Table of Contents VOLUME I

PENSACOLA, FLORIDA The Search for the Hidden People of St. Michael ’s Cemetery VOLUME I Lists of Figures, Tables and Appendices; Acknowledgments; Chapters I-IX Cryptic Message #2. David S. Hinks. Courtesy of the Arts Council of Northwest Florida Margo S. Stringﬁeld, Stuart Hamilton, Johan Liebens, Jay K. Johnson, Bryan S. Haley, Aaron Fogle, Kendra Kennedy, Siska Williams with contributions by Elizabeth D. Benchley University of West Florida Archaeology Institute Report of Investigations Number 158 December 2008 Funded in part by the State of Florida, Department of State, Division of Historical Resources, assisted by the Florida Historical Commission Table of Contents VOLUME I: List of Figures v List of Tables xiv List of Appendices xv Acknowledgments xvii Abstract xx Chapter I Introduction 1 Chapter II Environmental Setting 3 Physiography and Geology Drainage Characteristics Climate Flora Fauna Project Setting Summary Chapter III Archaeological and Historical Settings 9 Previous Research Historic Chronology Chapter IV Project Design and Methods 18 The Research Team Testing Methodology for the Project Chapter V A Discussion of the Transformational Funerary Landscape 26 Margo Stringfield Interments at Santa Maria de Galve and Isla de Santa Rosa Pensacola (1698-1757) Re-establishment on the Mainland: San Miguel de Penzacola (ca 1754-1763) A Proper Town: British Pensacola (1763-1781) A Community Cemetery is Defined The Return of Spanish Rule: 1781 Chapter VI St. Michael’s Cemetery: A Formal Identity 69 Margo Stringfield Spatial landscape of St. Michael’s Cemetery A Democracy of the Dead Landscape Changes and Urban Growth Community Stewardship at the Turn of the 21st Century Summary Chapter VII St. Michael’s Cemetery Geographic Information System (GIS) 123 Stuart Hamilton Geographical Survey Chapter VIII Locating Burials in St. Michael’s Cemetery Using Geophysical Techniques 130 Bryan S. Haley, Aaron Fogle, and Jay K. Johnson Introduction Ground Penetrating Radar Theoretical Introduction Detecting Burials with Ground Penetrating Radar Field Methodology GPR Survey with Global Positioning System Angel Type GPR Survey Florida Blanca Survey Area Laboratory Methods GPR and Global Positioning System Data Angle Type Survey Ground Penetrating Geographic Information System Data Analysis Using GPR Slice Results Electrical Resistivity Tomography Theoretical Introduction Resistivity Survey Laboratory Methods Results Area A Area B Area C Area D Thermal Infrared Theoretical Introduction Results Discussion Chapter IX Soil Survey 165 Johan Liebens Objectives Methods Results and Interpretation ii Ancillary Surveys Soil Profile Development Visible Disturbance in Soil Profiles in Trenches Surficial Disturbance of Soils Reconstruction of Original Topography OCR Age of Soil Surface Summary and Conclusions VOLUME II: Chapter X Into the Archives 197 Kendra A. Kennedy and Siska M. Williams Introduction Churches and Ministers Doctors and Hospitals Military and Navy Cemeteries Unproductive Sources Suggestions for Future Research Conclusion Chapter XI Conclusions 242 Margo Stringfield References Cited 248 Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III Chapter V Chapter VI Chapter VII Chapter VIII Chapter IX Chapter X List of Abbreviations Chapter XI Appendices Chapter IV APPENDIX 4.A Artifact Analysis: Soil Survey APPENDIX 4.B Public Component and Exhibit iii Chapter V APPENDIX 11 19th century newspaper report of unmarked burials encountered northwest of St. Michael's Cemetery Chapter VIII APPENDIX 8.A Grid Key Key to Depths Overall Map Jamiaica Crinum APPENDIX 8.B GPR Results APPENDIX 8.C Plot Survey APPENDIX 8.D Potential Mass Graves Chapter X APPENDIX 10.A Deaths in Pensacola Database 1763-1821 APPENDIX 10.B Full Bibliography for Deaths in Pensacola Database 1763- 1821 APPENDIX 10.C Total Number of Named Deaths by Year Survey Log Historical Cemetery Form, Florida Master Site File Survey Log Sheet iv List of Figures Chapter II Figure 2.1: Project location in Escambia County, Florida and the City of Pensacola 6 Figure 2.2 St. Michael’s Cemetery location on U.S.G.S. Pensacola topographic map 7 Chapter IV Figure 4.1: Test Area 3, Transect 1-04 Area of interest 20 Figure 4.2: Test Area 3, Transect 1-04 Example of GPR raw data 20 Figure 4.3: Test Area 3, Transect 1-04 Composite image 21 Figure 4.4: Test Area 3, Transect 1-04 Resistance pseudo section 21 Figure 4.5: Trench 5, south profile showing condensed trash deposits 23 Figure 4.6: Trench 3, south profile showing shaft of unmarked burial 24 Chapter V Figure 5.1a: 8ES1354 Santa Maria de Galve site on Naval Air Station, Pensacola. 1719 Fort San Carlos map 27 Figure 5.1b: Burials under the church floor 27 Figure 5.2: Dominic Serres drawing of Presidio Isla de Santa Rosa ca 1743 28 Figure 5.3: Spanish Chapel in San Miguel de Panzacola ca 1763 30 Figure 5.4: Digitized overlay of the 1763 and 1765 town showing Spanish structures 32 Figure 5.5: Plan of The New Town of Pensacola and country…1765 35 Figure 5.6: A view of Pensacola in West Florida ca 1765 36 Figure 5.7: Henry Bouquet 37 v Figure 5.8: Plan of The Fort of Pensacola (1777) showing Bouquet’s monument 39 Figure 5.9a: Example of headstone style. New England ca 1757 41 Figure 5.9b: Example of headstone style. New England ca 1787 41 Figure 5.10: Detail of Western Wetlands (watering place) 43 Figure 5.11: Plan of Savannah and its environs in 1782 45 Figure 5.12: Plan of Mobile surveyed by P. Pitman 1763 46 Figure 5.13a: 1781 Mobile 47 Figure 5.13b: 1813 Mobile 47 Figure 5.14: St. Augustine, the Capital of East Florida 1762 48 Figure 5.15: Spanish Perspective of the British fortifications at the entrance to Pensacola Bay 1781 49 Figure 5.16: French survey showing a British hospital on Gulf Breeze peninsula ca 1769 50 Figure 5.17: Plan of the Stockade Fort at Pensacola ca 1767 showing hospital 51 Figure 5.18: Plan of the Fort at Pensacola ca 1778 showing hospital 52 Figure 5.19: Overview map of Pensacola ca 1780 showing field hospital 53 Figure 5.20: Location of barrel features and burials on Deadman’s Island 55 Figure 5.21: Coffins recovered from Deadman’s Island 56 Figure 5.22: Digitized map showing late 19th Century quarantine station on Gulf Breeze Peninsula 57 Figure 5.23: Gerrge Gauld map Pensacola Bay ca 1769 showing Campbell Town 58 Figure 5.24: A Plan of Pensacola and its surroundings 1778 60 vi Figure 5.25: Map showing George Street and Charlotte Street bridge with cemetery ca 1780 61 Figure 5.26: 1781 maps showing burials on both sides of the Charlotte Street extension 62 Figure 5.27: Aerial photograph (1999) showing 1765-1778 roads and tributaries in relationship to St. Michael’s Cemetery 63 Figure 5.28: Aerial photograph (1999) showing 1778 “Burying Place” and 1781 burials in relationship to St. Michael’s Cemetery 65 Figure 5.29: Map showing “cemetery” ca 1781 66 Figure 5.30: View north (Alcaniz St.) from the contemporary site of the British era Charlotte Street Bridge 67 Chapter VI Figure 6.1: Vincent Pintado survey of “The Catholic Inhabitants Claim to 30 Arpens of land” ca 1810 70 Figure 6.2: Survey of Pensacola ca 1827 showing cemetery plat 71 Figure 6.3: GIS of St. Michael’s Cemetery showing period usage 73 Figure 6.4: Spanish hearth feature ca 1754 74 Figure 6.5: Jose Roig box tomb ca 1812 75 Figure 6.6: South gate and southern road ca 1890s looking east (Pensacola Historical Society) 77 Figure 6.7: Southern road seen from west entry ca 2008 looking east 77 Figure 6.8: Glass negative photograph of St. Michael’s Cemetery. Site unknown ca 1890 78 Figure 6.9: Glass negative photograph of St. Michael’s Cemetery. Site unknown ca 1890 78 Figure 6.10: Lardner monument ca 1821 showing wood cross background 79 Figure 6.11: Lardner monument ca 2007 79 vii Figure 6.12: Metal marker of Gregorio Caro (died 1816, marker produced post 1850) 80 Figure 6.13: Tomb of John Hunt ca 1851 83 Figure 6.14: St. Michael’s Cemetery from Alcaniz Street ca 1897 85 Figure 6.15: Gertrude Bonnauer wood marker (Replica) 86 Figure 6.16a: Bird’s Eye view ca 1885 showing Cadet Creek 87 (Ayrro San Miguel) drainage Figure 6.16b: Bird’s Eye View of Pensacola ca 1896 showing Cadet Creek as filled 88 Figure 6.17: Deaths during Yellow Fever epidemic years 89 Figure 6.18: The city dump ca 1919 (1919 Fire District Map of Pensacola. Copy on file at UWF Archaeology Institute) 91 Figure 6.19: Contemporary land surface at south end of St. Michael’s Cemetery 92 Figure 6.20: Perspective looking west from the south road ca 1897 93 Figure 6.21: Perspective looking west from the south road ca 2006 showing landscape changes 93 Figure 6.22: St. Michael’s Cemetery showing Alcaniz Street to west and housing on former cemetery land to east and south, and filled wetlands, ca 1896 94 Figure 6.23: Bird’s Eye View of Pensacola ca 1896 95 Figure 6.24: Funeral notice of S. Bronnum 1887 97 Figure 6.25: Brosnaham map of Pensacola ca 1819 showing cemetery 98 Figure 6.26: Goldstrucker vernacular above ground tomb (Magnolia Cemetery ca 1920) 99 Figure 6.27: Hughes above ground tomb (St. Michael’s Cemetery ca 1898) 99 Figure 6.28: Shell cultural marker at Creole site in St. Michael’s Cemetery (John Holley ca 1907) 101 viii Figure 6.29: Shell cultural marker at African American site in Zion AME Cemetery (Leamon Smith ca 1951) 101 Figure 6.30: Entrance to St. Michael’s Cemetery ca 1936 102 Figure 6.31: Sanborn Fire map showing Aragon Apartment complex ca 1960 on eastern extreme of the ca 1807/1810 St.

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