliv läste tidningarna. Den läsaren skulle kanske aldrig göra ett omedierat besök på Berns, men arm i arm med sin tidningsman fick han eller hon följa med in i värmen och delta i livet som boulevardist. Men den som läste Budkaflen, Figaro, Hvad nytt från Stockholm? eller Vikingen fick också lära känna sig själv.4 Om läsaren så var nyinflyttad eller hade bott där i hela sitt liv, visades Stockholm upp på nya sätt. Boulevard- pressen tog pulsen på sin samtid, och skribenterna varierade sitt hektiska flängande mellan Berns och Alhambra med att kontemplera över en stad och ett samhälle i förändring. Gasbelysning började ersättas av elektrisk, telefoner band samman stadens skilda delar och av hissar lyftes stockholmar- na upp till en högre nivå. I den moderna staden gick allting fort, människor ur de högre klasserna led av nervositet som de självmedicinerade med kyld champagne eller morfin. Tillvaron tycktes på det hela taget präglas av rot- löshet. Det var bland annat det här som fick skribenterna att klättra upp på utkiken, sträcka sig ut genom vindsgluggen eller rentav stiga till väders i en luftballong för att titta ner över staden.
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