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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell lofonnadon Company 300 NorthZeA Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE A PHENOMENOLOGY OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By JIRO SAKAI Norman Oklahoma 1997 UMI Number: 9721059 UMI Microform 9721059 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 A PHENOMENOLOGY OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION A Dissertation APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION BY c Copyright by JIRO SAKA11997 All Rights Reserved. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation may not exist without numerous helps from others. First of all, I would like to express special thanks to my academic advisor, Dr. Eric Kramer. Without his academic advice, this dissertation was impossible to complete. Even though this is the dissertation I wrote, many of the ideas are those I learned from him. In this sense, I simply owe him a lot. Having an opportunity to learn phenomenology and phenomenological attitude from him was one of the biggest lucks in my life. I learned how ignorant I was before through the process of completing dissertation. I am still ignorant, but I am beginning to see my blind ignorance reflectively. He literally directed me. Thank you Dr. Kramer. Along with Dr. Kramer, my four committee members always helped me particularly emotionally. There was a time I did not meet each of them more than a year. Nevertheless, they patiently understood my situation and supported me emotionally. I am truly grateful for that. Sometimes, 1 lost my motivation and perspective. Dr. Friedrich helped me a lot to re-focus on my dissertation. Without his kindness and suggestions, I don't know whether I could complete my dissertation. I always admire his integrity as a person. Dr. Chen also helped me tremendously. She always listened to me carefully without judging anything when I was facing difficulties. Dr. Lujan, on the other hand, was another help for me. Every time I met him, his relaxed mood soothed my stressed feeling. I would like to also express my gratitude to my outsider member. Dr. Harold Grasmick. Similar to my other committee members, he always listened me patiently and understood me. It is no doubt his presence made a difference in terms of completing my dissertation. IV While Dr. Kramer and my committee members helped me in various ways, many other people encouraged me to complete my dissertation. First of all and most importantly, I just have to express my special thanks to my lifetime best friend, Chikage I mai. Simply, I could not finish my dissertation without her presence. There is no word to express my thankful feeling for her. Having a relationship with her definitely made a crucial difference in my life in many respects. One thing for sure is she is the one who helped me the most emotionally. Again, without her emotional support and persistent belief in me, I just couldn't finish this dissertation. I also have to express my special gratitude to my parents, Hideo Sakai and Keiko Sakai. They supported me emotionally and financially. They allowed me to pursue my Ph. D. I just simply feel thankful for them. Without their existence, I just could not receive this Ph. D. degree. Their unconditional and persistent emotional supports gave me extra energy to continue my graduate program. Thank you my father and my mother. Other than Chikage and my parents, I feel like I owe a lot to my friends. They are my colleagues and friends at the same time. Ezah Tamam helped me in my initial stage of my graduate life. 1 and Ezah discussed a lot about many things. Although he already graduated, I feel like he's been always with me. 1 have never forgotten his kindness. 1 also express my gratitude to Lonnie Johnson. Academic discussions with Lonnie always stimulated my thinking. Moreover, he helped me emotionally by listening to me patiently when I was down. I also would like to thank for my Japanese friends, Masazumi Maruyama, Masako Isa, Miho Iwakuma, Michiko Yamada, Noriko Takagi, and Emiko Kobayashi. We socialized and talked about many things. I feel luck to have a relationship with each of them. I also would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Sandra Ragan and Dr. Young Kim. Although Dr. Ragan was not my committee member, she encouraged me and supported me emotionally whenever 1 stopped by her office. Thank you Sandy. 1 also want to express my gratitude to Dr. Young Kim. In fact she helped me to get a teaching assistantship when 1 came to OU. Without her help at that time, 1 might have encountered a financial difficulty. 1 express my gratitude to her for that reason. Finally, I would also like to thank for Dr. William B. Gudykunst, Dr. Stella Ting-Toomey and Dr. Tsukasa Nishlda. They were my ex-advisor when I attended different schools. 1 established my academic foundation through interacting with them. 1 owe them a great deal for that matter. As it became obvious, 1 could not complete my graduate program without having various kinds of human relationships. Although the process of completing my dissertation was inefficient, 1 feel grateful about the fact 1 had many meaning relationships. One more time, I would like to thank for each relationship. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 1 Introduction................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Present Study.................................................................................... 2 ResearchQuestions.....................................................................................................6 Outline of the Study.......................................................................................................6 II. LITERATUREREVIEW...............................................................................................9 A Brief History of Intercultural Communication................................................... 11 The Major Topics in the Area of Intercultural Communication...................... 14 Ontological Dimension of Intercultural Communication...................................22 Methodological Dimension of Intercultural Communication..........................33 Theoretical Dimension of Intercultural Communication...................................39 Summary: Intercultural Communication as an Ideology................................. 48 III. METHOD.................................................................................................................... 50 Phenomenology. ........................................................................................................51 Phenomenology as a Presuppositionless Inquiry................................ 51 Phenomenology as a Method ...................................................................................53 Archaeology................................................................................................................56 General Characteristics ................................................................................ 56 Procedures......................................................................................................60 Demarcation...................................................................................................67 Eidetic Analysis.......................................................................................................... 69 General Characteristics ................................................................................ 69 Procedures......................................................................................................71 Demarcation...................................................................................................80 IV. THEORETICALBASIS.............................................................................................81 Theoretical Basis