8692 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE May 23 Garmon, Betty L., N792333. lar Army of the United States, in the grade Dougherty, Charles H . McLaughlin, Charles, Hernandez, Nilza R., N2291970. and corps specified, under the provisions of Eckman, Philip L. III McCormack, Winifred R., N5003710. title 10, United States Code, sections 3283, Elan, John N. McNamara, William P . To be first lieutenants, Medical Corps 3284, 3285, 3286, 3287, 3288, and 3290: FitzPatrick, Thomas Meek, John E. Flory, Richard A. Miner, Ellis D., Jr. Andrews, Frank B ., Jr., 02300486. To be second lieutenants, Medical Service Corps Fox, Edwin F., Jr. Modine, Kent A. Epling, John P., Jr., 02300464. Fryday, Jack C. Moore, John K. Ewald, Roger A., 02298304. Dawley, Donald D., Jr. Reilly, William F., Jr. Garrison, David M. More, Angus S., Jr. Feagin, John A., Jr., 072048. Fladd, Frederic H. Schultz, Paul L. Goldman, Paul J . Natkowski, Leonard J . Herrington, Jack K., 02300465. Foulds, David G. Harbach, David V. O'Connell, Joseph Raffety, John E., 02300495. The following-named distinguished mili­ Ff:armon, Charles E. Osterman, Gerard D. Rapoport, Morton I., 05206067. Harper, Jack R. Patterson, Freddie L. Stambaugh, Roy A., 05501070. tary students for appointment in the Regu­ lar Army of the United States in the grade Hill, George R. Ragin, William D. H. To be first lieutenant, Veterinary Corps of second lieutenants, under the provisions Hitchcock, DiC'key Sager, David W. Voelker, Richard W., Jr., 02297929. of title 10, United States Code, sections 3283, Hitt, Gary C. Shimer, Preston L. 3284, 3285, 3286, 3287, and 3288: Holder, Arthur T. Simpson, William A. To be second lieutenants, Medical Service Howard, Barry Skiles, Carl L. Corps Aikman, Peter R. Burwell, Rodney P . Ioanidis, Gabriel Smock, Jimmie E. Carnahan, Robert P ., 05306173. Allred, James R. 05513516 Jones, William L. Spencer, James I. Fulton, William R., Jr., 05409958. Atkinson, John M. Byrn, Noel R . Kelly, Benjamin E., Jr. Stewart, Michael 0. Harling, John T., 05300471. Avery, John, Jr. Campbell, Larry D. Lane, Stanley W. Sulzen, Robert H. Bailey, Fred E. Cavezza, Carmen J. Heaton, Billy A. Larens, James M. 'Taylor, Hazel H., Jr. Lanham, Richard H., Jr., 02300453. Biggers, Homer L. H., Chester, Michael Q. Jr. Chronis, Nicholas N. Luff, Gary M. Thompson, Charles R. To be second lieutenants, Women's ATmy Bissell, Norman M. Corson, John R . Mack, Donald J. Weaver, Kenneth J., Corps Blanke, Richard C. Crigger, Donald E. Malone, William K. Jr. Ball, Elizabeth C., L2298584. Bone, David M. Cundiff, Brian H . Matz, Stanford Westerbeke, John H.; Kelly, Jacquelin J., L2300221. Bossart, Walter R. Dickinson, Curtis L. McCormick, Allen L ., Jr. The following-named distinguished mili­ Bradley, Sylvan K. Dierking, Irwin S., Jr. III Williamson, Robert F. tary students for appointment in the Regu- Burns, Frederick A. Dittmar, Richard S. McGough, Robert E. Zerby, John G., Jr.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS The Cost of Health Care The problem of providing adequate health relationship between the quality of medical coverage for the aged has aroused public care, medical financing and the optimum opinion and controversy. The aged in the doctor-patient relationship is clearly in EXTENSION OF REMARKS population are increasing at the rate of more . order. OF than 1,000 per day and by 1970 there will be Federal employees will be reassured by nearly 20 million persons 65 and over. the comments on the Federal employees HON. CLINTON P. ANDERSON Three-fifths of the aged had less than health benefits program administered by OF NEW MEXICO $1,000 in total income in 1958, according to the U.S. Civil Service Commission. The au­ the Bureau of the Census, and nearly four­ thors also endorse the closed-panel, group IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES fifths had income of less than $2,000 the practice type of health coverage such as is Tuesday, May 23, 1961 same year. operated by Group Health Association in the In a well-reasoned chapter the Somers Washington area, Health Insurance Plan of Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. President, I argue that the social security financed health New York and the Kaiser Foundation health ask unanimous consent that a review coverage will best meet the needs of the aged. plans on the west coast. which appeared in the Washington Post They point out that meaningful insurance The entire varied field of personal health of May 21 be printed in the CoNGRES­ must meet at least 75 percent of an aged care is carefully explored with chapters de­ SIONAL RECORD. It was written by the person's health expenses and should embrace voted to the role of modern hospitals, the 85 percent of the aged population. They drug industry, the growing doctor need and junior Senator from Oregon and relates shortage, health carriers and the strengths some of the most significant points in also argue that it is unreasonable to expect older persons to spend more than 12 percent and needs in the medical insurance indus­ "Doctors, Patients, and Health Insur­ of their incomes for medical care, which is try. The book is well documented by ex­ ance," by Herman Somers and Anne R. double the national average. The husband tensive footnotes, tables and charts. Somers. I also ask that a news report and wife team says: The authors carefully chart the pattern on this book from the Washington Post "The probable average level preinium re­ of change and direction in medical care of May 22 be printed in the RECORD. quired for 75 percent protection with 12 per­ and have produced a valuable study 1n a There being no objection, the review cent of income would exclude more than highly complex and controversial field. I and news report were ordered to be three-quarters of this age group. This makes am sure this volume will be carefully read printed in the RECORD, as follows: no allowance for the additional 25 percent by all those dealing with medical care costs to be met out of pocket. Even allow­ problems. TOTTING UP THE COST OF HEALTH CARE ing a substantial margin for error, the situ­ (Reviewed by MAURINE B. NEUBERGER) ation reveals a dead end." STUDY BACKS EXPANDED MEDICAL AID Medical and health care costs now total Dr. Basil C. McLean, recently retired presi­ (By Lewis Hawkins) over $25 billion annually and take 5.4 per­ dent of the Blue Cross Association, is quoted Mounting public pressure for providing cent of our Nation's total gross national as saying that "a lifetime's experience has led adequate medical care to all Americans makes product. me at last to conclude that the costs of care expanded Federal aid inevitable, it was re­ These figures are likely to rise, with medi­ for the aged cannot be met, unaided, by the ported in a research study released yester­ cal care costs since World War II increasing mechanisms of insurance or prepayment as day. far more rapidly than the general cost of, they exist today. The aged simply cannot · Part of this aid should be old age health living. In the last decade the increase was afford to buy from any of these the scope of insurance under the social security system twice as fast as all prices and between June care that is required, nor do the stern reali­ but this is no sound basis for alarm among 1958 and June 1960 the rate was three and ties permit any carrier, whether nonprofit or physicians or private insurance systems, the a half times. The American people are show­ commercial, to provide benefits which are book says. ing a growing concern with the organization adequate at a price which is feasible for "Doctors, Patients and Health Insurance," and financing of medical care. any but a small proportion of the aged." released by the Brookings Institution, is a To help supply some of the answers in One of the most interesting and reward­ 534-page volume resulting from 3 years' re­ this complex field, Mr. and Mrs. Herman ing sections of the book deals with the search by Herman M. Somers and his wife, Somers have written a particularly valuable changing pattern of medical practice and Anne R. Somers. Somers is head of the po­ and penetrating analysis of the organiza­ the doctor-patient relationship. The tech­ litical science department at Haverford Col­ tion, distribution, and financing of personal nological revolution in medicine, growing lege, Haverford, Pa., and was a member of medical care. I do not believe that anyone specialization in the profession, the role of PTesident Kennedy's preinauguration Task should argue the pros and cons of the Ken­ clinics and combined practice have all done Force on Health and Social Security. nedy administration's proposed health cov­ much to change the image of the tradi­ erage legislation for the retired under the tional doctor-patient relationship. FORD BACKED STUDY social security system until he has read this The authors conclude that an inversion Research and publication were financed by book. · of some popular slogans with respect· to the the institution with assistance from the 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 8693

Ford Foundation. Brookings is a privat~ or­ pears that educational and library serv­ There are many library services which ganization engaged in research and educa­ ice projects cannot in any way be a are possible on an interstate basis. tion in the social sciences. As usual, the "clear and present danger to the sov­ Those of the large metropolitan district institution notes that the conclusions reached in studies it finances do not neces­ ereignty of the United States"; in any may be somewhat different but many of sarily represent the institution's views. way affect the powers delegated to the our smaller cities might effectively ex­ Much of the book is devoted to reviewing National Government; or affect the po­ pand service to more rural areas in &he problems of medical care including litical balance within the Federal system. neighboring States. mounting costs, especially those in the drug However, some attorneys general have A group of small libraries on a State .field; the shortages of doctors and support­ ruled otherwise, and many States appear border could jointly employ a cataloger, ing personnel; the acute lack of "parahos­ to be reluctant to pass legislation which pool their book funds and buy and cata­ pital" facilities-nursing homes, outpatient clinics, rehabilitation centers, etc.-to care will permit joint action on library log their books not only with a saving for patients now being sent to regular hos­ matters. of money, but with an improvement in pitals. There are two distinct areas where the quality of the cataloging. Advances in private insurance plans are library service might be improved Every library of any s~e. particularly praised but it is reported that about 49 mil­ through interstate agreements-one is if it is a reference library, has a stock of lion persons-28 percent of the population­ the great metropolitan district, and the books and journals which should be remain without any protection. Most of other sparsely settled rural areas where preserved but which are seldom used. these are in the medically indigent group In who are otherwise self-supporting but can­ boundaries hinder development of an small States such as ours a deposi­ not provide for medical care. area large enough to provide modem tory could be established by several library services. States for these seldom used materials GENERAL AGREEMENT Of the 25 largest metropolitan dis­ and operated for the benefit of all. This Insofar as the aged are concerned, the tricts 12 are on State borders. The large would release valuable shelf space and authors find there is already general agree­ permit disposal of all but one copy or ment on the need for public action. The metropolitan library, chiefly supported main question is said to be whether it should by local taxation, is faced with demands set of these resources. · be under Federal-State subsidy or private in­ for service from the entire area. De­ There will be many problems for indi­ surance-as provided under a 1960 Federal veloping library service programs for the vidual States to work out ranging from law--or insurance within the present social entire area could be best undertaken by methods by which State aid is to be ap­ security system-which is what the Kennedy the large metropolitan library and would plied to a service jointly operated at the administration seeks. result in a well coordinated and local level, the selection of governing The authors say: strengthened service for the entire dis­ boards for these agencies and tax sup­ "The latter appears simpler, more econom­ port. But if we have cleared the way ical and more equitable as well as involving trict but a compact of some type would less Government intrusion in the affairs of appear to be necessary. by achieving the consent of Congress, private carriers, and greater dignity for the The general statute, New York Gen­ then we can tackle the purely local beneficiaries." eral Municipal Law, sections 460-473- problems. supplement-interlocal agreements with governmental units of other States, in its statement of purpose clearly defines Needed: Stronger Effort To Halt Interstate Compacts for Library Service the problem for both rural and urban areas: Expansion of Communism To permit local governmental units to EXTENSION OF REMARKS make the most efficient use of their powers EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF by enabling them to cooperate with govern­ OF mental units of other States on a basis of HON. JOHN E. FOGARTY mutual advantage and thereby to provide HON. ALEXANDER WILEY OF RHODE ISLAND services and facilities in a manner that wm accord best with geographic, economic, popu­ OF WISCONSIN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES lation, and other factors influencing the IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tue~day, May 23, 1961 needs and development of local communities. Tuesday, May 23, 1961 Mr. FOGARTY. Mr. Speaker, I have Since the great change in transporta­ Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, today, the today introduced a bill which would tion, and especially since the automobile free world is, as it should be, reexamining grant the consent of Congress to inter­ has become a regular means of private its policies designed to halt the out­ state agreements for the purpose of de­ transportation, populations have shifted spreading of communism. veloping or operating library facilities to a point where the self-contained local In Laos, Cuba, Vietnam, and else­ and services. village hardly exists. Shopping centers where, we are witnessing the devious Libraries, like all other governmental have made great changes in our way of tactics employed by the Communists. agencies, are searching for ways to pro­ life, as has the development of indus­ Over the weekend, I was privileged to vide service effectively and economically trial centers centralized and decentra.I- discuss the situation over radio station for all people regardless of where they ~ed · WGN, Chicago. live. While State, county, town, and We have discovered that a village During the address, I reviewed some municipal library systems are serving a library cannot provide all the informa­ possible ways in which we · might large segment of the Nation, population tion and books its residents need and de­ strengthen our policies to halt Red expansion and shifts within recent years sire. Television and other media are aggression. have created new groupings, bound by arousing interest in many subjects and I ask unanimous consent to have the economic, topographic, and social con­ problems our onetime small towner was text of the address printed in the REc­ siderations, but separated politically by willing to let others be informed about. ORD. the intrusion of State lines. Like trans­ Now it is necessary for the library to There being no objection, the address portation and other public services, most have greater resources than local taxes was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, efficient library operations in many cases could ever provide. The central~ed as follows: would follow these natural patterns reference service at the State library and TEXT OF SENATOR WILEY' S ADDRESS OVER rather than those of the more artificial the bookmobiles which move from town RADIO STATION WGN political boundary lines. Interstate to town leaving collections of current Around the globe the Communists are en­ planning is the next step which should books of interest to all ages and groups gaging in a powerful offensive to further be taken in many localities. It appears are permitting our towns to provide the their aims of world conquest. They control timely, therefore, that Congress give needed broader library services. about one-third, or nearly 1 billion, of the consent in advance so that progress may Since State boundaries are artificial at people of the world. In Laos and Cuba, the Reds are strength­ be encouraged and it is for this purpose best and frequently ignore topographi­ ening their grip on the reins of government. that I have introduced the bill. cal limits, as well as population distri­ Will Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia . be Article I, section 10 of the Constitu­ bution and economic developments, it next? · tion of the United States has apparently seems appropriate that every opportu­ How long can the non-.Communist na­ been a deterrent to States joining in nity taken be given for successfully tions permit this gobbling up, piece by piece, projects for mutual benefit, yet it ap- bridging these boundaries. of more people and territory? 8694 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-' SENATE May 23 If this expansion continues, the scale of owned by an Amish farmer in Pennsyl­ erage to additional groups of self-employed world power, and voting strength ln the vania. This act, undertaken by the In­ persons, including farm operators. United Nations will eventually tip toward ternal Revenue Service to collect delin­ For religious reasons a minority group of the Reds. We must not forget Mr. Khru­ Amish farmers were opposed to paying the shchev's threat to bury us. quent social security payments was a tax on self-employment income, although Now what can be done? matter of concern so that I requested the they properly reported such tax on their We must "stiffen our backbone." Commissioner of Internal Revenue to income tax returns. The Service, being We must take a new look at Communist explain the action. I have just received aware of the sincerity of these individuals' aggressions, particularly their success, and the Commissioner's reply and I believe convictions, undertook a program of educa­ determine how to cope with the Red offen­ that, because of the interest which the tion and persuasion by which we hoped to sives. case has stimulated, this correspondence collect the taxes involved on a voluntary Should we adopt Monroe Doctrine type basis. policies with our allies for areas like south­ should be called to the attention of all In the fall of 1956 the District Director east Asia? What would be involved? The Members of Congress. in Cleveland held meetings with Amish following steps: For the benefit of my colleagues, I sub­ farmers and their church officials in an ef­ Determine a defensible line against Red mit tbe following letter to Commissioner fort to solicit cooperation and voluntary aggression; Caplin, the Pittsburgh Press editorial re­ compliance with the 1954 amendment. The Provide forces capable of stopping the ferred to in the letter, Commissioner major point which was stressed at these Communists at that line; Caplin's reply, and an excellent editorial meetings was that the social security levy Warn the Reds that if they commit ag­ was a tax rather than an insurance prerilium, gression against such territories, either from the Berwick Enterprise of May 2, and that the Revenue Service was responsi­ political, military, or economic, they can ex­ 1961. ble for the enforcement of this legislation. pect to pay a price, war; CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, As a result of these meetings and of let­ Develop a capabiUty for more effectively HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ters sent to the individuals involved, em­ fighting brush-fire wars; Washington, D.C., May 9,1961. phasizing their duty to comply with the tax Increase the capab111ty of NATO, SEATO, Hon. MORTIMER M. CAPLJN, laws, payment, in the majority of cases, was CENTO and ANZUS to expand political, so­ Commissioner of Internal Revenue, voluntarily remitted. Out of the 2,000 to social and economic efforts to strengthen Washington, D.C. 3,000 Amish farmers filing taxable returns the free world and assist noncommitted na­ DEAR MR. COMMISSIONER: I am writing to there remained a number whose refusal to tions to ward off the attempted inroads by you in regard to recent action by the Inter­ pay continued, and in approximately 130 the Reds; nal Revenue Service against Mr. Valentine cases over the last 2 years, collection was en­ Finally, but most important, create a Byler of New Wilmington, Pa., in regard to forced by levying on bank accounts and more effective nonmilitary counteroffensive a Federal tax lien amounting to $308 for from the proceeds of farm produce. In a involving (1) designing blueprints for free­ unpaid taxes under the Federal Insurance few cases enforcement in this manner was dom for the nations of the world to counter Contributions Act. not possible, because of the inability of In­ communistic blueprints for takeover; (2) I am enclosing herewith an editorial from ternal Revenue officials to locate bank ac­ more strongly challenge the Reds' control the Pittsburgh Press of Wednesday, May counts or sources of income subject to the of subjugated people behind the Iron and 3, 1961. One of the things not mentioned levy process. Bamboo Curtains; and (3) engage in a more in the editorial is the fact that some of The instant case arose with respect to one effective political, economic, social, cultural Mr. Byler's fellow citizens have joined to­ of the more conservative members of the offensive on all fronts. gether to help him with his spring plow­ Amish faith. Mr. Byler, at the time of the Regre4;tably, the free world alliances, in­ ing. recent seizure, owed the following self­ cluding SEATO, have not yet developed the I recognize that the payment of this tax employment taxes: kind of firm, strong policy that would evoke like all other taxes is mandatory and that confidence for example of the southeast you and your associates have the responsi­ Asia nations in warding off the Red offen­ bility for enforcing the payment of any Year Tax Interest sive. Currently, countries such as Thailand Federal tax liability. However, I am very are reportedly toying with the idea of adopt­ concerned with the manner which this par­ 1956_------$82.60 $19.91 ing a "neutralist" policy. ticular problem was handled. I particularly 1957------76.57 17.08 To me, this is untenable. Why? Be­ 1958------32.98 7.05 question the timing-during the plowing 1959------65.63 7.14 cause a small nation, in my judgment, by season-and the particular property con­ itself cannot repel the concerted military, fiscated. I believe that you may well be economic, polttical, social pressures which concerned that this is an instance where For some time efforts to secure voluntary the Communists will be concentrating for a the Federal Government got its tax dollar payment of the above taxes had been made takeover. For the Reds, a declaration of but where very serious damage has been done without success. On July 13, 1960, a duly neutralism is a sign of "open hunting sea­ to the public attitude toward our Federal executed summons, requesting Mr. Byler to son." tax system. I would sincerely appreciate appear before a revenue officer to answer While India, a large country, has been receiving from you some information as to questions concerning his financial condition, able to maintain a policy of relative neu­ the endeavors made to collect this tax prior was issued. Mr. Byler failed to respond to tralism, she has stiffened her backbone. to seizing Mr. Byler's horses. I would also this summons. On August 2, 1960, an assist­ In the East-West contest, the Reds have like to know the reason for the timing of ant U.S. attorney wrote Mr. Byler with re­ been substantially helped by lack of real­ this particular seizure and the reason for gard to the summons, but there was no com­ istic workable plans of the West for the tri­ selecting the particular assets that were in­ pliance. Subsequently, a civil contempt umph of freedom. volved. Your comments on the extent to proceeding was brought before the U.S. Dis­ In Laos, let's face it, the Reds have the which recognition was given to the restric­ trict Court for the Western District of Penn­ upper hand. tions on levy contained in section 6334 of sylvania. After a number of continuances, the Internal Revenue Code will be appreci­ this proceeding was dismissed on motion of While we are talking about Laos and Cuba ated. Whether or not you regard draft horses the U.S. attorney on January 20, 1961. and South America, don't forget to keep as livestock is another question that I would On April 18, 1961, a notice of seizure was our powder dry and our eyes also focused like to have answered. handed Mr. Byler. In seizing the horses on Berlin and the rest of the world. In closing I would make it clear that I am recognition was duly given the provisions of not criticizing anyone for enforcing the law, section 6334 of the Internal Revenue Code but I am seeking information as to the ra­ concerning property exempt from levy. The Internal Revenue officials who handled this tionale for doing it in the particular way matter were as considerate as possible of Mr. Persuasion of the Amish (To Join Social that it was done. Sincerely yours, Byler's interests in seizing three of his six horses in deference to other personalty. At Security) HERMAN T. SCHNEEBELI, all times it had been the intent of the Member of Congress. Service to avoid the imposition of any undue EXTENSION OF REMARKS hardship which might arise. OF U.S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT, On May 1, 1961, a sale was conducted in COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, accordance with the provisions of section HON. HERMAN T. SCHNEEBELI Washington, D.C., May 16, 1961. 6335 of the Internal Revenue Code. The OF PENNSYLVANIA DEAR CONGRESSMAN SCHNEEBELI: This is in gross proceeds of the sale amounted to $460. reply to your letter of May 9, 1961, concern­ The expenses (drayage, boarding, insur­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ing the collection of the delinquent social ance, and advertising) amounted to $113.15. Tuesday, May 23, 1961 security taxes of Valentine Y. Byler for the Since the liability amounted to $308.96, the years 1956 through 1959. surplus, $37.89, was refunded to him. Mr. SCHNEEBELI. Mr. Speaker, As you are aware, Public Law 761, 83d The collection of the Federal self-employ­ many of us have been made aware of Congress, which became effective on Jan­ ment tax from Mr. Byler and. other Amish the recent seizure and sale of the horses uary 1, 1955, extended social security cov- people who are opposed to social security 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 8695 coverage for themselves has been an un­ This is a legal atrocity and it calls for have printed in the CONGRESSIONAL REC­ pleasant and difficult task for our people. review by officials of the Internal Revenue ORD an address which I was provileged With patience in their dealings, however, we Service, or by higher Government officers. to make before the second annual travel have been successful in persuading most of And if relief from such a stupid enforcement them to pay their taxes voluntarily. I have policy cannot be gained that way, Congress clinic, sponsored by the Upper Monon­ been advised by our attorneys that there is should act promptly to amend the law. gahela Valley Association, at Black­ nothing under the present law which would For what the Government is saying to water Lodge, Davis, W. Va., on May 12 represent an exemption for individuals who Valentine Byler and his neighbors is: of this year. The glories of my State would otherwise be covered, who are opposed "You'll join the social security system of West Virginia are so many that I be­ to participation on grounds of religious be­ whether you want to or not, and if you lieve Americans in all walks of life should lief. Since the Internal Revenue Service has refuse we'll take away the horses you need have the opportunity to become ac­ no authority to relieve the Amish farmers of to make a living by tilling the soil." quainted with them, and I trust that a their liability for the Federal self-employ­ This is on a par with the old vaudeville ment tax, when Mr. Byler remained adamant skit of a Communist orator declaiming that reading of my remarks will spur them in his refusal to pay the tax, it was incum­ "Come the revolution, the workers will eat to do so. bent on the Pittsburgh office to proceed with strawberries and cream." When one by­ There being no objection, the remarks collection enforcement. stander objected that he didn't like straw­ were ordered to ·be printed in the REc­ I can personally assure you that the seizure berries and cream, the orator persists: "Come ORD, as follows: the revolution, you will eat strawberries of Mr. Byler's property was not timed with When God created the earth, He richly any malice in mind. It was merely the and cream and you'll like strawberries and cream." endowed West Virginia with natural re­ culmination of extended administrative pro­ sources, not the least of which is an abun­ ceedings. As you are aware, the Amish do The Federal Government will look just as ridiculous if it continues seizing the horses dance of scenic beauty, with unparalleled not surround themselves with many of the mountain views, cool green forests, spar­ comforts of our present-day society, so that of peaceful Amishmen to dragoon them into 'a forced welfare system. kling streams and lakes, and fertile valleys. the choice of property to levy upon was not He also gave it four distinct seasons, for He an easy one. The selection of three horses must have had in mind that these would one was based upon the fact that Mr. Byler [From the Berwick Enterprise, May 2, 1961] day provide for the people who inhabited owned six horses at the time. AN OUTRAGE this area a variety of opportunities for the In recognizing the status of property ex­ Another outrage has been perpetrated in development of a recreational center for empt from levy, the revenue officer seizing the eastern half of these United States. the property set aside to Mr. Byler that por­ our socialistic state, and it is socialistic, tion of property aggregating $500 in value whatever you care to think. And God is infinitely wise and farseeing, under section 6334(a) (2). Therefore, the The latest outrage is the confiscation of for today 55 percent of the Nation's popu­ question as to whether draft horses are re­ three fine horses, owned by an Amish farmer, lation is within a 500-mile radius of the bor­ garded as livestock was never reached. Al­ at New Castle, in default of $308 in back ders of West Virginia, and I, for one, believe though the word "livestock" is not defined in social security payments. that all of those millions of people would section 6334, common usage would imply The Amish and Mennonites, we have said welcome the opportunity to see God's hand­ the inclusion of draft horses. This, of before and we repeat again, are our most iwork in West Virginia. It remains for us course, would be restricted to the $500 limi­ admirable Pennsylvanians in these crackpot to find the ways and means of stimulating tation set out in the section. days. They pay their own way, live sensibly them to do so. If additional information is desired, I and ask no favors of anyone. Their beliefs The tourist and recreation industry in the would be most happy to accommodate. do not permit them to become wards of the United States is big business. Although Sincerely, State in any manner, not even to the extent complete statistics for recreational expendi­ MORTIMER M. CAPLIN, of social security. tures are not available, the size and impor­ Commissioner. Now understand, we have no fault to find tance of the industry is evident from the with social security and we only hope there estimates of annual recreational spending. THE STUPIDITY OF THE LAW is still some of it available for pension use which vary from $18.3 billion to $42 billion. when we reach pension age. However, we You don't have to go behind the Iron Cur­ depending on the definition of what is to be don't feel that social security or any other included as recreational expenditures. tain to find an example of the heartless and socialistic idea should be forced upon those inhuman use of the power of government It is interesting to note, however, that in who do not want it and the Amish do not. 1959, the latest year for which statistics are against the individual citizen. You need go A tragic angle of this is that at least a doz­ no farther than New Wilmington, Pa. available, American workers took 77.7 million en Amish families in the New Castle area weeks of vacations, compared to only 54.3 It was there that the power and majesty of have decided they have had enough, not the Federal Government was invoked to show mlllion weeks in 1949. All the signs point only of Pennsylvania but of the United to further increases in leisure time and all one Valentine Byler the necessity of con­ States itself, for it is the Federal Government forming to the dictates of the Central Gov­ types of recreational spending. The outlook which is attempting to force social security for the sixties is for an additional popula­ ernment. taxing on the Amish. So those dozen-plus Mr. Byler is a member of the Amish sect, tion of about 30 million persons, a gross na­ families are going to sell their Pennsylvania tional product expanded by about $2J>6 bil­ whose way of life is part of their religion. farms and move to canada where people stlll They are a frugal farming people who eschew lion, a total employment of more than 80 enjoy some of the freedoms that those who million compared to the present 64.5 mil­ modern machinery and use horse-drawn had the spirit of '76 fought for. equipment. Their religion forbids them to lion, and comparable increases in per capita There are a lot of citizens we could well and disposable family incomes. make war or to accept anything from gov­ do without but the Amish are not among ernment. In case of need, they take care of those. The State government has made a Moreover, the United States is shifting their own. They are entirely self-reliant. mess of things in attempting to force our from a production oriented economy to a Among other things the Am.ishman won't school ideas on these people. Now the Fed­ consumption oriented economy, with in­ touch is the social security system. In their eral Government is making a mess of things creasing emphasis on services, cultural ac­ way of life, there is no need for old-age pen­ by attempting to force social security on tivities, travel, and recreation of all types. sions, and some 250 Amish famllies around them. Outdoor recreation, in particular, has a New Wilmington therefore make no pay­ Somewhere there should certainly be a les­ larger role in the life of most Americans. ments into the social security trust fund. son in all this, but what's the use. The pow­ The tremendous increase in usage of Federal But the Government contends that, ~ as ers that be wouldn't believe it anyway. parks, State parks, and other public rec­ self-employed farmers, they are obligated by reational facilities in the last decade clearly a 1955 law to pay 4¥2 percent of their gross illustrates the growth trend in outdoor rec­ earnings into the social security fund. In reation. From 1950 to 1958, attendance at essence, this contention is that they must public parks and recreation areas increased save for their old age whether they want to Tourism-The New Economic Frontier for as follows: National parks, by 76 percent; or not and whether they ever draw a nickel's national forest lands, by 150 percent; Bureau worth of benefits, which no Am.ishman will West Virginia of Reclamation projects, by 195 percent; do. Corps of Engineer reservoirs, by 492 percent; SO, one W. K. Shaw of the regional In­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS State parks by 108 percent; TVA lakes by ternal Revenue Service, figured out a way OF 120 percent; and wildlife refuges by 165 to teach the Amish obedience to the law. percent. He selected Valentine Byler as the first can­ HON. ROBERT C. BYRD didate and seized his three workhorses on The actual use of these public recreational a lien of $308. OF WEST VIRGINIA areas has far exceeded the planning estimates The other day the animals were sold, har­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES made over 10 years ago, and there is every ness and all, for $460. Not a single Amish­ Tuesday, May 23, 1961 indication that this growth will continue man was present at the auction sale. The and probably accelerate. In 1959 alone, the IRS plans to proceed in a ·similar manner Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. number of . people visiting national parks against other members of the Amish sect. President, I ask unanimous consent to and national monuments had surpassed the 8696 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE May 23 highest pre-World War ·II total by about 14 One major deficiency is the fact that our widely, at least -throughout the eastern half million. State lacks adequate accommodations for of the United States. Americans have taken to spending more tourists either inside or outside the parks In connection with advertising, one pos­ time and money in a variety of outdoor rec­ and forest areas--and this includes 20 State sible explanation for the decrease in the reational pursuits which include: hunting, parks, 12 State forests, 2 national forests, 2 number of visitors to the State since 1955 fishing, boating, skiing, and swimming. In reservoir areas, as well as 63,000 acres in pub­ is the lack of adequate promotion or adver­ 1955, a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service survey lic hunting areas whic:O. are owned or leased tising. State appropriations for this purpose estimated that there were 25 million sports­ by the State conservation commission. In amounted to $375,000 in North Carolina, men in the United States. The executive 1959, 114,313 visitors stayed overnight in the $501,000 in :virginia, and only $20,000 in West secretary of the Sport Fishing Institute, State parks, which was a substantial increase Virginia, according to the American Auto­ Mr. Robert N. Pavel, estimates the number over the prior year. But, although attend­ mobile Association. Moreover, additional of fishermen in the United States today at ance at State park and forest areas now ex­ amounts are spent in adjoining States by 28 million. The Fish and Wildlife Service ceeds 2 million annually, there are overnight private interests in the promotion of tour­ survey showed that there were one or more cabin accommodations for only 1,200 people. ism. This is a matter which I am certain sportsmen in one out of every three house­ Tent and trailer camping facilities are also Governor Barron's administration will cor­ holds, and that 18 percent of all persons desperately needed, but at present there are rect. But beyond what the State may at­ over 12 years of age in our country fished, only about 150 sites available. tempt to do, I believe that more can be done and that 10 percent hunted. Today, col­ As a result of these shortcomings in ac­ through an association of all resorts, hotels, lectively, the Nation's sportsmen spend from commodations, hundreds of people must be motels, and restaurants, because in the final $2 billion to $10 billion a year on this form turned away from West Virginia's recrea­ analysis they get the largest share of the of recreation. tional areas for lack of overnight lodging tourist dollar. The rise in the number of fishing and facilities. In comparison, I might add, Cali­ Finally, I want to say that if the construc­ hunting licenses issued annually is another fornia has furnished some 30,000 camping tion of the proposed scenic highland road indication of the growing number of people sites for its citizens and tourists. through the Monongahela National Forest who have joined the ranks of the country's Another major problem confronting our can be undertaken and completed, the tour­ sportsmen. Since 1950, the number of fish­ State, insofar as tourism is concerned, is the ist potential of West Virginia will increase ing licenses sold increased by 30.4 percent pollution of our streams and rivers. Al­ by leaps and bounds. The road would open nationally, and the number of hunting li­ though the State issued more than 487,000 up scenic· panoramas of breathtaking beauty, censes rose by 20.2 percent. In addition, fishing and hunting licenses in 1959, this and would afford access to presently inac­ more sportsmen are going outside their home number could be substantially increased if cessible streams and lakes, camping and pic­ State to pursue these sports. This is at­ the ugly pollution in our water resources nic sites, richly gamed hunting areas, and tested to by the fact that the number of were remedied in some parts of the State. numerous other attractions. nonresident fishing and hunting licenses West Virginia has many public land areas The existence of the Skyline Drive in Vir­ sold during this same period increased by stocked with an abundance of game-deer, ginia is said to be largely responsible for 40.9 percent and 132 percent, respectively. bear, quail, and wild turkeys, to mention that State's having grossed approximately Boating has been called the Nation's some. But out-of-State hunters have been $645 million in tourist business last year. I fastest growing family sport. Between 1948 finding it difficult to arrange for sleeping feel that if our scenic highland road becomes and 1958, retail expenditures for boating in­ accommodations during hunting season. A a reality, tourism will suddenly become the creased by 167 percent, the number of recre­ few years ago, a program was started to en­ biggest business in our State. But until ational boats in use increased by 144 percent, courage farmers and other local residents to ways and means are found for the task of and the number of participants in recrea­ provide housing for sportsmen during hunt­ getting this road built, let us concentrate on tional boating increased by 196 percent. A ing season. This program needs to be aug­ the many little ways of increasing tourism 1960 Department of Commerce estimate mented by an educational campaign, because in West Virginia-for if we take care of all placed spending on boating in our country at every additional sportsman we can accom­ the little ways, the growth of tourism and $2.7 billion, and the average annual expendi­ modate means anywhere from $50 to more its effect upon the economy of our State ture of each boatowner at $146. than $100 spent in our State. may prove to be the greatest of all blessings A number of factors are responsible for the The historical attractions of West Vir­ which the natural resources of West Virginia boom in all types of outdoor recreational ac­ ginia are surpassed only by its impressive have afforded our people. tivity. In addition to the population ex­ scenic beauties. But here again, full use plosion expected in this country in the next has not been made of the potentialities of, decade, during which some 30 million more say, the Civil War sites around Keyser and in persons will be added to our population other sections of the State, nor of the ante­ Federal, State, Municipal Cooperation­ figures, there is a trend toward shorter work­ bellum homes and other historic a ttrac­ weeks, toward longer vacations, toward tions. Better roadside markings and more An Address by Joe L. Evins, Member of earlier retirements, and a longer lifespan. publicity on West Virginia's rich heritage Congress from Tennessee Then, too, higher standards of living give might bring many more visitors to our State, further impetus to the growth of a recrea­ particularly during this Civil War Centennial tion industry. period. Moreover, the establishment of ana­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS What does all of this mean, and what tional monument near Parkersburg, Point 01' should all of this mean to West Virginia? Pleasant, and Charles Town, would further To answer this question, I think it is impor­ emphasize the historic significance of our HON. JAMES B. FRAZIER, JR. tant that we examine what tourism means to State and its valleys since before the ~evo­ OF TENNESSEE some of our neighboring States. Travel ex­ lutionary War days. penditures amounted to $654 million in 1960 Other possible means of attracting tourists IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in Virginia, and $360 million in North Caro­ to West Virginia include augmenting the Tuesday, May 23, 1961 lina. Maryland expects to reach a $300 mil­ spectator sports facilities of our State. These lion tourist business by the end of this year, now include four horseracing tracks, and Mr. FRAZIER. Mr. Speaker, my and says that $12 million of this will be in various baseball, football, and basketball friend and colleague, the Honorable sales of gasoline, out of which the State will events. However, ice hockey, and skiing, JoE L. EVINS, recently addressed a meet­ also realize taxes and fees. In West Virginia, which are becoming more and more popu­ ing of the Tennessee Municipal League the State industrial and publicity commis­ lar, offer excellent opportunities for expan­ in my hometown of Chattanooga. His sion estimated that tourists spent $270,569,- sion of the off-season tourist trade. West remarks were particularly fitting and 477 in 1959. The commission is now the de­ Virginia is one of the few States south of they are significant for the great partment of commerce. the Mason-Dixon line which offer skiing on The figures which I have just quoted show a commercial basis, and I want to say that amount of information regarding Fed­ that our State experienced a smaller income the management of Black Water Lodge has eral spending in Tennessee and for the from tourism than did our neighboring done a notable job in acquainting out-of­ excellent illustrations of Federal-mu­ States, despite the fact that West Virgin! Staters with the excellence of ski slopes nicipal cooperation contained in them. has far more to offer in the way of scenic hereabouts. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con­ beauty and water resources than our neigh­ An equally notable job in attracting tour­ sent that the remarks of our distin­ boring States. ists to West Virginia has been done by the guished colleague be reprinted in the In West Virginia, the number of visitors communities and organizations which spon­ RECORD. dropped from a high of 8,115,429 in 1955, to sor local festivals. I have in mind the Buck­ 7,378,218 in 1958, and then increased slightly hannon Strawberry Festival, the Spencer The address follows: to 7,450,625 in 1959. There are several in­ Walnut Festival, the Forest Festival at El­ REMARKS BY HON. JOE . L . EVINS, OF TEN­ dicated reasons for the fact that there has kins, the Folk Festival at Glenville, and the NESSEE, TENNESSEE MUNICIPAL LEAGUE, been no substantial increase in tourism in Preston County Buckwheat Festival. These CHA'l"l'ANOOGA, TENN., MAY 15, 1961 our State, at a time when our neighboring events are unique to the culture and re­ President Mcinturff, Mayor Olgiati, Judge States have been enjoying solid spurts in this sources of West Virginia, and every effort Frost, distinguished guests, members of the business. should be made to advertise them more Tennessee Municipal League, my fellow Ten- 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 8697 nesseans, and friends, certainly it is a pleas­ I must admit a partiality toward our ployment, to provide for a greater and more ure to be able to meet with you again. municipal officials and interest in city satisfactory rate of national growth. When your able and energetic executive sec­ government. This new act, recently signed into law by retary, Herbert Bingham, invited me to meet My father, who for 16 years was mayor of President Kennedy, sets up a fund totaling with you again, I accepted without hesita­ my hometown of Smithville, has had a very $394 million for use in treating some of tion for I had never forgotten my enjoyable great influence on my attitudes, naturally. our Nation's economic ills. visit with the Municipal League here in He gave me an early start toward the The Depressed Areas Act is largely a loan Chattanooga a few years ago. I consider forming of philosophical ties with individ­ program, and essentially a local self-help your invitation for this repeat visit as indeed uals whose principal concern is the build­ program. a compliment. ing of the community. My interests, grow­ The Federal Government has been directed I always enjoy the bracing air of Chatta­ ing out of this experience, have been of by Congress to carefully confine its partici­ nooga and certainly am pleased to visit in inestimable value to me in my work as a pation to measures which will encourage the hometown of my colleagues, Tennessee's Member of Congress. They have served to local initiative and stimulate local leader­ senior Senator ESTEs KEFAUVER and Congress­ focus attention constantly on the basic con­ ship in this effort over the next 4 years. man JAMES B. FRAZIER, both of whom repre­ sideration of government, whether it be in The new law, considered in perspective, sent Chattanooga, this district and our State Washington, Chattanooga, Smithville or provides a relatively small amount of money so ably in the Congress. elsewhere, and that basic consideration is to do a large and vitally important job. For I respect the membership of the Municipal that what is happening on the local level is example, the total outlay authorized repre­ League of Tennessee. This organization is what is important. How our laws and pro­ sents less than half of 1 percent of our total composed of a body of men who are among grams affect the local community is of the Federal budget, and about one-tenth of what the leaders of our State and experts in the greatest importance, for local government is we have been spending on foreign aid an­ science of Government. the bedrock of our society. nually for many years. It should be pointed There are those who say that we in the As you gentlemen are aware and know all out that this measure is designed to help Congress have not introduced scientific too well, there has been an increasing de­ our own country and will provide assistance methods in the Federal Government, that mand over the years from locally elected in alleviating our own problems in dis­ we are falling behind and slipping back­ officials for more and more programs of aid tressed areas and underdeveloped areas ward. and assistance from the Federal Government. throughout the United States. We have our debates and difficulties and, This has grown out of the fact that the local From the marshaling of such attention like you, our problems, but I take the affirm­ tax base has to a large extent been exhausted will come large benefl. ts not only to the ative side that we are moving forward and and because there exists a need for addi­ communities receiving direct assistance but making progress. tional skills and finances to provide the to all America. This year, in just a few months, we have services which our modern-day cities and The Secretary of Commerce is authorized succeeded in passing a lot of legislation and municipalities require and the public de­ to cooperate with leaders in designated areas even in putting a man into space. mands. of need for a well-planned attack on the in­ However, we all recognize there is much While we have had change, one thing has creasingly complex problems of local com­ yet to be accomplished. not changed, with which I am sure you will munities. I must confess that perhaps the greatest all agree, the demands for more service and It puts a new challenge to every com­ satisfaction of serving in Government is more appropriations. munity to make more careful assessment of found among your group, those on the local I am reminded that our position collec­ community needs, to make larger plans, to level who see progress each day, who see tively as a city and a nation is like the multi­ exert greater efforts for public improvements, great programs put into effect and material­ millionaire who, on being interviewed, was to organize its own industrial corporations. ized. We in the Congress deal in policies asked about his good fortune and he com­ The new law focuses attention upon the and plans, programs in the abstract, and, I mented, "I never hesitate to give full credit needs, opportunities and rewards of local should add, appropriations. Whereas you, to my wife and her assistance." "In what industrial development. our mayors and municipal officials, see many way did she help?" the reporter asked. "Well It provides aid and expert advice for the of these programs materialize. It is you if you want the whole truth," the man re­ development of long-range planning at the who put them into operation and actually plied, "I married her because I was curious local level. see the improvements completed. to find out if there was any income she It encourages the local community to en­ Our cities and towns are being improved couldn't live beyond." gage in the important work of technical with interstate highway systems and mu­ Many of our cities are requested to pro­ training and retraining, which is increasingly nicipal airports constructed. vide services which require living beyond essential in this day of automation. Many additional projects are financed by their incomes and they are calling on the In a word, the Area Redevelopment Act both the local and Federal Governments. Federal Government for help and assistance. is designed to give real impetus to industrial The building of great housing projects, pro­ It is only in recent months that some say decentralization which must be speeded up grams of slum clearance, urban renewal, that this era of Federal aid has been in the interests of a stable national economy sewage disposal plants, local National Guard enhanced. and to promote our free enterprise system. armories, and, yes, many local industrial In almost every bUl that comes before the This program has been rather aptly de­ developments are aided by federally financed Congress the question is raised, How wlll it scribed as operation "seed corn" for the programs. All are made possible by local affect our States and cities and municipali­ American community. Federal loan funds initiative, some local financing, but largely ties? are provided in cases where adequate private by appropriations passed by the Congress, In the consideration of legislation we are financing is not available, and Federal grants all to serve our people, the public needs, interested in knowing what you are doing, are authorized in cases where communities through matching fund programs and co- what you are thinking, and what our munic­ are unable to finance public works for them­ operation. . ipal leaders are planning and accomplishing. selves. As you know, there are those who attack Your programs have a tremendous bearing Specifically, the bill provides $100 million the Congress and those who cry against on legislation in Congress. for each of two revolving funds, one to be Federal aid and Federal spending, but in The Appropriations Committee on which used for loans in industrial areas and the this day I believe that the mayors of our I serve, and, yes, the House Select Committee other for rural areas. cities recognize perhaps more than others on Small Business, on which I also serve, Community and regional development that it takes the combined energies, imagi­ are almost daily made aware of the growing agencies may borrow up to 65 percent of the nation and dedication of all our elected concentration of problems facing our local cost of clearing land, building plants, and, officials, at all levels of government, cooper­ communities and States. These problems in special cases, the cost of equipment and ating and working together to achieve of local governments, on an increasingly ex­ machinery to attract new plants. progress and to advance freedom in our tensive scale, are reflected in the many re­ The new legislation also permits the Fed­ civilization. quests for Federal appropriations. _ eral Government to make grants to pay up While we speak nationally of New Fron­ When I spoke to the Municipal League to two-thirds of the net ·cost of clearing tiers, I know that here at home in Tennessee several years ago, our country was engaged slum areas. This supplements the urban we have our own new frontiers-problems in the Korean war, and the Federal Gov­ renewal program previously in effect. pressing for solution. Our work and efforts ernment necessarily was concerned with In addition to making the urban renewal are so entwined, the destiny of the people we measures affecting our war effort-shortages, grants, the Secretary of Commerce is em­ represent are the same, so there exists a real rationing, priorities and allocations. powered to make up to 10 percent of any need for a closer cooperation, better working Today we are engaged in the cold war future capital grant for urban renewal for relationships at all levels of government and and a war on slums, poverty, unemploy­ nonresidential slum clearance projects in particularly between our municipalities and ment, surplus labor in our cities and idle designated areas. This will make it possible the Federal Government. plant capacity. for these communities to provide industrial With the complexities and the problems of sites and to bolster their tax bases. our day, perhaps the best Government AREA REDEVELOPMENT ACT that can be evolved in America is a partner­ The Area Redevelopment Act is the most SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ship government, involving partnership recent example of dual action, action which The Small Business Administration, now action between our cities and State officials calls for increasing our joint energies to a permanent agency of the Government, with and the Federal Government. help solve these problems, to arrest unem- a loan authority of approximately $1 billion CVII--552 8698 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE May 23 serves our cities and small business com­ last session of Congress. We attempted to for nine projects in Tennessee which will munities in an increasingly wide range of focus the spotlight on the deficiencies in cost $6 million plus when completed. public service. SBA's loan policies. Our hearings were sig­ The very recently enacted Water Pollu­ The SBA has been empowered to make nificant in pointing up the negative loan tion Control Act is designed to augment the loans to State and local development cor­ policies and the many instances of discour­ work of the Public Health Service and in­ porations for plant construction, conversion, agement offered business and community creases the authorization for sewage treat­ and expansion. This authority was about to initiative. ment plants from $50 to $100 million an­ expire in 6 weeks but the Congress included Our congressional committees spearheaded nually. a proviso in the Area Redevelopment Act a drive to reverse policies of the last admin­ The demand and need for this increase removing the time limitation, and thus ex­ istration under which the small business has been clearly shown and demonstrated tending this program which is beginning to share of total military purchases of goods in the public interest. be more widely understood and appreciated. and services declined from 25.3 percent in The Public Housing Administration, under Congress has thus made available some 1954 to 16 percent in 1960. the Public Housing Act of 1949, has certified valuable tools for municipal use. These pro­ Today I believe this trend has been re­ 164 low rent housing projects for Tennessee. _ grams are not imposed upon anybody. They versed and conditions have improved. There are today in our State 57 local hous­ are simply available and cities may use them Now there is both congressional and ad­ ing authorities serving 70 communities with if they wish to do so. If any of you ex­ ministrative support for steps giving small grants to our large- and medium-sized perience any difficulty in obtaining informa­ business a larger voice in Government pro­ communities. tion as to how to participate and take ad­ curement policy. The latest figures show that currently vantage of the provisions of SBA services, let The President has set as an administra­ there are 18,018 units completed and under me know and I shall try to be of helpfulness. tive goal an increase of at least 10 percent local management, with 550 units under A few figures from the Small Business Ad­ in the amount of defense work, defense con­ construction and 1,685 additional units in ministration will serve to show how the tracts going to small business. the planning stage. services of this agency may be locally Only last week in hearings before our Ap­ Local housing authorities in our State utilized. propriations Committee I heard and saw evi­ have received more than $30,700,000 in con­ SBA has well been called a little RFC. dence of this policy being put into effect. tributions and, in fiscal year 1960 alone, Loans are made available direct to small The Chief of Engineers testified that the payments have exceeded $4.5 million. business, to local development corporations, number of construction contracts awarded to The urban renewal program has also been and in times of disaster, to all residents of small business is being stepped up and that well received by the cities of our State. the community. the Corps of Engineers is now setting aside On the national scale more than $1,871 Since 1958, when this agency was created, for small business virtually all construction million has been spent for urban renewal direct loans amounting to $17.5 million have contracts under $500,000. programs with more than $67.7 million go­ been made and another $26.5 million in loans ing to 21 cities in Tennessee for 31 urban committed; for a total of approximately ASSISTANCE FROM OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES renewal projects. President Kennedy in a $43.5 million. There are other Federal agencies, as you recent message to the Congress called for In Tennessee alone, SBA has made busi­ gentlemen are aware, which offer both acceleration of this program to help clear ness loans exceeding $21 million. financial and technical assistance in com­ our cities of slums. He has requested an Recently, SBA Administrator John E. munity development programs--such as the authorization of $2.5 billion to be used over Horne announced the lowering of interest Housing and Home Finance Agency, includ­ the next 4 years. Since 1949 total expendi­ rates to 4 percent on loans to companies lo­ ing especially its Community Facilities Ad-· tures for urban renewal projects have been cated in surplus labor areas, and pointed ministration, the Federal Aviation Agency, $1.8 billion. The President's new program out that funds were available to local in­ the Department of Agriculture, the Depart­ thus calls for a 30-percent increase in this dustrial development companies for this ment of Commerce, among others. field during the next 4 years. purpose. He urged and invited wider use The Federal Interstate Highway System This money is matching-fund money and of this type of financial assistance. is one of the most outstanding examples will require the city and State combined The State and local development com­ of Federal-State cooperation and of the vast to match available Federal funds for urban panies have not used the credit facilities of benefits which Tennessee and the Nation re­ renewal projects. this agency as much as expected. Mr. Horne, ceive as a result of an excellent program of Federal gra.nts for airport construction in SBA Administrator, tells me that to date cooperation. Tennessee have amounted to almost $15 123 industrial development corporation loan Since the interstate program was enacted million. applications have been received, 99 have thus by Congress there has been allocated to Thirty-one airports in our State have been far been approved for a total of about $12 Tennessee more than $415 million of Fed­ built or partially built by Federal grants. million. eral funds for the highway program in our There are a number of uncompleted and The House Small Business Committee has State. Last August $80.7 million became planned other airport projects for Tennessee. exerted constant pressure for greater use of available for fiscal years 1961-62 alone. FAA's revised budget for 1962 calls for the Small Business Administration's capaci­ TWo weeks ago we passed in the House a an appropriation of $75 million for an ac­ ties in this and other phases of our economic bill authorizing funds to complete the celerated airport modernization and improve­ life-and now a heartening change has 41,000-mile Interstate Highway System and ment program on a matching fund basis. come under the new administration. Fresh put the program back on schedule. Seventy­ We in Tennessee are all familiar with vigor and broader purpose are being evi­ eight million dollars additional has been and certainly proud of the work and contri­ denced in all SBA operations under the di­ earmarked for Tennessee for fiscal 1963. butions of the Tennessee Valley Authority. rection of the new Administrator, John E. The services of the Community Facilities One of the brighter aspects of the new Horne, a native of Alabama. Administration, Housing and Home Finance Washington picture appears in the field of Real opportunities which exist for the de­ Agency, are well known to you gentlemen. conservation and water resource develop­ velopment corporation are illustrated by the Certainly much has been accomplished ment. through the advances made available for experience of a development corporation of New long-range policies on water and North Carolina, which borrowed $1 million public work planning and loan programs of this branch of our Government which is power development and conservation are in from SBA. This loan made up about one­ the making. fifth of the corporation's financial backing, especially set up to assist and serve the needs the remainder coming from commercial of our cities and municipalities. The "no new starts" era has ended. The banks, life insurance companies, building, During this year, the Community Facilities TVA spirit is soaring. The 1,000-mlle-long savings and loan associations. Since 1956 Administration has approved or now has be­ Tennessee River with its many untapped this one industrial development corporation fore it for approval 21loan applications from and unused industrial sites should, in my has approved 131 loans for $16 million for cities in Tennessee. view, be acquired and made ready for future new plants and expansions, and for pur­ This agency is asking for an appropri­ industrial growth needs. OUr cities and chase of machinery and equipment. The ation of $4 million for next year for pay­ State should purchase these sites in coop­ new business activity sparked by this en­ ment to the revolving fund out of which eration with private industry and the TVA terprise resulted in maintaining employ­ planning advances to cities are made. to insure requirements for the future. ment for at least 8,000 persons and created Grants are made by CFA for drawing of The revised budget of the Corps of Engi­ jobs for 14,000 more, a total of 22,000 jobs architectural plans for a variety of types of neers and the Bureau of Reclamation calls resulting from the work of this one devel­ community improvements, including water for 57 new starts and the completion of opment corporation. or sewer, health facilities, public buildings, 36 other great dams and reservoir projects SBA's major function, that of providing roads and streets, among others. throughout the Nation. financial assistance to small firms, is now The U.S. Public Health Service also has The Department of Agriculture's small being brought into the full exercise which a program of making grants to cities, but watershed project program and the rural the Congress prescribed for it. specifically designed for another purpose; development program are encouraging and The Subcommittee on Organization and namely, water pollution protection and com­ assisting some 200 such projects in 40 States, Operation of the Small Business Adminis­ munity public health needs. including 10 in Tennessee. tration, which I have the honor to serve as So far during the current year, the Public Many large-scale programs having an im­ chairman, held extensive hearings during the Health Service has made grants of $1,286,000 mense bearing on the future of our cities, 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 8699 towns, and rural areas are now before the dam is an essential and integral part of the velopment, and use of our water resources. Congress. . master plan conceived by the Army's Corps We must all gives these programs our active Today our cities ~re offered challenging of Engineers to harness the river system to support, for only this way can we hope to opportunities for planning for future growth the needs of Alabama and the Southeast for accomplish our objective. needs. the next half century or more. As General Barney has indicated, consid­ With initiative, imagination, and a spirit The program envisioned by the Army Engi­ erable progress has been made in recent years of cooperation and working together we can neers, carried to a successful completion, in carrying out the modernization of the move forward to eliminate slums and de­ wlll pay enormous dividends. It will pro­ Warrior-Tombigbee Waterway. Demopolis pressed areas, revitalize underdeveloped vide an emcient, low-cost avenue of trans­ lock and dam was completed in 1955 to elimi­ areas, promote industry and employment, portation; it will give us new sources of nate four obsolete navigation projects; the beautify our cities, raise the level of our hydroelectric energy; it will assure greater Warrior lock and dam between Eutaw and community life and make our cities more supplies of water for home, farm and fac­ Greensboro was finished 2 years later to re­ prosperous and a better place in which to tory; it will alleviate floods, abate pollution, move two deteriorated, inadequate struc­ live throughout our ·beloved State. and create unexcelled opportunities for tures, and today we dedicate still another Our future progress will depend, to a healthful recreation. new facility. large degree, on the extent of cooperation The vast impact of the waterway's devel­ In the headwaters of the Warrior River, we each give to our several levels of govern­ opment already is being felt. Construction the Alabama Power Co., always in step with ment. Each is interrelated to the other. of new industrial plants and the expansion the needs and ambitions of the State, has All local, State, and Federal agencies are con­ of existing manufacturing and service fa­ built with private capital the Lewis Smith cerned for the common good and the pro­ cilities along the Warrior-Tombigbee are Dam on the Sipsey Fork, thereby becoming motion of health, education, safety, and taking place at a multimillion-dollar pace. an active partner in carrying forward the welfare of all our citizens in Tennessee. Announced investments for capital growth waterway's improvement. The Alabama I find myself among old friends, those by industry in the Warrior-Tombigbee Basin power project, representing one of the three who are interested in public affairs and have totaled more than $380 million over headwater dams urged several years ago by dedicated to public service. This makes it the past 6 years, and this amount does not the Corps of Engineers, was designed and abundantly clear that our joint purposes include additional millions spent for im­ built so as to fit into the comprehensive will not falter nor fall for lack of local provements to transportation systems, ex­ program for the Warrior-Tomblgbee. leadership. pansions by utilities and the construction of Our next step in modernizing the water­ I take from you increased purpose in our military installations. way is construction of Holt lock and dam in mutual task of community building. Best These investments are of benefit, directly the district of my colleague, ARMISTEAD wishes as you go forward in community and indirectly, to the entire State. In addi­ SELDEN. By replacing four old locks and building. tion to the generation of additional tax dol­ dams, it will extend above Tuscaloosa the Thank you very much. lars for much needed enlargement of essen­ modern waterway dimensions which the tial public services, they have produced Warrior, Demopolis, and Jackson projects several thousand new jobs in many fields provide between that city and Mobile. and skills for our people. The Corps of Engineers will be in a posi­ The economic expansion fostered by the tion to use initial construction money for Address by Representative Frank Boykin, modernization of the Warrior-Tombigbee is Holt lock and dam in fiscal 1962, which be­ of Alabama, at Dedication of Jackson not concentrated in one area. Rather, it is gins July 1. We are encouraged by the fact occurring throughout the valley, and is be­ that the budget now ooing considered by Lock and Dam on the Warrior-Tom­ ing carried on by a variety of industries. Oongress recommends $750,000 for that pur­ higbee Waterway, April 7, 1961 During the past few years, we have seen pose. But let us remember that it's a long new coal mines opened along the upper way ootween a budget recommendation and waterway; we have seen the establishment an appropriation. And even then, we will EXTENSION OF REMARKS and growth of paper-producing plants at have money only for the first year's con­ OF Tuscaloosa, Naheola, Demopolis, and Mobile; struction. It will be necessary for us to we have seen more than $150 million in­ fight year by year for subsequent appropri­ HON. ARMISTEAD I. SELDEN, JR. vested in chemical plants in the Washing­ ations to complete the project in an orderly OF ALABAMA ton County area; we have seen a major manner. steam electric generating plant built at The urgent need for Holt lock and dam is IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Barry; we have seen the lumber, shipbuild­ demonstrated by the Wa.rrior-Tombigbee's Tuesday, May 23, 1961 ing, textile, and metal fabricating industries steady growth in commerce, which has more increase their productive capacities. than doubled during the past decade, reach­ Mr. SELDEN. Mr. Speaker, the com­ Yet, even with these gratifying develop­ ing 5,756,227 tons in 1959 to set a record high pletion of another vital step in the mod­ ments, we have hardly scratched the sur­ for the seventh consecutive year. ernization of Alabama's WaiTior-Tom­ face. Other areas of the Nation are grow­ Accompanying the continued rapid growth bigbee Waterway was observed on April ing at an even faster rate-as evidenced by in movements has been a change in the pat­ 7, 1961, with the dedication of the Jack­ the fact that we shall lose one of our Con­ tern of tramc that makes early completion son lock and dam on the lower reaches gressmen on the basis of the 1960 census. of the Holt project even more vital. In of that great river system. On that im­ Yes, we still have a lot of catching up to 1949, only a little more than 800,000 tons or portant occasion, Representative FRANK do. And if we are to move ahead, one of 38 percent of the Wa.rrior-Tombigbee's total the things we must do is press for the wise commerce moved in that reach to be im­ BOYKIN, dean of the Alabama delega­ conservation, development, and use of the proved by Holt lock and dam. In 1959, tion in the House of Representatives, water resources Nature has so abundantly however, this portion of the river carried made the main address at the dedication bestowed on Alabama. almost 2,900,000 tons or 50 percent of the ceremonies held before an audience of Our State is practically framed by rivers. total. several thousand interested Alabamians. To the north is the Tennessee, which carries Major dimculty encountered by naviga­ Included below are the timely remarks more than 12 million tons of commerce an­ tion above Tuscaloosa is caused by the small made by Congressman BOYKIN on this nually. To the east is the Chattahoochee, a size of the existing locks, built between 1905 occasion: part of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee­ and 1915. These structures are only 52 feet Flint system which is now under develop­ wide and about 285 feet long, as compared We are gathered here this afternoon to ment. To the west are the Mobile and Tom­ with lengths of 600 feet and widths of 110 commemorate a major step forward in the higbee Rivers, and to the south is the Gulf feet at the new locks. modernization of one of Alabama's most Intracoastal Waterway which, while not a Only four 500-ton barges can transit these important, most valuable and potentially river, is an improved navigation channel. four locks at one time, and as a consequence most useful natural resources-the Warrior­ And running diagonally across the State is multiple barge tows must break their for­ Tombigbee Waterway. The river system, . the Alabama-Coosa system. mations and transit the structures in two more than 460 miles in length, extends from In all, Alabama has 1,500 miles of author­ or three operations. A double lockage tow the deep-water port of Mobile into the very ized waterways with depths of 9 feet or more. spends about 1 Y:z hours in passing each of heart of the State. It has been a significant Of this total, approximately 750 miles have the structures or a total of 6 hours. A triple factor in the growth and development of been completed. lockage spends a total of more than 9 hours this area since the earliest pioneer settle­ We must press forward with all our energy in lockages alone. ment, but its greatest value and service to insure that the remaining mileage is im­ The Holt lock and dam with its single are yet to be realized. proved as rapidly as practicable. We cannot large chamber will accommodate all size Jackson lock and dam which we dedicate afford to do otherwise. tows in one operation of about half an hour. today is one of the keys that will open This is not a matter of concern for the few. Overall, it is estimated that the new proj­ the way for maximum utilization of the It is a matter of concern for every man and ect will save an average tow more than 21 Warrior-Tombigbee Waterway and transform woman who lives and works in Alabama. All hours per voyage. Such economies will it into a fully productive, wealth-creating of us must remain keenly alert to the prog­ make the waterway still more advantageous instrument of progress. Jackson lock and ress being made in the conservation, de- for the transportation of bulk commodities 8700 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE May 23 .and heavy flnlshed and semifinished goods, Gold was one of the first metals used by has been following the opposite trend-up­ and thereby greatly improve our position man and has been valued above all others ward. In 1959, alltime record yields were in attracting industry. because of its beauty, scarcity, and imper- realized throughout the world. A total of Construction of Holt lock and dam is the 1shab1llty. It has become the standard of 42.8 Inillion ounces valuea at nearly $1.5 next logical step in the waterway's moderni­ our world monetary systems. The search for billion was produced. zation and unless we obtain an initial con­ gold has led to the settling of new lands. As Mr. Chairman, the trends are shown by the struction appropriation for the coming fiscal .I mentioned a moment ago, discovery of gold following production chart: year a serious interruption will occur in in California gave tremendous impetus to the our timetable. The Corps of Engineers has great westward movement in our own Year U.S. mine World pro­ carefully studied the need for the project country. production duction and has solid proof of its economic merit. During the last half of the 19th century, We have made and shall continue making the United States was the leading producer Fine ounas Fine ounces every effort to see that it is undertaken of gold in the world. Yet today it produces 1945 ______------954,572 26,100,000 without delay. only 3 pereent of the world's gold. 1946 •. ------1, 574,505 ?:1,500,000 I assure you that the Alabama congres­ What happened to change the picture so 1947------2, 109,186 28,900,000 1948.-.--1949 ______- --. -_--______------_ 2,014,257 29, 600, 000 sional delegation is unanimously behind the drastically? Several things happened. The 1,991, 783 31,000, 000 plan to improve the Warrior-Tombigbee goldfields of Africa developed rapidly, and 1950 ______------2,394,231 32,700,000 1,980, 512 33,500,000 Waterway. I can say without fear of con­ this restless nation beoame the world's lead­ 1951.1952 __---______------__ --____------______tradiction that no other State in the Union ing producer of gold in 1905. The United 1, 893,261 34,300,000 1953.------1,958,293 33,700,000 has a congressional delegation that is more States held onto second place until about 1954 ______------1,837,310 35,100,000 dedicated to the development of our natural 1930, when it was displaced by Canada, and 1955.-----1956 ______------_____ --______------_ 1,880,000 36,300,000 resources. And I can say that we in the then a few years later the Soviet Union be­ 1,827,000 38,400,000 1957---1958 ______------___- -_-----______----- _ 1,794,000 39,600,000 delegation wlll work for every meritorious came the world's second largest producer of 1, 739,000 40.600,000 program to make all of Alabama's rivers gold, relegating this country to fourth place. 1959.------1,604,000 42,800,000 fully useful and productive. This was a relative comparison, because But to do this, we need your help. With the U.S. production continued to climb Source: Minerals Yearbook, Department or the your assistance and your interest, we shall through the years spurred by President Interior, Bureau or Mines. surely succeed. Roosevelt's proclamation of January 31, 1934, You will note that when our national increasing the price of gold from $20.67 to production of gold started its postwar down­ $35 per ounce. ·Production reached an all- turn, world production continued to climb . . time record of 4,869,949 ounces in 1940. This About the same time other major gold pro­ How To Get More Gold record was achieved even though at that ducing nations realized the seriousness of time--two decades ag~profit margins had this situation and took action. become so narrow that extremely efficient Canada, for instance, adopted a subsidy EXTENSION OF REMARKS operations were required. program which went into effect January 1, OJ' Gold mining became a c·asualty of World 1948. The immediate result was a 15-percent Warn. War Production Board Order L-208 increase in production. Production of gold HON. CLAIR ENGLE and other official restrictions denied gold­ in Canada has been stable throughout the mines equipment, supplies, and manpower. OF CALIFORNIA postwar years with the result that today the Mines were closed down. When order L-208 United States is buying nearly $275 million IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES was lifted on July 1, 1945, 2% years of idle­ worth of gold annually from Canada. You Tuesday, May 23, 1961 ness had left its toll. Many of the mines will note this is five times the amount of had watered up. Equipment had deterio­ our domestic production. United States Mr. ENGLE. Mr. President, anyone rated from lack of use, and rehabilitation re­ mines could produce much of this supply interested in gold-and who is not?­ quired great investment. Companies with if our domestic mining industry was given should read the story told to the Mining closed mines had suffered financial losses the opportunity. Subcommittee of the House Interior from which they never were able to recover. In this country, however, the opposite ap­ Higher prices for equipment, and supplies, proach was taken. In 1947, the Treasury Committee recently by Congressman and higher wages combined with the diffi­ HAROLD T. JOHNSON, of California. Department established new regulations un­ culties of recruiting efficient labor forces der the Gold Reserve Act of 1934 with a It clearly shows, as I have often made former operators reluctant to reopen view of curbing international gold transac­ argued, that one good way to correct our mines, especially when profit margins were tions by domestic producers who could re­ troublesome international gold imbal­ even narrower than those existing in 1940. ceive premium prices at international free ance is to produce more gold at home. During the war years of 1943-45, for markets. This was done at the request of It can be done. Congressman "Bxzz" · the first time on record, over half of the do­ the International Monetary Fund, although JoHNSON, who represents the Mother mestic gold output was recovered from base­ most other major gold producing countries metal ores, and a pattern was established. of the world did and still permit a limited Lode District of California, tells how and Today 28 percent of our gold production still amount of this premium business in order why it should be done. is the byproduct harvest of the base-metal to meet costs of operations. His statement relates specifically to industry. The Nation's second largest indi­ I might note here also that the Interna­ House Joint Resolution 185, of which he vidual gold producer is a copper mine. tional Monetary Fund, in its annual report is the author. It is equally pertinent to In spite of these difficulties, production . of April 30, 1948, took a dim view of sub­ Senate Joint Resolution 44, of which I staged a modest comeback from the depths sidies being initiated in Canada. The Fund am the author with the cosponsorship of 1945 when the yield was only one-fifth of expressed a fear that the subsidy would the 1940 record, until the critical year of 1947 undermine the exchange relationships. of Senator CASE, of South Dakota, and when domestic production reached 2.1 mil­ After 12 years of operation, it appears that Senator KucHEL, of California. I ask lion fine ounces. From that time on, the the Can adian program improved the Ca­ unanimous consent that the statement trend has been downward due to continu­ nadian balance of payment situation. of Congressman JoHNSON be printed in ously rising costs of gold-mine operations On the other hand, it would seem to me the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. and cutbacks in base-metal production. The that the requirement which the United States There being no objection, the state­ production dropped to 1.7 million ounces, has placed upon itself by restricting domes­ ment was ordered to be printed in the valued at about $58 million in 1960. This is t ic product ion of gold to such a point that RECORD, as follows: only 3 percent greater than t h e 1959 produc­ the United States must import the great tion, which was the peacetime low of the preponderance of the gold it uses, has harmed STATEMENT OF HoN. HARoLD T. JoHNSON, century. the United States balance of payment situa­ MEMBER OF CONGRESS, OF CALIFORNIA, BE­ Mr. Chairman, we hear much of depressed tion. FORE MINES AND MINING SUBCOMMITTEE OF industries. I think you would h ave to agree I believe it would be far more appropriate HOUSE COMMrrTEE ON INTERIOR AND INSULAR that the gold mining industry of the United to correct our balance-of-payment problems AFFAms States is one of the most depressed indus­ by increasing the production of domestic gold Mr. Chairman, the Second Congressional tries in our Nation's economy. Throughout mines than by any proposal to prevent fami­ District of California contains the mother the gold producing areas of the United lies from joining servicemen overseas, or by lode and major California gold-producing States, and especially in the gold producing making more restrictive import duties on counties which made our St ate famous in areas of California, the number of producers travelers returning home to the United the days of the forty-niners. For myself and has declined st eadily as more an d more go States, or even by spending millions to at­ on behalf of the gold-mining industry of out of business. Two decades ago there tract foreign visitors to our shores. California, I want to express my sincere ap­ were 4,000 placer mines in operation in this This then is the situation the mining in­ preciation for the opportunity to be heard country; by 1958 there were only 250. In dustry finds itself in. and discuss with you tlie critical conditions .1940 there were about 5,000 lode mines; in I would like to emphasize that this is not which exist in the gold-mining industry. .1958 there were only 300. World production the result of a reduced demand for gold. The 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 8701 steadily increasing amounts of gold being im­ And again, that report takes note of evi­ the purposes of the act. The mine cannot ported into this country are proof of this. dence that the $35 an ounce price--while both sell to the mint and to the free do­ Gold imports to United States it may have to be maintained for world mestic market in the same designated period monetary and economic reasons-is not if it is to receive aid. Year: Ounces realistic when it comes to the actual pro­ The formula for calculating assistance 19561955------~------·------______3,730,0002,930,000 duction of gold. payable under the act consists . of two fac­ 1957 ______7,701,000 Barron's (July 6, 1959) quotes a Soviet tors: the "rate of assistance" and the "as­ 1958 ______8,120,000 economic journal statement that the cost sistance ounces." The rate of assistance 1959 ______8,485,000 of Russian gold runs to about 660 rubles factor is based on the cost per ounce of per ounce. This is equivalent to $165 at gold produced while the assistance ounces Source: Minerals Yearbook, 1959. the official rate of exchange, $66 at the tour­ factor is a specified proportion of the total Consumption in this country is increasing ist rate. ounces of gold produced. steadily ~ In 1959 gold used by the arts and It would seem appropriate at this point The rate of assistance factor is deter­ industries increased 38 percent over the to comment on what some of the other mined by taking two-thirds of the amount previous year, reaching a total of 2 Y:z million gold-producing nations are doing to keep by which the cost to produce an ounce of ounces. This is 57 percent more than the their gold industries alive. gold exceed C$26.50 up to a maximum of total domestically mined production. This The nearest and most important country, C$12.33. The number of assistance ounces has been due to increased uses in the markets of course, is Canada. The Emergency Gold factor equals two-thirds of the total ounces of jewelry, art, dental supplies and others, ;Mining Assistance Act was first enacted in produced. The amount of assistance pay­ along with a tremendous increase in indus-. 1948 and has operated continuously ever able is calculated by multiplying the rate of trial use of gold. - since. It has been extended until 1963. assistance by the assistance ounces. There are ever increasing national defense To be classified' as a gold mine under the To the foregoing, the 1958 extension of and scientific uses of gold. Gold coatings on act, a mine must meet the following re­ the act added an extra 25 percent of the missile and aircraft sections are unequaled quirements: amount payable in computing the final for reflecting infrared radiation. A gold solu­ 1. The value of gold produced must be 70 amount to be paid. This extra 25 percent tion sprayed on vulnerable surfaces and percent or more of the total value of output is continued in the present bill. baked to form a thin metallic film reduces of the mine. The Minister of Mines and Technical Sur­ the rate of heat transfer on engine shrouds, 2. The mine or operation must produce veys, Paul Comtois, says that the Canadian drag-chute containers, _tailcone assemblies at least 50 troy ounces of gold in a desig­ gold mining industry employs over 16,000 and blast shields. A gold solution is applied nated year. men directly in dependent communities to porcelain-enamel, stainless steel, fiber­ 3. The cost of production, computed on with population in excess of 70,000 persons. glass laminates, and other heat-resistant all ounces of gold produced from the mine In 1958 the industry expended C$106 mil­ materials. during a calendar year or less, must exceed lion in salaries and wages, fuel, electric A transparent conductive film of gold de­ C$26.50 per ounce. power and supplies and equipment, and posited electrically on safety glass was de­ In a designated period, e.g., a quarter, the produced a total of C$155 million in gold, veloped to overcome the hazards of ob­ mine must sell all its production to the mint most of which was sold to the United States. structed vision caused on occasion by fog and to qualify for aid. Exporting the gold is A summary of the payments made during frost on windows in transport vehicles. In­ considered the same as sale to the mint for 1959 under this program follows: creased quantities of high-purity gold are employed in fabricating s111con transistors ' Percentage Assistance and diodes for use in computers, aircraft Cost per OUJ1ce Number of of total Assistance payable missiles, and satellites. For s111con devices, mines production payable per ounce gold is alloyed with silica, antimony, ger­ produced manium, and other elements. Gold plating applied to microwave vacuum tubes improves A. Lode gold mines: the operation of communications equipment. $26.50 to $34------10 53.35 $3, 548, 901. 97 $3. 32 Radioactive gold is used as a source of heat 12 24.45 - 2, 776, 600. 43 5.69 7 10.52 1, 837, 545. 39 8.68 in a thermionic converter to produce an $45~t and~ tk======~ over. ______11 11.57 2, 337, 313. 88 10.27 electric current for use in space vehicles. In view of the increasing importance of 40 99.89 10, 500, 361. 67 5. 26 gold for scientific and defense uses, I would B. Placer gold mines .. ------····-···----·-----·----- 2 .11 23,590.05 10.27 call to your attention once again the fact TotaL ______. ____ . __ -_------42 100.00 10, 523, 951. 72 5.26 that the Soviet Union and Africa, whose political future is anything but stable, are the leading producers in the world. Source: Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, Government of Canada, "Report on Administration of the Emergency Gold Mining Assistance Act." If there is a demand for this precious metal, why is production steadily decreas­ Australia, whose production (1.07 million The Joint Economic Committee prepared ing? An artificial price of $35 per ounce has ounces in 1959) nearly equaled that of the a report on subsidy and subsidylike pro­ been maintained since 1934. None of us has United States in 1959 extended its Gold grams of the U.S. Government" during the to be told how much the cost of operation, Mining Assistance Act for 3 more years. 2d session of the 86th Congress. In · labor and materials has increased since 1934. At the same time, the maximum assistance reporting the scope of subsidies, this report Thus, the gold industry is faced with fixed was raised from $7.70 an ounce to $9.10 an included a list of the types of subsidies prices and rising costs, with constantly de­ ounce. Gold output in the Ph111ppines ( 402,- granted by the Federal Government. These clining reduction resulting. At the same 600 ounces in 1959) is supported at the price cover seven full pages, listing everything time, we have had a substantial increase in of 150 pesos per ounce, equivalent to $75. from school lunch programs to disaster loans the demand, due to these new industrial In the Union of South Africa, the world's for small businesses. uses, many of them required for the defense leading producer of gold, tax concessions are So broad and complex is the scope of the of our Nation. extended as additional amortization allow­ subsidy program, that the committee report In the words of your own committee ances to deep mines. The Ghana gold fields (p. ·18) states "It is probably impossiJ;>le (H. Rept. No. 708, 86th Cong.; 1st sess., are benefited directly through a program to make an estimate of the total subsidy "Depressed Domestic Mining and Mineral of financial assistance to mining companies payments of the Federal Government during Industries" p. 53): for development of new properties and ex­ any single year that would receive general "Whereas gold mines in some countries panding operations and through a 3-year acceptance." have been aided by subsidies, tax concessions, mines training course supported by the gov­ The committee did, however, attempt to currency devaluation, and/or sales of their ernment to educate Africans in mine opera­ make an estimate covering agriculture, busi­ product at premium prices on the 'free tion. Ghana also is reported considering a ness, labor, homeowners, tenants and civil­ market,' domestic miners have been held subsidy program. ian and national defense stockpiles. These down to a price which brought prosperity to Colombia, the major South American gold added up to $7,460 million in 1960. the industry through the 1930's but which producer which had a 397,900 ounce yield In the minerals subsidy review, the Joint does not reflect inflationary trends of later in 1959, also has a subsidy program in effect. Economic Committee listed many commodi­ years." In international gold production, subsidy ties, from aluminum to zinc. Gold was not That same report (p. 55) quotes one of or incentive payments are not uncommon. among the minerals whose industries were the most distinguished gold mining experts In fact, it appears this is the only way that receiving benefits through tax amortizations, from the mother lode district I represent, production levels can be maintained. loan guarantees, subsidy or other assistance L. L. Huelsdonk, of Downiev11le, Calif., as Certainly, in our own national picture, programs. pointing out that the U.S. Treasury still subsidies are no strangers. In addition to This study concluded: "It is apparent sells gold to industrial consumers at ap­ the more common agricultural subsidies, from the foregoing discussion that, in the proximately $35 per ounce whereas the cost there are Federal assistance programs for course of our history, the Federal Govern­ of producing gold has increased 300 percent many industries, including transportation ment has engaged in a great variety of sub­ since that price was established. by air, rails, and sea, and many others. sidy and subsidylike programs. Originally 8702 - CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE May 23 they were limited substantially to assistance chronological listing of the sequence of dictatorship of President Batista." (Herbert to transportation interests, to encourage events in Cuba which brought us to this L. Matthews in New York Times, Feb. 24, foreign trade and domestic expansion and sorry state of embarrassment. 1957). . development; more recently subsidies have December 18, 1956: New wave of terrorism expanded to the point where few segments The latest addition to this chronology, breaks out throughout Cuba. By January of our economy are completely unaffected of course, is the present blackmailing ex­ 18, 1957, the violence results in 70 deaths by them. Diverse as these subsidy -programs change of prisoners for 500 bulldozers and hundreds of arrests. are, it is unrealistic either to condemn or program suggested by Castro over the March 11. 1957: New wave of violence to praise Federal subsidies as such. Each past weekend. Needless to say, I feel breaks out in Oriente Province. particular program which is determined to this would be compounding all our for­ July 31, 1957: Anti-Government demon­ contain an element of subsidy must be mer errors were we to do this as an offi­ strations in Santiago de Cuba (capital of judged independently, taking into account Oriente Province), during a visit by U.S. the economic, social, and political condi­ cial act of our Government. Ambassador Earl T. Smith. Ambassador tions prevailing at the time." I would like to ask special permission Smith is reported to have described as "ex­ And in conclusion, I would like to point that this chronology of events, as pre­ cessive police action" the use by police of out an indirect subsidy we are making to the pared by the Library of Congress, be in­ fire hoses to disperse the demonstrators. economies of foreign nations. Some of this serted in the RECORD in toto-for the en­ August 1, 1957: Constitutional guarantees economic assistance, I am sure, will find its lightenment and use of those concerned suspended for 45 days throughout Cuba. way to the mining industries. with this problem. It most emphatically Censorship of the press and radio is im­ I speak now of our Public Law 480 grants tells a story-a continued story-and posed. A general strike is called in Santi­ to other countries. Two examples are the ago de Cuba in protest against the dispersal recently approved agreement with Brazil should prove to be a convincer-as well of the demonstrators on July 31. whereby that nation acquires some $70 as a shocker-to many who lost sight of August 9, 1957: Cuban Army announces million worth of grain from this country. what was transpiring, and who we feel that two encounters have taken place be­ All of the grain will be paid for in Brazilian should not have done so. We of the tween rebels and Government troops in currency and all the Brazilian cruzeiros will Congress who are not privileged to sit in Las Villas Province (central Cuba). "This stay in Brazil. on the private councils, and the general, is the first time there has been an official Twenty percent of the $70 million-some do not wish a repeat performance. report of rebels operating in Las Villas." $14 million-will be given back to the coun­ The chronology follows: (New York Times, Aug. 10, 1957). try as a direct grant for economic develop­ September 4, 1957: President Fulgencio ment. Sixty-five percent-$47,500,000-will A SELECTED CHRONOLOGY ON CUBA AND Batista reaffirms his decision to hold general be loaned back to Brazil for economic de­ CASTRO 1 elections on June 1, 1958. velopment. March 10, 1952: Fulgencio Batista ousts September 5-6, 1957: Units of the CUban A similar situation exists in India where President Prio Socarras (elected on June 1, Navy and maritime police revolt in Cien­ $1 billion in farm commodities has been 1948) in a military coup. Batista was a fuegos. The uprising is suppressed by the authorized for delivery. Of the $1 bililon candidate for the presidential elections Cuban Army, supported by tanks and air­ India is paying for these farm commodi­ scheduled for June 1952. craft, after a 2-day battle. One hundred ties, $420 million is being given to India as July 26, 1953 : A band of rebel youths persons are reported killed. an economic development grant. Another {led by Fidel Castro Ruiz) attacks the Mon­ September 12, 1957: President Batista an­ $427 million is being loaned to India for sim­ cada Barracks in Santiago de Cuba. About nounces he will not be a candidate for ilar economic development. 100 students and soldiers are killed. {This reelection. On the same day, Cuban Govern­ The cost of this gold mining incentive pro­ is the origin of the name of the "26 de Julio" ment extends the suspension of constitu­ gram, which would benefit one of our own movement.) Castro is sentenced to 15 years tional guarantees (imposed on Aug. 1, see industries, would help our own economy, in prison {for his release, see below Nov. 1, above, July 21 and Aug. 1, 1957). would be slight compared to these tremen­ 1954; for the revolt led by Castro, see below November 1, 1957: Cuban Liberation Coun­ dous and great grants and loans. Nov. 30-Dec. 4, 1956). cil consisting of the seven major groups op­ In return for our investment, this country November 1, 1954: General Fulgencio posing Batista formed in Miami. would be aiding unemployment in reviving Batista is elected President (inaugurated November 19, 1957: U.S. customs author­ a badly distressed industry, would be stabiliz­ on Feb. 24, 1955) for another 4 years. (He ities· seize a yacht loaded with arms and ing our own economy and would be 'building was the only candidate.) Presidential am­ medical supplies, in Florida. Thirty-one up our own gold reserves. nesty lets Castro out of prison. He goes Cubans are arrested aboard the yacht, which This is a statement by Congressman abroad, where he begins to organize the "26 was preparing to sail for Cuba. HAROLD T. JoHNSON supporting House Joint de Julio" movement (see below Nov. 30- November 29, 1957: U.S. customs author­ Resolution 185 and H.R. 6734. Dec. 4, 1956). ities in Miami seize another arms shipment April 29, 1956: Government forces put destined for Cuba. down an uprising in Cuba. (A group of December 30, 1957: Letter from Castro rebels try to seize an army post in Matan­ {dated Dec. 14) to Cuban Liberation Council zas, 60 miles east of Havana.) President in Miami made public. Castro asserts that A Selected Chronology on Cuba and Batista suspends constitutional guarantees the 26th of July Movement is alone in carry­ for 45 days, and imposes press and radio ing on the entire revolutionary struggle in­ Castro censorship. side Cuba and calls the unity pact signed by June 2, 1956: President Batista announces the council "fraudulent." He insists on EXTENSION OF REMARKS that press and radio censorship will be ter­ naming Dr. Manuel Urrutia provisional presi­ minated as of June 3, 1956. OF dent {the council had previously excluded November 30-December 4, 1956: Revolu­ Urrutia from its list of candidates) and calls tionary uprising against the Batista regime, for elections within 18 months. Orthodox HON. DON L. SHORT in the Cuban Province of Oriente. Fidel Party follows 26th of July Movement's walk­ OF NORTH DAKOTA Castro, at the head of a group of approxi­ out from council. Authentic Party, principal IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES mately 40 rebels, lands in Cuba from Mexico. remaining force in the council, soon agrees Tuesday, May 23, 1961 The uprising is reported crushed by the to accept Castro's terms. Cuban Army and Castro killed. A number January 14, 1958: Rebels raid the port of Mr. SHORT. Mr. Speaker, in view of of rebels retreat to the Sierra Maestra (at Manzanillo in Oriente Province. the verbal beating the United States has the southern tip of the island). Hundreds January 25, 1958: Constitutional guaran­ taken around .the world in the wake of of opposition leaders are arrested. "Fidel tees are restored, except in Oriente Province. the Cuban defeat, I feel we should sober­ Castro and his 26th of July movement are February 3, 1958: Censorship of press and the :flaming symbol of opposition to the radio is lifted in Oriente Province. ly assess in the Congress and in this regime. The organization is formed of February 13, 1958: Former Cuban Presi­ country America's foreign relations. I youths of all kinds. It is a revolutionary dent Carlos Prio Socarras and eight other realize this is now being attempted by movement that calls itself socialistic. It Cubans are indicted by a U.S. Federal grand the semisecret hearings which have been is also nationalistic, which generally ln Lat­ jury on charges of conspiring to set up a taking place in the Senate Foreign Re­ in America means anti-Yankee. The pro­ military expedition to invade Cuba. lations Committee, and the not-so-secret gram is vague and couched in generalities, February 20, 1958: Rebel leader Fidel Cas­ comments being made by many public but it amounts to a new deal for Cuba, tro declares (to a correspondent of the New officials, commentators, columnists, and radical, democratic and therefore anti­ York Times), that he would be ready to end Communist. The real core of its strength the civil war and agree to general elections soon. is that it is fighting against the milltary under President Batista under the following In an effort to keep the facts straight two conditions: lf military forces are with­ and to help nie in a personal evaluation, 1 Based chiefly on excerpts from Dead­ drawn from Oriente before the elections, and I some time back asked the Legislative line Data; reproduced with the permission if the elections are supervised by the Organ­ Reference Services to provide me with a of Deadline Data on World Affairs. ization of American States. 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 8703 March 14, 1958: U.S. Government imposes staff of the armed forces. On the same day, gression." Premier Castro (in a speech) at­ embargo on shipment of arms to Cuba. General Batista flees to exile in the Domini­ tacks the United States, announces the re­ March 17, 1958: Rebel leader Fidel Castro can Republic. Mob violence breaks out in establishment of military courts to try issues a manifesto setting April 1 as the Havana. "traitors" and "counter-revolutionaries." date for commencement of total war against January 2, 1959: Castro proclaims Manuel October 28, 1959: President Eisenhower the regime of President Batista. According Urrutia Provisional President of the Cuban declares (at a news conference) that the to the manifesto, a strike, backed by armed Republic. United States is using "every single facility action, is to be called at a later date, to lead January 3, 1959: Urrutia is sworn in as that is available" to prevent illegal flights to overthrow of the Government. Provisional President in Santiago (provi­ from the United States to Cuba. March 20, 1958: Superior Electoral Tri­ sional capital of the rebel government). On November 2, 1959: Government seizes bunal Cuba announces postponement of the same day, Urrutia appoints Fidel Castro nearly 75,000 acres of foreign-controlled presidential elections (scheduled for June 1) commander in chief of Cuban armed forces, agricultural and mineral lands in Oriente until November 3. and announces composition of new Cabinet. Province. "The seizures included nearly April 2, 1958: Communists issue mani­ January 6, 1959: Provisional President 10,000 acres on which the Bethlehem Steel festo stating intention to join with "all Manuel Urrutia dissolves Cuban Congress Corp. held mineral concessions." (AP, No­ Cubans to end tyranny." and assumes legislative powers until new vember 2, 1959). April 9, 1958: Rebels to call for general elections are held. On the same day, Urrutia November 10, 1959: U.S. Department of strike and clash with armed forces in Ha­ orders the removal from office of all Gov­ State issues statement on Cuban campaign vana and other sections of Cuba. ernors of provinces, mayors, and aldermen. of "inaccurate, malicious and misleading re­ June 26-July 1, 1958: Cuban rebels in January 23, 1959: Public trial of Major ports" on the alleged bombing of Havana Oriente Province kidnap 3 Canadian and Jesus Blanco opens in Havana sports sta­ October 21. 45 United States citizens, including 30 sail­ dium. Since the beginning of the new re­ ors and marines from the U.S. Guantanamo gime large-scale summary trials by military November 22, 1959: Cuban Confederation Naval Base. tribunals and executions of ex-Batista of­ of Labor withdraws from the Inter-Ameri­ July 28, 1958: Marines from the U.S. ficials have taken place. By mid-January can Regional Organization of Labor (a Guantanamo Naval Base land in Cuba (with the published total of executions reached branch of the International Confederation approval of the Cuban Government) to 150. Castro, in reply to statements made in of Free Trade Unions) . guard a pumping station, 6 miles away, United States deploring these executions, November 26, 1959: Maj Ernesto Guevara which supplies the base with water. (The charged that the protesters never voiced any is appointed president of the National Bank pumping station is in an area from which objections to the years of killing and torture of Cuba. Cuban Government forces have been with­ by the Batista regime and insisted that the November 30, 1959: Trials by mHitary drawn.) trials would continue. courts are resumed in Cuba. July 30, 1958: Rebel leader Fidel Castro February 16, 1959: Fidel Castro is sworn January 11, 1960: United States note to demands "immediate withdrawal" of U.S. in as Premier (replacing Jose Miro Cardona). Cuba delivered, protesting against "numer­ Marines. April 15, 1959: Premier Castro arrives in ous actions" taken by the Cuban Government August 1, 1958: U.S. Marines are with­ the United States on an 11-day unofficial "which are considered by the U.S. Govern­ drawn from Cuban territory. visit (by invitation of the American Society ment to be in denial of the basic rights of August 2, 1958: Cuban Government an­ of Newspaper Editors). The unofficial total ownership of U.S. citizens in Cuba--rights nounces its forces have resumed guard duty of executions in Cuba reaches 509. provided under both Cuban law and gen­ at the pumping station. May 13, 1959: Cuban Government orders erally accepted international law." Accord­ August 28, 1958: Outlawed Cuban Com­ the confiscation of the holdings of 117 com­ ing to the note, these actions "involve prin­ munist Party issues open letter to Cuban panies and 18 individuals charged with cipally the seizure and occupation of land rebels, ca111ng for "united front" against the crimes against national economy and with and buildings" of U.S. citizens "without Batista regime. enriching themselves illegally under the court orders and frequently without any October 20, 1958: Rebel leader Fidel Cas­ Batista regime. written authorization whatever." tro orders confiscation of property of British May 17, 1959: President Manuel Urrutia On the same day (January 11), Cuban Gov­ companies and citizens in territories con­ Lleo signs into law the agrarian reform bill. ernment rejects the U.S. note and states that trolled by the rebels, in reprisal for the sale (The law is published in the Official Gazette "* • • the revolutionary Government [will] of jet planes by Britain to the Batista gov­ on June 5.) The law provides for distribu­ accelerate the works of agrarian reform, ernment. tion of unused lands. applying equal methods of expropriation and On the same day, October 20, Cuban rebels June 11, 1959: U.S. note to Cuba delivered: indemnification to nations and foreigners." kidnap (near Santiago de Cuba} two Ameri­ the Cuban agrarian law "gives serious con­ Hundreds of millions of dollars worth of cans and seven Cubans employed by the cern to the Government of the United States American property has already been seized Texas Oil Co. (For previous kidnapings of with regard to the adequacy of the provision with little or no formality." U.S. citizens by the rebels, see above 1958, for compensation to its citizens whose prop­ January 21, 1960: U.S. Ambassador Philip June 26-July 1.) All nine men are released erty may be expropriated." Bonsai was ordered back to Washington for 3 days later. June 29, 1959 : Chief of Cuban Air Force, consultation by Secretary of State Herter October 23, 1958: U.S. Government orders Maj. Pedro L. Diaz Lanz, resigns. He charged evacuation of dependents of U.S. employees after Premier Castro accused the United "there was Communist influence in the States of waging a campaign of hostility working at U.S.-owned Nicara nickel plant in armed forces and Government." (N.Y. Oriente Province. against Cuba. Secretary Herter character­ Times, July 1, 1959). ized the speech as Castro's "most insulting" November 3, 1958: Elections for President, July 14, 1959: President Manuel Urrutia Vice President, Senate, one-half of the House attack on "the American Government and in a press conference states: "I reject the the American people" since he came to power of Representatives, and Governors of the six support of the Communists, and I believe provinces. Andres Rivero Aguero, candidate a little more than a year ago. that any real Cuban Revolutionary should January 26, 1960: President Eisenhower of the four-party government coalition, is reject it openly." elected president. (Voting in Cuba is ob­ (at a news conference) rejects Cuban charges July 17, 1959: Fidel Castro announces his against the United States, reaffirms U.S. ligatory, however, approximately 40 percent resignation as Premier. On the same day, of the electorate failed to vote.) policy of nonintervention in Cuban domestic President Manuel Urrutia resigns after being affairs and declares that "We are not going November 12, 1958: Cuban rebels announce accused by Castro of actions "bordering on beginning of an offensive in Oriente Prov­ to be a party to reprisals or anything of treason." Also on July 17, the Cabinet ap­ that kind." "The President underlines ince. points Osvaldo Dortlcos Torrado as new U.S. amity for Cuba in reply to a question November 27, 1958: Government forces an­ President. nounce offensive in Oriente Province. whether it would be desirable to cut the December 1, 1958: Rebel forces cut off July 18, 1959 : Osvaldo Dorticos Torrado is quota of Cuban sugar imported to the water supply of the Preston sugar mill, owned sworn in as President. He announces that United States. This quota amounts to a by the United Fruit Co. the Council of Ministers has refused to ac­ third of U.S. consumption." (New York December 24, 1958: Rebel forces capture cept Fidel Castro's resignation. Times, Jan. 27, 1960.) Sancti Spiritus in Las V111as Province. July 26, 1959: Fidel Castro resumes duties February 4-13, 1960: Soviet First Deputy December 30, 1958: House-to-house fight­ as Premier. Premier Anastas I. Mikoyan in Cuba. (Cuba ing between rebel and government forces in October 21, 1959: Two unidentified planes does not have diplomatic relations with the Santa Clara, capital of Las Villas Province. fly over Havana dropping anti-Castro leaf­ Soviet Union.) On the same day, a powder magazine explodes lets. One person is k111ed and several February 5, 1960: Mikoyan opens Soviet in Havana. wounded in bomb explosions in Havana. cultural exhibition in Havana. January 1, 1959: President Fulgencio Ba­ October 22, 1959: Premier Fidel Castro February 10, 1960: Military court in Ha­ tista resigns and appoints a ruling junta, declares (in a television broadcast) that the vana sentences 104 persons to prison terms headed by Gen. Eulogio Cantillo, which desig~ planes involved in the October 21 "bombing" ranging from 3 to 30 years on charges of nates Dr. Carlos Piedra, the oldest judge of are based in the United States. Castro calls conspiracy against the Cuban Government. the supreme court, as provisional president the "attack" "base and unpardonable." ·February 12, 1960: Mikoyan announces in accordance with the constitution of 1940. October 26, 1959: Mass rally (attended by that the Soviet Union is willing to sell mili­ General Cantillo assumes duties as chief of an estimated 300,000) to protest U.S. "ag- tary aircraft to the Cuban Government. 8704 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE May 23 February 13, 1960: Uikoyan and Premier the Premier's unfounded and irresponsible May 23, 1960: United States and British oil Castro sign an agreement under which the attitude and added that such statements companies in Cuba will be required (accord­ Soviet Union is to buy 5 million tons of sugar could only contribute further to the un­ ing to Cuban official sources) to refine Soviet at world market price, over a 5-year period. happy deterioration of United States-Cuban crude oil, instead of the crude hitherto ob­ and to grant Cuba a credit of $100 million relations. tained from Venezuela. "for the acquisition of equipment, ma­ March 8, 1960: Cuba rejects the U.S. pro­ May 27, 1960: U.S. State Department an­ chinery, and material." The credit is repay­ test as "insulting," made in an "aggressive nounces that the U.S. economic aid program able in 12 years at 2% percent interest. (The tone," and "derogatory to our national dig­ to Cuba (which has been running at between sugar agreement makes the Soviet Union the nity." $150,000 to $200,000 a year) wlll be termi­ second largest buyer of Cuban sugar, after March 16, 1960: President Eisenhower sub­ nated on December 1, 1960. U.S. military aid the United States.) mits to Congress proposals for new legis­ (presently consisting of training of a few February 18, 1960: Premier Castro an­ lation to replace the Sugar Act (due to ex­ Cuban air cadets in Texas) will be termi­ nounces (in a television-radio address) that pire at the end of 1960). nated in June 1960. two American flyers were killed (on Feb. 18) March 17, 1960: On the same day (Mar. June 1, 1960: U.S. House of Representa­ in a crash on Cuban soil of a U.S.-based plane 17), Rufo L6pez-Fresquet resigns as Finance tives• Agriculture Committee rejects the ad­ which attempted to attack a sugar mill in Minister. The resignation removes the last ministration request (see above March 16, Matanzas Province. anti-Communist from the Castro Cabinet. 1960) to authorize the President to cut February 19, 1960: U.S. Department of March 20, 1960: U.S. Secretary df State Cuba's share of U.S. sugar imports, and votes State acknowledges that the plane took off Christian A. Herter declares (in a television a 1-year extension of the present Sugar Act, from Florida and relays "sincere regrets" interview) that although some Communist which authorizes cuts in the Cuban sugar over the incident to the Cuban Government. sympathizers hold high offices in Cuba, and quota only if Cuba fails to fill its quota of "The United States welcomed Cuba's ac­ some of Premier Castro's acts appear to fol­ sugar imports to the United States. The ceptance of Washington's offer to send tech­ low a Communist pattern, "I don't think committee chairman declares that the ad­ nical experts to help determine the cause anyone could say affirmatively that Cuba is ministration proposal would enable the of the crash [Department of State spokes­ Communist at the present time." President to commit "an act of economic ag­ man], Mr. White said. • • • [The incident] U.S. Ambassador to Cuba Philip W. Bon­ gression against Cuba" which would en­ lent considerable weight to numerous past sal returns to Havana. danger U.S. relations with the rest of Latin charges by Cuba that planes from [the March 21, 1960: A U.S.-based private plane America. United States] had been setting fire to sugar­ is shot down over Cuban territory by Cuban June 7, 1960: United States and British oil cane fields on the island." (New York Times, Government troops. The American pilot and refineries in Cuba reject CUban Government's Feb. 20, 1960.) copilot are captured. demand that they refine Soviet crude oil. February 20, 1960: Central Planning Board March 29, 1960: Premier Castro announces June 10, 1960: Czechoslovakia and CUba is established by the Government. Its func­ that he will not send the Cuban Ambassador sign trade agreement providing for the build­ tion is to supervise and coordinate the eco­ back to Washington unless the United States ing of eight factories in CUba by the end of nomic affairs of Cuba and to fix the general modifies its unfriendly policies toward Cuba. the year, each costing about $4 million. The regulations of guidance for private enter­ Premier Castro announces (in a televi­ factories are to turn out refrigerators, sew­ prise. The board is headed by Premier sion address) that his Government will "not ing machines and other consumer goods. Castro. be bound by the inter-American pact against Under the agreement Czechoslovakia will February 21, 1960: Unidentified plane communism because it did not sign the grant Cuba credits of about $20 million, re­ drops several bombs on an industrial suburb pact." payable in 10 years at 2¥z percent interest. of Havana, according to a statement by the March 31, 1960: Poland and Cuba sign a June 11, 1960: Cuban Government seizes Cuban Government. The windows of an trade agreement under which Cuba is to four hotels, among them the American­ Esso oil refinery are damaged. receive industrial plants, and equipment, operated Nacional and the Havana Hilton, February 22, 1960: Cuban Government (in ships, planes, and helicopters on credit and the two largest luxury hotels in Havana. The a note delivered to the U.S. charge d'affaires in exchange for goods. The agreement also Tropicana nightclub is also seized. in Havana) expresses its willingness to re- provides for technical and scientific assist­ June 16, 1960: Cuban Government orders ' new negotiations through diplomatic chan­ ance to Cuba by Polish experts. two attaches of the U.S. Embassy in Havana nels concerning the differences between April 8, 1960: U.S. Secretary of State Her­ to leave the country within 24 hours. They Cuba and the United States--the Cuban ter declares (at a news conference) : "There are accused of "conspiring with counter Government stated that it wished to clarify is one very disturbing development that is revolutionaries." that the negotiations would be contingent taking place in Cuba, and that is that anti­ June 18, 1960: U.S. Government orders two on abstentions by the United States from communism is now being made synonymous Cuban consular officials to leave the country any unilateral action that would prejudge with antirevolution, and that those who ex­ within 48 hours. They are Carlos Manuel the results of these negotiations or might press concern about Communist influence Lazaro Feliz Sanchez y Basquet, assistant to cause damage to the Cuban economy or the the Cuban Consul at Miami, and Dr. Berta Cuban people. Unilateral action refers to are now being accused of being antirevolu­ tion, and anti-Castro. This iS obviously an Luisa Pla y Badia, Cultural Attache at the any possible reduction of Cuba's sugar quota effort to stop any anti-Communist criticism Cuban Consulate in New York. at approximately 2 cents above the world that might arise within the country itself." June 26, 1960: Army ammunition dump market rate. (New York Times, Feb. 23, "Asked later whether he felt his anti-anti­ in the Havana Harbor area explodes, killing 1960.) communism was being done with the active 2 and injuring at least 200 persons. February 25, 1960: Premier Castro an­ support and aid of some of the officials of June 27, 1960: U.S. House of Representa­ nounces that the Cuban Government will the Cuban Government, Mr. Herter replied, tives' Agriculture Committee unanimously spend 152 million pesos ($152 million) in 'Yes, I think very definitely.' " approves a 1-year extension of the present 1960 on the first phase of a program to indus­ Sugar Act and includes authority for the trialize Cuba and make it economically in­ Apr11 25, 1960: Agrarian Reform Institute expropriates more than 170,000 acres owned President to reduce the Cuban sugar quota dependent. in 1960 and to eliminate it in 1961. February 26, 1960: Ernesto Guevara, pres­ by the United Fruit Co. in eastern Cuba. On the same day Guatemala asked the On the same day, U.S. Government sub­ ident of the National Bank of Cuba, declares mits memorandum to the Inter-American (in a speech to cane planters) that the Cu­ Organization of American States to inves­ tigate Cuban charges that Guatemala is Peace Committee, a unit of the Organization ban Government intends to use a system of of American States. In the memorandum cooperatives, as opposed to individual effort, planning an invasion of Cuba. April 28, 1960: Guatemala severs diplo­ (made public on June 29) the United States in the development of Cuban economy. accuses the Cuban Government of contrib­ March 4, 1960: French freighter loaded matic relations with Cuba. April 29, 1960: CUban police announce ar­ uting to tensions in the Caribbean by wag­ with ammunition and explosives for the Cu­ ing a campaign of lies and slander against ban Army explodes in Havana Harbor. rest of opposition leaders accused of a con­ spiracy to overthrow the Castro government. the United States. Stating that it had re­ Seventy-five to 700 persons were killed and sponded to "hostile attitudes and actions of more than 200 injured. May 8, 1960: Foreign Ministry announces the Cuban Government with patience and March 5, 1960: Premier Castro, at the mass that the Soviet Union and Cuba have re­ forbearance," the U.S. Government declares funeral of 27 dockworkers killed yester­ newed diplomatic relations at Embassy level. that this "exercise of restraint, however, has day, implied that the United States was in­ May 11, 1960: Two progovernment unions been in vain," and goes on to present an volved in the sabotage of the munitions ship seize the Diario de la Marina, Cuba's oldest inventory of aggressive acts and statements which exploded in Havana Harbor. The and largest newspaper. of the Cuban Government. The memoran­ United States issued a vigorous protest May 16, 1960: Presna Libre, a Havana dum ends with the remarks that "the Cuban against the Premier's accusation. daily, is seized by union workers. Government's systematic and provocative March 7, 1960: Secretary of State Herter May 17, 1960: Archbishop of Santiago de campaign of slander and hostile propaganda told Cuba's charge d'affaires . that Premier Cuba, Enrique Perez serrentes, attacks com­ against the United States, of which various Castro's lmpllcation that the United States munism in a pastoral letter. Referring to examples have been cited in this memoran­ was involved in the munitions ship explo­ communism, he says: "It cannot be said that dum, is a major contributor to interna­ sion was baseless, erroneous, and mislead­ the enemy is at the gates because in rea.lity tional tensions in the area of the Caribbean Ing. Mr. Herter protested strongly against it is within the gates." and of the hemisphere as a whole." 1961 -CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 8705 June 29, 1960: Cuban Government seizes July 19, 1960: UN Security Council refers to sign the act. On Sept.ember 7, the Cuban Texas Co. petroleum refinery in Santiago de Cuba's charges against the United States to delegate attacks the U.S. aid plan as an Cuba. the Organization of American States. The attempt "to silence the militant hope awak­ July 1, 1960: Cuba seizes the United States­ vote on the Argentine-Ecuador resolution is ened in the people of Latin America by the owned Esso oil refinery and the British-con­ nine to zero, with the Soviet Union and Cuban revolution." trolled Shell refinery, the last two foreign­ Poland abstaining. September 13, 1960: Cuban Government owned oil refineries in Cuba. July 21, 1960: Defense Minister Raul announces that Premier Castro and For­ July 3, 1960: U.S. Senate and House of Castro leaves Moscow after a 4-day visit. In eign Minister Raul Roa will attend the U.N. Representatives pass a compromise sugar bill a joint statement with Premier Khrushchev, General Assembly session which opens in which authorizes the President to "deter­ Raul Castro expresses "the profound grati­ New York on September 20. Foreign Minis­ mine the quota for Cuba for the balance of tude" of the Cuban Government .and people ter Roa declares that CUba will support the the calendar year 1960 and for the 3-month for Soviet support. Khrushchev promises following aims in the U.N. General Assem­ period ending March 31, 1961, in such that the Soviet Union will deliver "oil and bly: A U.N. seat for Communist China; Al­ amounts as he shall find to be in the na­ other goods ln amounts fully meeting the gerian independence; the position of Patrice tional interest." requirements of Cuba" in order to surmount Lumumba as premier of the Congo ; denun­ July 5, 1960: The Cuban Ambassador­ the United States "economic blockade." ciation of U.S. "imperialistic policies." designate to the United States, Jose Miro July 23, 1960: Communist China signs September 14, 1960: United States re­ Cardona (who was first Cuban Premier of the agreement (in Havana) with CUba to buy stricts Premier Castro to Manhattan during Castro regime) , resigns because of "ideolog­ 2.5 million long tons of sugar during the his proposed visit to the U.N. General As­ ical divergencies" with the Castro govern­ next 5 years, at an average of 500,000 tons a sembly-the same restriction as that im­ ment, and takes refuge in the Argentine year. Communist China agrees to grant posed on Soviet Premier Khrushchev. Embassy in Havana. Cuba a credit (reported to be about $70 mil­ September 16, 1960: The Cuban Govern­ July 6, 1960: The CUban Cabinet authorizes lion) to buy "complete factories" in China. ment seizes control of the tobacco industry the expropriation of all United States-owned July 29, 1960: OAS Council (in Washing­ and of all U.S. banks in Cuba. property in Cuba, "when deemed necessary ton) votes to hold a meeting of American September 18, 1960: Premier Castro arrives in the national interest." Foreign Ministers in San Jose, Costa Rica, in New York for the U.N. General Assem­ July 9, 1960: Soviet Premier Khrushchev beginning August 16. The agenda will in­ bly session. threatens the United States with rockets if clude the Venezuelan charges against the September 20, 1960: Soviet Premier Khru­ the United States intervenes militarily in Dominican Republic, the United States­ shchev pays a call on Castro in Harlem. Cuba. President Eisenhower declares that Cuban dispute, and the threat of Commu­ September 24, 1960: Cuba formally recog­ the United States will not "permit the estab­ nist interference in the affairs of the West­ nizes Communist China and North Korea lishment of a regime dominated by inter­ ern Hemisphere. (the first Latin American state to do so). national communism in the Western Hemi­ August 7, 1960: Premier Castro national­ September 25, 1960: President Nasser of sphere." He also says: "There is irony in Mr. izes all remaining U.S.-owned property in the United Arab Republic calls on Castro in Khrushchev's portrayal of the Soviet Union Cuba. Harlem. as the protector of independence of an On the same day, the United States (in a September 29, 1960: United States advises American nation when viewed against the memorandum to the Inter-American Peace American citizens in Cuba to send home history of the enslavement of countless other Committee) makes a violent attack against their wives and children. peoples by Soviet imperialism." the Cuban Government, and declares that October 9, 1960: Cuban Government an­ July 10, 1960: President Osvaldo Dorticos it is "now in open league with the Soviet nounces that it has crushed an anti-Castro announces that the Soviet Union has offered Union and Communist China." revolt in south-central Cuba, and accuses to buy the 700,000 tons of sugar which the On the same day (August 7), the Roman the United States of supplying the rebels United States cut from Cuba's quota for the Catholic hierarchy of Cuba expresses con­ with arms and ammunition. rest of the year. cern (in a pastoral letter read in all Cuban October 14, 1960: Cuban Government na­ July 11, 1960: Cuba asks the U.N. Security churches) over "the increasing advance of tionalizes all major companies and banks. Council to take action on her charges that communism" in Cuba and over the close October 18, 1960: Cuba asks the U.N. to the United States has been guilty of "re­ relations between the Soviet Union and consider the question of U.S. "aggression" peated threats, harassments, intrigues, re­ Cuba. against Cuba. prisals, and aggressive acts" against Cuba. August 8, 1960: OAS Council (in Washing­ October 19, 1960: United States puts an July 12, 1960: Soviet Premier Khrushchev ton) adopts by a vote of 20 to 1 over Cuban embargo on all exports to Cuba, except med­ declares that the Soviet Union will support objections the revised agenda for the Ameri­ ical supplies and various food products. Cuba in any attempt to oust the United can Foreign Ministers' meeting in San Jose, The State Department announcement de­ states from its naval base at Guantanamo. on August 16. A new agenda item will be clares that "this step has been reluctantly He denounces President Eisenhower's decla­ the "defense of the democratic American in­ taken by the United States in order to carry ration that the United States will prevent stitutions against the subversive activities out the responsibility of this Government to the establishment of a regime dominated by of any organization, government, or their defend the legitimate economic interests of international communism in the Western agents." the people of this country against the dis­ Hemisphere, and says: "We consider that the August 16-29, 1960: Conference of OAS criminatory, aggressive, and injurious eco­ Foreign Ministers in San Jose, Costa Rica, nomic policies of the Castro regime." Monroe Doctrine has outlived its time, has to consider the Dominican and Cuban died." October 20, 1960: U.S. Ambassador to CUba, July 13, 1960: Peru calls for a meeting of questions. Philip W. Bonsai, is recalled to Washington the foreign ministers of the Americas to con­ August 19, 1960: U.S. Government an­ for "an extended period of consultations." nounces it will not allow other countries to October 25, 1960: Cuban Government na­ sider the Soviet threat to inter-American use U.S. loans to buy sugar from Cuba. unity. tionalizes 166 more United States-owned July 14, 1960: Argentine Note to CUba calls August 24, 1960: In an address to the OAS enterprises, valued at about $250 million. on the Castro government to dissociate it­ conference, U.S. Secretary of State Herter de­ October 28, 1960: U.S. note to the Organ­ self from the Khrushchev offer to protect clares that Cuba is being led "in the Com­ ization of American States asks for an inves­ Cuba with rockets in the event of U.S. ag­ munist direction." He declares that what tigation of large-scale arms shipments to gression. (The Note is vehemently rejected is happening in Cuba is "part of a deter­ Cuba. The note says: "With the notorious by the Cuban press and radio as "Argentine mined effort by the Sino-Soviet powers to assistance of extracontinental powers, spe­ meddling.") extend their control over an American state," cifically those of the Soviet bloc, Cuba is July 15, 1960: Two Latin American mem­ and he asks the conference to take "the nec­ expanding rapidly its capacity to give armed bers of U.N. Security Council (Ecuador and essary positive decisions to meet the threat." support to the spread of its revolution in Argentina) recommend that the Security August 28, 1960: CUban delegation walks other parts of the Americas." Council refer to CUba's charges against the out of the OAS meeting prior to a unanimous November 1, 1960: President Eisenhower United States to the Organization of Ameri­ vote of the remaining Foreign Ministers ap­ issues a statement reiterating U.S. determi­ can States. On the same day, the Braz111an proving the Declaration of San Jose, which nation to defend the Guantanamo Naval Foreign Ministry recommends the same condemns Sino-Soviet intervention in the Base. He declares that "because of its im­ procedure. affairs of any American state. Cuba is not portance to the defense of the entire hemi­ July 16, 1960: OAS Council meeting in mentioned specifically in any part of the sphere, particularly in the light of the inti­ Washington. 16 out of 17 delegates who declaration. mate relations which now exist between the speak (including the United States and ex­ September 5-13, 1960: Inter-American present Government of Cuba and the Sino­ cluding only Cuba) favor the Peruvian call Economic Conference in Bogota. Cuba is Soviet bloc, it is essential that our position for a "coordination of will to reject the represented by her Minister of Economy. On in Guantanamo Bay be clearly understood." interference of any extracontinental power September 11, the Act of Bogota, which in­ November 1, 1960: On the same day, the or of any totalitarian ideology." corporates a wide-ranging U.S. social and U.N. General Assembly rejects Cuban and So­ July 18, 1960: OAS Council (meeting in economic development aid plan for Latin viet-bloc demands for an immediate Assem­ Washington) agrees unanimously to hold a America, is signed by 19 American repub­ bly debate on "U.S. aggression." The Assem­ foreign ministers' meeting on the United lics. (The Dominican Republic did not at­ bly votes to send the Cuban complaint to the States-Cuban dispute. tend the conference.) Cuba alone refuses Assembly's Political Committee. 8706 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE May 23 November 9, 1960: Premier Castro informs January 1, 1961: Security Council agrees On the same day, Cuban Government a mass meeting in Havana that Cuba has to meet on January 4 to consider the Cuban transmits notes to all Latin American Gov­ prevented the United States from attacking charge against the United States. ernments with which Cuba maintains re­ the island by denouncing U.S. aggression in January . 2, 1961: Premier Castro declares lations, urging them to resist any U.S. at­ the U.N., by making great milltary prepara­ (in a speech to a crowd of over 100,000 in tempts to induce them to break relations tions, and by alerting world opinion. Havana) that the U.S. Embassy will have to with Cuba, and assuring them that Cuba November 14, 1960: Cuba withdraws from reduce its staff within 48 hours to 11, the does not intend to export its revolution to the World Bank. number in the Cuban Embassy in Washing­ other Latin American countries. November 18, 1960: U.S. State Department ton. Cuban Government announces adminis­ issues statement: "Since Fidel Castro came January 3, 1961: United States severs dip­ trative reorganization. A central planning into power, CUba has created and armed a lomatic and consular relations with Cuba, junta is set up, headed by Premier Castro military force 10 times the size of that of and asks Cuba to withdraw all its diplomatic and with his brother, Raul (Armed Forces ex-President Fulgencio Batista and far and consular personnel from the United Minister), as vice president of the junta. larger than any army in Latin America. States. President Eisenhower issues a state­ Maj. Ernesto Guevara, president of the Na­ Total Soviet-bloc arms provided to the Castro ment, in which he declares: "The Govern­ tional Bank of Cuba, is given effective con­ government amount to at least 28,000 tons." ment of Cuba has decided to limit the trol over Cuba's economy by his appointment November 27, 1960: Premier Fidel Castro personnel of our Embassy and consulate in as head of a new Ministry of Industry, which (in a speech at a student rally in Havana Havana to 11 persons. Forty-eight hours will direct a 4-year industrialization plan. University) makes a bitter attack against was granted for the departure of our entire New Ministries of Foreign Trade and Interior the Roman Catholic clergy in Cuba, accusing staff with the exception of 11. This calcu­ Commerce are also established. lated action on the part of the Castro gov­ February 26, 1961: Government sources in them of being "counterrevolutionaries." ernment is only the latest of a long series November 30, 1960: Communist China Havana declare that the rebel movement in of harassments, baseless accusations, and the Escambray Mountains has been crushed. agrees to buy a million tons of Cuban sugar vlllfications. There is a limit to what the in 1961, thereby doubling the annual amount March 1, 1961: El Salvador announces it United States in self-respect can endure. has severed relations with Cuba, effective in the earlier agreement. Communist China That limit has now been reached. Our also provides Cuba with an interest-free loan January 25. El Salvador is the eighth na­ friendship for the Cuban people is not af­ tion of the Western Hemisphere to sever re­ of 240 million rubles (about $60 million). fected. It is my hope and my conviction The agreements are announced at the end of lations with Cuba. that in the not-too-distant future it wm be March 22, 1961: Anti-Castro Cuban exile a visit of Maj. Ernesto Guevara, head of possible for the historic friendship between Cuba's National Bank, to Communist China. groups in the United States announce forma­ us once again to find its reflection in normal tion of a "Revolutionary Council" headed December 2, 1960: U.S. Government of­ relations of every sort. Meanwhile our sym­ by Dr. Jose Mir6 Cardona, who was the first ficially designates Cuba for the first time pathy goes out to the people of Cuba now Premier of the Castro regime in Cuba. The as "Communist-controlled." This was done suffering under the yoke of a dictator." Council issues a statement calling on when the White House made a determina­ January 4, 1961: Swiss Government agrees Cubans "to overthrow the Communist tion that refugees from Cuba from now on to handle U.S. diplomatic and consular tyranny." qualify under that section of the Mutual affairs in Cuba. March 29, 1961: U.S. Congress agrees to Security Act which provides assistance for January 5, 1961: U.N. Security Council extend the President's authority to prohibit persons displaced from Communist-ruled declines to act on Cuba's charge that the Cuban sugar imports until June 30, 1962, and lands. A White House announcement said United States plans a military invasion of to share its quota among other foreign and that President Eisenhower had released $1 the island. domestic producers. million worth of mutual security funds for January 15, 1961: Press reports from April 3, 1961: U.S. State Department issues assistance of 30,000 Cuban refugees in Flor­ Havana indicate that Premier Castro's armed pamphlet on Cuba which declares: "We call ida." (New York Herald Tribune, Dec. 3, forces have launched a major offensive once again on the Castro regime to sever 1960.) against anti-Castro insurgents in the Escam­ the links with the international Conu::xiunist December 3, 1960: Roman Catholic hier­ bray Mountains in south-central Cuba. movement, to return to the original pur­ archy of Cuba (in an open letter to Premier January 16, 1961: United States bans travel poses which brought so many gallant men Castro) rejects Castro's attacks against the of American citizens to Cuba except by together in the Sierra Maestra, and to re­ Church. The letter also declares that the special permission of the State Department. store the integrity of the Cuban revolution. Government's revolutionary indoctrination January 30, 1961: Kennedy declares (in If this call is unheeded, we are confident has been following "purely Marxist lines." his state of the Union message) : "In Latin that the Cuban people, with their passion December 8, 1960: Cuba nationalizes the America, Communist agents seeking to ex­ for liberty, will continue to strive for a Royal Bank of Canada (in Cuba), which ploit that region's peaceful revolution of free Cuba." has 23 branches in the country. hope have established a base on Cuba, only April 5, 1961: Foreign Minister Raul Roa December 10, 1960: Major Ernesto Gue­ 90 miles from our shores. Our objection (in a press interview in New York) de­ vara, head of the Cuban National Bank, de­ with Cuba is not over the people's drive for nounces the State Department's pamphlet clares (in Moscow) that the Cuban Gov­ a better life. Our objection is to their domi­ on Cuba as a "formalization of the unde­ ernment "wholeheartedly" endorses the nation by foreign and domestic tyrannies. clared war which the United States is mak­ Communist manifesto, drawn up by the "Cuban social and economic reform should ing against us." He also accuses the United leaders of 81 Communist parties at their be encouraged. Questions of economics and States of arming and training in Florida recent meeting in Moscow. He declares that trade policy can always be negotiated. But and Guatemala a "so-called liberation army in accordance with the manifesto, Cuba will Communist domination in this hemisphere of 4,000 to 5,000 counterrevolutionaries, mer­ serve as a model for armed revolution in can never be negotiated." cenaries and adventurers." Latin America. February 3, 1961: Cuban Government dis­ April 8, 1961: Dr. Jose Mir6 Cardona, head December 16, 1960: President Eisenhower misses 119 judges in a purge of the courts. of the Cuban Revoluntionary Council, is­ cuts to zero the import of Cuban sugar into On the same day (Feb. 3), President Ken­ sues a statement (in New York), calling all the United States for the first 3 months of nedy allocates $4 million to help Cuban Cubans to arms to overthrow the regime of 1961. refugees in the United States up to the end Premier Fidel Castro. He declares that the December 19, 1960: Soviet-Cuban com­ of the fiscal year on June 30. revolt must come from within the country. munique is signed (in Moscow) by Soviet February 11, 1961: Premier Castro de­ April 12, 1961: President Kennedy declares First Deputy Premier Anastas I. Mikoyan (at a press conference) that U.S. Armed nounces U.S. aid for "Cuban counterrevo­ Forces will not intervene "under any con­ and Major Ernesto Guevara, head of the lutionary exiles." He says ~hat "if the Cuban National Bank. The Soviet Union ditions" in Cuba, and that the U.S. Govern­ United States believes it has the right to ment "will do everything it possibly can promises to help Cuba build an iron and promote a counterrevolution in Cuba, Cuba steel mill, an oil refinery, electric power to make sure that there are no Americans believes it has the right to promote a revolu­ involved in any actions inside Cuba." He stations and other industrial units. The tion in Latin America." He accuses the communique says that the Soviet Union will says that he would be opposed to any at­ United States of parachuting large quantities tempt by Cuban exiles to mount an anti­ buy from Cuba "2,700,000 tons of sugar if of arms and food to anti-Castro rebels in the the United States carries out its threat not Castro offensive from the United States. Escambray Mountains. April 15, 1961: Three Cuban military air to purchase Cuban sugar." February 14, 1961: Premier Castro declares December 21, 1960: Government decree dis­ bases are attacked by three bombers manned (in a press interview) that he would like to by anti-Castro personnel. Seven Cuban misses 17 out of 32 justices of the Cuban "normalize" relations with the United States, Supreme Court. militiamen are reported killed and 47 but that this would depend on the United wounded. An arms dump is hit at Camp December 31, 1960: Foreign Minister Raul States ending its "direct military support" of Libertad near Havana. One of the rebel Roa flies to New York and calls for an im­ his opponents. pilots lands at Miami International Airport, mediate meeting of the UN Security Coun­ February 24, 1961: U.S. State Department and declares (in a statement issued to the cil, to take action on a Cuban charge that declares that there can be no improvement press) that the three planes belonged to the the United States is ready to "carry out, of relations between Cuba and the United Cuban Air Force and were manned by Cuban within a few hours, direct military aggres­ States until "the Cuban people may freely pilots who defected from the Cuban Air sion" against Cuba. choose their own destiny." Force. '1.961' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 8707 On the same day, Premier Castro orders a tion. The great revolution in the history in the April 17 landings, unless the United general mobilization of the armed forces of man, past, present, and future, is the rev­ States ceases its aid to Cuban rebels. He and civilian mUitia. In a communique olution of those determined to be free." warns the United States that if it tries to issued after the bombing attack, he declares: April 19, 1961: Cuban rebel invading forces intervene directly in Cuba, "a conflagration "Our country has been the victim of a crim­ give up their beachhead on the southern of incalculable proportions" will be started inal imperialist aggression which violates all coast of Cuba, in an attempt to join guerril­ which will be the "beginning of the end of norms of international law. If this air attack las in the nearby Escambray Mountains. the Yankee empire," Castro says: "We is a prelude to an invasion, the country, on Rebel communique announces that the in­ shall not fight alone.'' a war basis, will resist and destroy with an vaders have suffered "tragic losses" while April 24, 1961: U.S. Presidential Press Sec­ iron hand any force which attempts to dis­ being attacked by "Soviet tanks and artillery retary Pierre Salinger declares (in a state­ embark upon our land." [and] Russian Mig aircraft." ment to the press) that President Kennedy At an emergency session of the U.N. Gen­ April 20, 1961: President Kennedy declares assumes "sole responsibility" for the U.S. eral Assembly's Political Committee, Foreign (in a speech to the American Society of News­ role in the action against Cuba. Minister Raul Roa accuses the United paper Editors) that U.S. "restraint is not in­ On the same day, Honduras becomes the States of having instigated the bombing at­ exhaustible,'' and that the United States does eighth Latin American State to sever diplo­ tack on Cuba. He denies that the pilots de­ not intend to abandon Cuba to communism. matic relations with Cuba. fected from the Cuban Air Force and as­ He says: "Should it ever appear that the April 26, 1961: Inter-American Defense serts that they were "mercenaries bought inter-American doctrine of noninterference Board (composed of military representatives by the United States." U.S. delegate to the merely conceals or excuses a policy of non­ of the 21 American Republics) votes to bar U.N., Adlai E. Stevenson, denies the Cuban action; if the Nations of this hemisphere the Cuban representative from all secret ses­ accusations, and reasserts that the United should fail to meet their commitments sions of the Board and to deny him access States will not intervene in Cuba. Soviet against outside Communist penetration, then to all classified documents dealing with Delegate Valerian A. Zorin expresses "deep I want it clearly understood that this Gov­ hemispheric defense plans, "as long as there indignation" over the "barbarian attacks" ernment will not hesitate in meeting its pri­ exists the present evident alliance of Cuba launched against CUba by the United States. mary obligations, which are the security of with the Soviet bloc." The ban (proposed April 16, 1961: Premier Castro accuses the our Nation." by the United States) is approved by a vote United States of responsibility for the air On the same day, April 20, Prime Minister of 12 to 1 (Cuba) with 4 abstentions (Chile, raid on Cuba and of deliberately trying Ecuador, Mexico, Venezuela) and one vote to deceive world opinion by declaring that Nehru of India accuses United States (in a statement in the Indian Parliament) of reserved (Brazil). the fliers were defectors. He challenges April 30, 1961: State Department advises President Kennedy to present before the U.N. having encouraged the invasion of Cuba. April 21, 1961: U.N. General Assembly's all U.S. citizens in Cuba to leave the island. the filers who bombed Cuba. May 1, 1961: Premier Castro in a May Day On the same day, the United States grants Political Committee adopts (by a vote of 61 to 27 with 10 abstentions) a resolution spon­ speech in Havana declared Cuba a Socialist political asylum to the three filers, but the nation and said there would be no more identity and whereabouts of the three men sored by seven Latin American Nations (Ar­ gentina, Chile, Colombia, Honduras, Panama, elections. He asserted that henceforth his are kept secret. revolutionary government would rely on the April 17, 1961: Invasion of Cuba by anti­ Uruguay, and Venezuela) which calls on members of the Organization of American direct backing of the people as expressed in Castro forces begins. Rebel troops land on such demonstrations as the May Day rally. the southern coast in Las Villas Province. States "to lend their assistance with a view to achieving a settlement [of the United On the same day Secretary of State Dean Rebel landings are also reported in Oriente Rusk told the Senate Foreign Relations Sub­ Province in the southeast and in Pinar del States-Cuban crisis] by peaceful means." committee on Latin American Affairs that Rio Province in the extreme west. The 7-power proposal is supported by the the United States had no plans now "to U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk (at a United States, its Western European allies, proceed in any way in armed intervention 1n press conference in Washington) expresses most of the Latin American States, and 15 Cuba" but if the Castro regime engaged in the sympathy of the American people for the Afro-Asian States. The only two Latin acts of aggression this country "will defend anti-Castro movement, but reiterates that American countries to vote against it are itself.'' U.S. forces will not intervene in Cuba. Cuba and Mexico. The committee also en­ May 2, 1961: U.S. State Department de­ In the U.N. General Assembly's Political dorses (by a vote of 42 to 31 with 25 absten­ scribed Cuba as a full-fledged member of Committee, Foreign Minister Raul Roa de­ tions) a Mexican proposal which would call the Communist bloc. The statement said: clares that Cuba has been invaded "by a on all states to "insure that their territories "Let there be no confusion regarding Cas­ force of mercenaries, organized, financed, and and resources are not used to promote a civil tro's use of the word "Socialist" instead of armed by the Government of the United war in Cuba.'' "Communist.'' The use of the word "Social­ States." He says that the attacks were April 22, 1961: U.N. General Assembly ist," in fact, meant that "Castro considers launched from the United States and Guate­ eliminates the reference to the OAS in the Cuba further along the Communist road than mala. Both countries deny this assertion. 7-power resolution, and approves a resolu­ other countries in the bloc." President of the Cuban Revolutionary tion (by a vote of 59 to 13 with 24 absten­ May 3, 1961: Twenty-two rebels, including Council, Dr. Jose Mir6 Cardona, issues a state­ tions) which calls on all U.N. member states Capt. Manuel Artime, a leader of the April ment in New York, calling on "freedom-lov­ "to take such peaceful action as is open to 17invasion attempt, were captured by Cuban ing peoples" of the Western Hemisphere to them to remove existing tensions" between Government troops. The Government an­ support the attack on Cuba. Cuba and the United States. nounced that this brought the number of April 18, 1961: Soviet Premier Khrushchev April 22, 1961: Former President Eisen­ captured rebels to 1,122. sends a message to President Kennedy in hower confers (at Camp David, Md.) with May 5, 1961: An anti-Castro Cuban volun­ which he charges the United States with President Kennedy on the Cuban situation. teer declared that the Central Inte111gence responsib111ty for the invasion of Cuba. He Eisenhower says to newsmen after the meet­ Agency had held him and 16 others prisoner warns that the Soviet Union will "render ing: "I am all in favor of the United States and incommunicado for 11 weeks before and the Cuban people and their government all supporting the man who has to carry the during last month's abortive invasion. necessary assistance in beating back the responsib111ty for our foreign affairs." May 9, 1961: Cuban Revolutionary Council armed attack on Cuba." On the same day (April 22) , Soviet Pre­ declares that its forces in last month's action On the same day, President Kennedy sends mier Khrushchev sends President Kennedy had been "overcome by Soviet tanks and a reply to Khrushchev in which he states: a. reply to Kennedy's message on the Cuban Migs; that is to say, by the Russian Em­ "I have previously stated and I repeat now situation. Khrushchev declares that in pire," and that it was "preparing new plans" that the United States intends no armed spite of all omcial U.S. denials, "it has now to win its fight. intervention in Cuba. In the event of any been proved beyond doubt that it was May 17, 1961: Premier Castro offers to ex­ military intervention by outside force we precisely the United States that prepared the change his prisoners of the April 17 invasion will immediately honor our obligations under intervention [in Cuba], financed the inva­ of Cuba for 500 bulldozers from the United the inter-American system to protect this sion and transported the gangs of merce­ States, or else they would be sentenced to hemisphere against external aggression. I naries, which invaded the territory of Cuba. hard labor. "Of course," Castro said, "those have taken careful note of your statement U.S. Armed Forces also took a direct part among them who have committed murder that the events in Cuba might affect peace in the realization of the gangster attack on cannot be exchanged for anything.'' in all parts of the world. I trust that this Cuba. American bombers and fighters sup­ The Cuban Revolutionary Councll called does not mean that the Soviet Government, ported the operations of mercenaries who on the United States and Latin America to using the situation in Cuba as a pretext, is landed on Cuban territory, and took part in "take effective action" under inter-American planning to inflame other areas of the world. military operations against the armed forces pacts to support the councll's efforts to I would like to think that your government of the lawful government and the people overthrow Premier Castro. has too great a sense of responsibility to of Cuba." On the same day, the U.S. House of Rep­ embark on any enterprise so dangerous to April 23, 1961: Premier Fidel Castro (in a :fesentatives passed a resolution declaring general peace. I believe that you should 47'2 -hour television speech in Havana, his Cuba to be a "clear and present danger" to recognize that free peoples in all parts · of first public appearance since the invasion of this hemisphere and urged the Organization the world do not accept the claim of his­ April 17) declares that no clemency will be of American States to take collective action torical inevitability for Communist revolu- shown to the 458 rebel prisoners captured against Castro.