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Fiscal Federalism and Decentralization in Mongolia
Universität Potsdam Ariunaa Lkhagvadorj Fiscal federalism and decentralization in Mongolia Universitätsverlag Potsdam Ariunaa Lkhagvadorj Fiscal federalism and decentralization in Mongolia Ariunaa Lkhagvadorj Fiscal federalism and decentralization in Mongolia Universitätsverlag Potsdam Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Universitätsverlag Potsdam 2010 http://info.ub.uni-potsdam.de/verlag.htm Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam Tel.: +49 (0)331 977 4623 / Fax: 3474 E-Mail: [email protected] Das Manuskript ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Zugl.: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 2010 Online veröffentlicht auf dem Publikationsserver der Universität Potsdam URL http://pub.ub.uni-potsdam.de/volltexte/2010/4176/ URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41768 http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41768 Zugleich gedruckt erschienen im Universitätsverlag Potsdam ISBN 978-3-86956-053-3 Abstract Fiscal federalism has been an important topic among public finance theorists in the last four decades. There is a series of arguments that decentralization of governments enhances growth by improving allocation efficiency. However, the empirical studies have shown mixed results for industrialized and developing countries and some of them have demonstrated that there might be a threshold level of economic development below which decentralization is not effective. Developing and transition countries have developed a variety of forms of fiscal decentralization as a possible strategy to achieve effective and efficient governmental structures. A generalized principle of decentralization due to the country specific circumstances does not exist. Therefore, decentra- lization has taken place in different forms in various countries at different times, and even exactly the same extent of decentralization may have had different impacts under different conditions. -
The Inspection Panel MONGOLIA
Report No. 128497-MN The Inspection Panel Report and Recommendation on Requests for Inspection MONGOLIA Mining Infrastructure Investment Support Project (P118109) and Mining Infrastructure Investment Support Project - Additional Financing (P145439) Component 1 – Support for Infrastructure Investments (Baganuur Coal Mine Expansion Subproject) and Component 3 – Strengthening Ground Water Management July 23, 2018 The Inspection Panel Report and Recommendation on Requests for Inspection Mongolia: Mining Infrastructure Investment Support Project (P118109) and Mining Infrastructure Investment Support Project - Additional Financing (P145439) Component 1 – Support for Infrastructure Investments (Baganuur Coal Mine Expansion Subproject) and Component 3 – Strengthening Ground Water Management A. Introduction 1. On April 2, 2018, the Inspection Panel (“the Panel”) received two Requests for Inspection (“the Requests”) alleging potential harms from the activities financed under the “Mining Infrastructure Investment Support Project” (P118109) and the “Mining Infrastructure Investment Support Project – Additional Financing” (P145439) (hereinafter “MINIS” or “the Project”). 2. One Request (“the first Request”) was submitted by two non-governmental organizations, Oyu Tolgoi Watch and a local organization, on behalf of residents of the Baganuur district of Ulaanbaatar who asked for confidentiality. The Requesters claim potential harms from the Baganuur mine expansion feasibility study and cumulative impact assessment (CIA) financed by the Project, including -
1-1-Ms-Tiziana-Bonapace.Pdf
Connecting economies and empowering people Regional Connectivity Agenda: Strategies for Single Information Space Tiziana Bonapace Chief ICT and Development Section Information and Communications Technology and Disaster Risk Reduction Division (IDD) United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) ESCAP, Information and Communications Technology and Disaster Risk Reduction Division Connecting economies and empowering people Where we stand: the imperative of regional connectivity • More region-centric processes of trade, investment, financial, energy, transport flows, including data and voice • Increasingly Asia-Pacific will rely on itself for economic growth • ICTs are accelerators of this process • Growing digital divide in knowledge- networked broadband internet ESCAP, Information and Communications Technology and Disaster Risk Reduction Division Connecting economies and empowering people Infrastructure gaps in Asia-Pacific • Development of regional digital infrastructure: USD 800 billion financing gap. Underestimation • ICT as a metainfrastructure • Broadband gaps in access speed, reliability, affordabiltiy • Access: 5.09% of population in region’s developing countries • Speed: high growth in volume of data traffic and direction (intra- Asian) leading to slowdown in transmission speeds • Reliability: disruption to services due to submarine cable cuts, increased frequency and scale of disasters • High costs: 5 times costs in US/EU,, key challenge is how to reduce international backhaul costs for all operators, -
The Annual Report 2016Of Mongolia
MINERAL RESOURCES AND PETROLEUM AUTHORITY OF MONGOLIA MINERAL RESOURCES AND PETROLEUM AUTHORITY THE ANNUAL REPORT 2016OF MONGOLIA GEOLOGY MINING PETROLEUM HEAVY INDUSTRY 1 MINERAL RESOURCES AND PETROLEUM AUTHORITY MINERALOF MONGOLIA RESOURCES AND PETROLEUM AUTHORITY OF MONGOLIA Builders square-3, Government building XII Chingeltei district, Ulaanbaatar-15171, Mongolia. Tel: +(976-51) 263701 Fax: +(976-51) 263701 web: www.mrpam.gov.mn email: [email protected] Published in 2017 ABBREVIATIONS MRPAM Mineral Resources and Petroleum Authority of Mongolia AMEP Australia Mongolia Extractives Programme LOM Law on Minerals GIP Gross Industiral Products PSAs Production Sharing Agreements LP Law on Petroleum GMGPW Geological mapping and general prospecting work FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Products GOM Government of Mongolia GAP Government Action Programme IMF International Monetary Fund SGP State Geological map PM Parliament of Mongolia MMHI Ministry of Mining and Heavy Industry OSH Occupational Safety and Health LI Law on Investment MRITC Mineral Resources Information and Technological Center Designed by The Mongolian Mining Journal NGM-200 National geology mapping GMGSW Geological map and general survey work 2 MINERAL RESOURCES AND PETROLEUM AUTHORITY OF MONGOLIA FOREWORD The Government Resolution No.4 of July 27, 2016 issued following the Resolution No.12 of 2016 of the Parliament of Mongolia has established The Mineral Resources and Petroleum Authority of Mongolia (MRPAM), Government Implementing Agency, with a new structure by merging the B.BAATARTSOGT, DIRECTOR OF former Mineral Resources Authority and The Petroleum MINERAL RESOURCES AND PETROLEUM Authority. AUTHORITY OF MONGOLIA The MRPAM provides support to development of state policy on geology, mining and petroleum, to deliver effective and efficient services to investors and increase competitiveness of the sector and its contribution to overall economic development of Mongolia by implementing state policies. -
The Bank of Mongolia the BANK of MONGOLIA
THE BANK OF MONGOLIA THE BANK OF MONGOLIA ANNUAL REPORT 2020 FOREWORD BY THE GOVERNOR OF THE BANK OF MONGOLIA On behalf of the Bank of Mongolia, I extend my sincere greetings to all of you and am pleased to present the Bank of Mongolia's annual report. It was a year marked with facing unprecedented challenges economically and socially. The Mongolian economy contracted by 5.3 percent in 2020, the worst contraction in the past 20 years, driven by non-economic shock. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic affecting every country across all sectors and people's lives, we successfully overcame economic and financial challenges together. In this regard, highlighting 3 crucial courses of actions: First, the Bank of Mongolia is taking necessary measures following international experience and laws to reduce the negative impact on the economy and the financial sector, to alleviate the financial difficulties and pressures of citizens, businesses, and financial institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The monetary policy outlook was eased through countercyclical measures, and the policy rate was reduced from 11 percent to a historically low of 6 percent. These policy measures will have a direct impact on economic recovery and lower interest rates. Second, Mongolia was removed from the Financial Action Task Force (FATF)'s list of jurisdictions under increased monitoring in a short amount of time. The European Commission also decided to remove Mongolia from its list of high-risk third countries with strategic deficiencies in their regime on anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing. Third, the togrog's exchange rate has remained stable despite the pandemic. -
Argali Ovis Ammon Surveys in Mongolia's South Gobi
ORYX VOL 31 NO 4 OCTOBER 1997 Argali Ovis ammon surveys in Mongolia's South Gobi Richard P. Reading, Sukhiin Amgalanbaatar, Henry Mix and Badamjaviin Lhagvasuren The argali, Ovis ammon, a species of wild sheep, is threatened in Mongolia, suffering from poaching and competition with domestic livestock. The authors conducted ground and aerial surveys of argali in Dundgobi, Omnogobi and Dornogobi aimags (or provinces) of the South Gobi region of Mongolia. Ground surveys were conducted by vehicle and on foot, while aerial surveys were conducted using two Soviet AN-2 aircraft flying 40-km parallel transects. The interactive computer programme Distance was used to estimate population size and density. The authors observed a total of'423 argali in 85 groups (mean group size = 5.0 ± 0.6 SE), including 300 individuals in 61 groups on the ground survey (mean size = 4.9 ± 0.8 SE) and 123 animals in 24 groups during the aerial survey (mean size = 5.1 ±1.2 SE). Population structure of the groups observed during the ground survey was 14.3 per cent males, 53.3 per cent females, 19.7 per cent lambs, and 12.7 per cent animals of undetermined sex (means = 0.7 ± 0.2 SE males, 2.6 ± 0.6 SE females, 1.0 ± 0.2 SE lambs, and 0.6 ± 0.4 SE undetermined). We estimated a population size of 3900 ± 1132 SE argali in the study area for a population density of 0.0187 ± 0.0054 SE animals/sq km. More rigorous and comprehensive surveys for argali, preferably for each distinct population, should be conducted for more accurate estimates. -
AMA Dissertation Final Formatted Resubmission
DISSERTATION KNOWLEDGE INTEGRATION IN TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH: A CASE STUDY OF THE SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY PROJECT Submitted by Arren Mendezona Allegretti Graduate Degree Program in Ecology In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Fall 2015 Doctoral Committee Members: Advisor: Melinda Laituri Co-Advisor: Kathleen Pickering Jessica Thompson Maria Fernandez-Gimenez Copyright by Arren Mendezona Allegretti 2015 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT KNOWLEDGE INTEGRATION IN TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH: A CASE STUDY OF THE SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY PROJECT Knowledge integration has been crucial for gaining a holistic picture of the inner workings of socio-ecological systems. Integrating local and scientific knowledge sustains biological and global cultural diversity, and may fill gaps in understanding that cannot be elucidated by individual scientific disciplines. Interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research teams face the challenge of collaborating and integrating their varying disciplinary paradigms and epistemologies along with stakeholders’ local knowledge for understanding and adapting to global and local environmental issues. Communication and knowledge integration across funders, researchers, and research end-users in transdisciplinary research are critical for meeting diverse stakeholder needs and genuinely engaging multiple knowledge systems. These knowledge systems may include a combination of researcher and local ecological knowledge embedded in institutions, disciplines, and cultures. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate and apply knowledge integration tools for examining socio-ecological systems and transdisciplinary research communication. Specifically, I examine the Socio-ecological Complexity (SEC) project as a case study. The SEC is a pseudonym for an actual project examining the role of Community-Based Rangeland Management (CBRM) institutions in influencing the resilience of Mongolian socio-ecological rangeland systems to climate change. -
Argali Ovis Ammon Surveys in Mongolia's South Gobi
ORYX VOL 31 NO 4 OCTOBER 1997 Argali Ovis ammon surveys in Mongolia's South Gobi Richard P. Reading, Sukhiin Amgalanbaatar, Henry Mix and Badamjaviin Lhagvasuren The argali, Ovis ammon, a species of wild sheep, is threatened in Mongolia, suffering from poaching and competition with domestic livestock. The authors conducted ground and aerial surveys of argali in Dundgobi, Omnogobi and Dornogobi aimags (or provinces) of the South Gobi region of Mongolia. Ground surveys were conducted by vehicle and on foot, while aerial surveys were conducted using two Soviet AN-2 aircraft flying 40-km parallel transects. The interactive computer programme Distance was used to estimate population size and density. The authors observed a total of'423 argali in 85 groups (mean group size = 5.0 ± 0.6 SE), including 300 individuals in 61 groups on the ground survey (mean size = 4.9 ± 0.8 SE) and 123 animals in 24 groups during the aerial survey (mean size = 5.1 ±1.2 SE). Population structure of the groups observed during the ground survey was 14.3 per cent males, 53.3 per cent females, 19.7 per cent lambs, and 12.7 per cent animals of undetermined sex (means = 0.7 ± 0.2 SE males, 2.6 ± 0.6 SE females, 1.0 ± 0.2 SE lambs, and 0.6 ± 0.4 SE undetermined). We estimated a population size of 3900 ± 1132 SE argali in the study area for a population density of 0.0187 ± 0.0054 SE animals/sq km. More rigorous and comprehensive surveys for argali, preferably for each distinct population, should be conducted for more accurate estimates. -
BROCHURE MONGOLIA.Indd
2 3 Index THE EU-TRANSMONGOLIA PROJECT 5 WELCOME TO MONGOLIA 5 Mongolia, the land of blue sky 6 Chinggis Khaan, man of the Millennium 8 Mongolian Tourism Profi le and variety of destination landscapes 9 KHUVSGUL AIMAG (region) 10 Khuvsgul Mon Travel 13 Taigiin Gerelt Sor Cooperative 14 Buren Khaan 15 Khuvsgul Citizen 16 Khaluun Ilch Cooperative 17 Batbayar-Carver 18 HUSTAI NATIONAL PARK (HNP) 19 Mongolia Expeditions 20 Serten Group 21 Batsumber Group 22 DORNOGOBI AIMAG (region) 23 Gobi Morning Tour Camp 26 Tsagaan Lish Cooperative 27 Tsatsiin Bulag Tourist Camp 28 Shinekhuu 29 Khalzan-Uul accredited mineral resort 30 UMNUGOBI AIMAG (region) 31 Bayanzag Tourist Camp 34 Gobi Mirage Tourist Camp 35 Gobi Tour Camp 36 Mongolian Gobi Tourist Camp 37 Ankhsan Cooperative 38 Malchinii Hothon Cooperative 39 Gurvan Uul 40 Tourism contact details in Mongolia 41 THE INNER-MONGOLIA AUTONOMOUS REGION, CHINA 44 The Grasslands. When summer comes... 45 The Deserts 46 Long History and Culture 47 The Capital City Hohhot 49 Zinihu Mongolian Cultural and Ecological Village in Alxa League 50 Chifeng Hexigten Haleyi Animal Husbandry 51 Moonlake Eco-tourist Area in Tengri Dalai Desert 52 Inner-Mongolia Gengis Khan Mausoleum 53 Jinzhanghan Camps in Hulun Buir grassland 54 Industry tourism of Yili Group 55 Inner-Mongolia Daihai Protective Tourist Area 56 Dahai Agricultural Sightseeing Garden 57 Arshan Chaihe Tourist Area 58 Tourism contact details in Inner-Mongolia (China) 59 4 5 The EU-TRANSMONGOLIA Welcome PROJECT to Mongolia The “EU-Transmongolia Partnership for Sustai- PROJECT PARTNERS: “Welcome to Mongolia, the land of Blue Sky and boundless nable Tourism and Related Businesses Deve- Formaper- Agency of Milan space, the cradle of nomadic peoples. -
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS and POVERTY MAP-2011 Region, Aimag, Soum and DISTRICT Level Results
NATIONAL STATISTICAL OFFICE OF MONGOLIA MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND POVERTY MAP-2011 REGION, AIMAG, SOUM AND DISTRICT LEVEL RESUlts Harold Coulombe Gereltuya Altankhuyag 2012 DDC 362. 5 G-38 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND POVERTY MAP-2011 REGION, AIMAG, SOUM AND DISTRICT LEVEL RESUlts National Statistical Office of Mongolia Poverty and MDGs Monitoring and Assessment System Support Pilot Project, UNDP Ministry of Economic Development of Mongolia Suite 124, United Nations Street 5/1, Chingeltei District Ulaanbaatar-15015, Mongolia Tel: (976-51)-261-571 ISBN 978-99962-1-818-7 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND POVERTY MAP-2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ...............................................................................................................................4 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................6 I. POVERTY MAPPING METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................7 Monetary Poverty .......................................................................................................................7 Non-monetary Poverty ...............................................................................................................7 II. RESULTS .................................................................................................................................8 -
Mongolia 2000 Census Enume
Population and Housing Census 2000 Enumerator Manual Chapter 1. The legal basis, necessity, purpose and signification of the census a. The legal basis for the census i. The census was conducted based on 1st provision of 7th article of the Mongolian Law on Statistics that is “The National Statistical Office is responsible for conducting a national population and housing census every ten years” ; ii. The Mongolian “Law on Statistics”, paragraph 3, article 7: “If censuses required to be conducted in the period other than mentioned in Item 1 of this Article, so the Government and the State Great Khural will agreed and jointly set timing”. iii. The Mongolian “Law on Statistics”, paragraph 3, article 22: “The publication or dissemination of information which is still being processed as well as information which has been identified by the appropriate lawful authorities as information concerning national interests or confidential information about individuals, business entities or other organizations is prohibited”. iv. “Law on Administrative Liability” of Mongolia, paragraph 1, article 43: “The officials and citizens, who have avoid population, property, livestock and domestic animals and establishment censuses or would not involve those censuses without respectful reasons, as well as, persons, who have suppressed property, animals if this not to subject criminal liability, it shall be impose a fine 20000-100000 tugrigs”. v. The Parliament Resolution N06 dated January 8, 1998 approved the date to conduct the Population and housing Census-2000; vi. The Government Order N 28 dated February 25, 1998 concerning Conducting the Population and Housing Census-2000 vii. The Parliament Resolution N. -
Barriers to Migration: Case Study in Mongolia
BARRIERS TO MIGRATION: CASE STUDY IN MONGOLIA Analysing the Effects of Infrastructure on Migratory Terrestrial Mammals in Mongolia Developed by: B.Lkhagvasuren, B.Chimeddorj and D.Sanjmyatav Ulaanbaatar August-October, 2011 1 | P a g e Content General Background ....................................................................................................................... 3 Aims and Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 5 Methods........................................................................................................................................... 5 Current Situation in Mongolia ........................................................................................................ 6 I. Status of Migratory Ungulates in Mongolia ........................................................................ 6 I.1 Asiatic Wild Ass (Equus hemionus) ............................................................................. 7 I.2 Mongolian Saiga (Saiga borealis) ................................................................................ 8 I.3 Mongolian Gazelle (Procapra gutturosa) .................................................................. 10 I.4 Goitered Gazzelle (Gazella subgutturosa) ................................................................. 12 II. Mining and Infrastructure Development in Mongolia ....................................................... 13 II.1 Major Ongoing Mining Projects ................................................................................