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Poneromorfas Do Brasil Miolo.Indd 27 - Parasitoides e outros inimigos naturais das formigas Poneromorfas Thalles Platiny Lavinscky Pereira Juliana Martins da Silva-Freitas Freddy Ruben Bravo SciELO Books / SciELO Livros / SciELO Libros PEREIRA, TPL., SILVA-FREITAS, JM., and BRAVO, FR. Parasitoides e outros inimigos naturais das formigas Poneromorfas. In: DELABIE, JHC., et al., orgs. As formigas poneromorfas do Brasil [online]. Ilhéus, BA: Editus, 2015, pp. 403-424. ISBN 978-85-7455-441-9. Available from SciELO Books <http://books.scielo.org>. All the contents of this work, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Todo o conteúdo deste trabalho, exceto quando houver ressalva, é publicado sob a licença Creative Commons Atribição 4.0. Todo el contenido de esta obra, excepto donde se indique lo contrario, está bajo licencia de la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimento 4.0. 27 Parasitoides e outros inimigos naturais das formigas Poneromorfas Th alles Platiny Lavinscky Pereira, Juliana Martins da Silva-Freitas, Freddy Ruben Bravo Resumo Alguns grupos de seres vivos são capazes de praticando cleptoparasitismo de operárias do burlar as defesas das formigas e de suas colônias, gênero Bothroponera que estavam forrageando. invadindo e permanecendo nos ninhos, algumas Em relação aos himenópteros, membros de duas vezes estabelecendo relações de parasitismo e/ou superfamílias foram, até o momento, relatados como parasitoidismo com as mesmas. Entre os organismos inimigos naturais que estabeleceram algum tipo de classifi cados como endo/ectoparasitas das formigas relação parasítica com as formigas poneromorfas: estão: vírus, bactérias, fungos, protozoários, Chalcidoidea e Vespoidea. De acordo com os nematódeos, platelmintos, ácaros e insetos. Em registros realizados até o ano de 2012, a superfamília relação às poneromorfas, até o momento, são Chalcidoidea inclui mais de 70% de todas as conhecidas interações parasíticas com fungos, espécies de vespas que parasitam formigas, e para nematódeos, platelmintos, ácaros e insetos. Neste as formigas poneromorfas, até o momento, foram capítulo trataremos de todos estes grupos (exceto registradas três famílias de vespas parasitoides que ácaros), mas daremos ênfase especial aos insetos das as atacam: Encyrtidae, Eucharitidae e Perilampidae. ordens Diptera e Hymenoptera. Dentro da ordem No Brasil, somente um estudo registrando essas Diptera, a família Phoridae é a mais representativa interações foi realizado até agora. O parasitismo no que se refere às interações de parasitoidismo social também tem sido registrado entre as formigas com formigas poneromorfas. Esta família distribui- poneromorfas, sendo esse comportamento relatado se por todas as regiões biogeográfi cas e reúne 4 em pelo menos cinco subfamílias de Formicidae: mil espécies em 289 gêneros. Somente os gêneros Dolichoderinae, Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Megaselia e Apocephalus foram, até o momento, Pseudomyrmecinae e Ectatomminae. Esses taxons confi rmados como parasitoides diretos de foram observados se desenvolvendo à custa formigas poneromorfas dos gêneros Dinoponera, de poneromorfas dos gêneros Rhytidoponera, Ectatomma, Gnamptogenys, Leptogenys, Neoponera, Ectatomma e Diacamma. Os diversos estudos que Odontomachus, Pachycondyla e Paraponera. Ainda tratam das relações parasíticas entre poneromorfas entre os dípteros, espécies do gênero Bengalia, e outros organismos mostram que através de uma da família Calliphoridae, foram registrados série de comportamentos complexos e adaptações PEREIRA, Th alles Platiny Lavinscky; SILVAFREITAS, Juliana Martins da; BRAVO, Freddy Ruben. Parasitoides e outros inimigos naturais das formigas Poneromorfas. In: DELABIE, Jacques H. C. et al. As formigas poneromorfas do Brasil. Ilhéus: Editus, 2015. p. 403-424. Parasitoides e outros inimigos naturais das formigas Poneromorfas | 403 PPoneromorfasoneromorfas ddoo BBrasil_miolo.inddrasil_miolo.indd 440303 113/01/20163/01/2016 111:52:31:52:37 morfológicas e/ou químicas, os inimigos naturais não foram completamente elucidados e percebe-se das formigas conseguem contornar os mecanismos a necessidade de estudos no que tange à biologia de defesa das colônias e atacar as larvas, pupas das interações entre os organismos e as formigas e adultos. Os comportamentos destes ecto/ poneromorfas. Uma vez que o conhecimento sobre endoparasitas podem ser classifi cados de diversas as interações entre os mais diversos grupos aumenta maneiras, mas os mesmos não se comportam sempre e reúne grande parte do conhecimento disponível das mesmas formas e as interações ecológicas acerca do assunto, é possível levantar questões sobre podem variar no tempo e espaço, de forma que a coevolução desses organismos, aspectos de sua classifi cá-los de maneira rigorosa torna-se uma biologia e comportamento e, em alguns casos, até tarefa complexa. Além disso, tais comportamentos sobre sua utilização no controle biológico. Abstract Parasites and other natural enemies of superfamily includes more than 70% of all species poneromorph ants - Several animal groups are of wasps that parasitise ants, with three families able to circumvent the extensive defenses of ants of parasitoids known to attack poneromorphs: and their colonies, invading and residing within Encyrtidae, Eucharitidae and Perilampidae. In the nests, and sometimes establishing parasitic Brazil, only one record of parasitism has been relationships with them. Among the organisms recorded so far. Social parasitism (or parasitism classifi ed as parasites of ants are members of the: by other ants) has also been recorded between viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, poneromorph and other ants, and this behavior has platyhelminthes, mites and insects. To date, been reported in fi ve subfamilies: Dolichoderinae, parasitic interactions with poneromorph ants are Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Pseudomyrmecinae known with fungi, nematodes, platyhelminthes, and the poneromorph group, the Ectatomminae. mites and insects. Th is chapter deals with all Th ese ant groups have been observed developing these groups (except mites), but mainly considers at the expense of poneromorph genera, like the Diptera and Hymenoptera insect orders. Rhytidoponera, Ectatomma and Diacamma. In the Diptera, the Phoridae family is the most Studies detailing the parasitic relationship representative in respect of the parasitic interaction between poneromorphs and other organisms with poneromorph ants. Th is family is spread over show that through a series of complex behaviours all biogeographic regions and contains over four and morphological and/or chemical changes, the thousand species and 289 genera. Only the genera natural enemies of ants can circumvent the defense Megaselia and Apocephalus have been confi rmed mechanisms of the colonies and attack the larvae, as direct parasitoids of poneromorph ants, they pupae and adults. Th e behaviour of parasites being associated with the ant genera: Dinoponera, can be classifi ed in several ways, but they do not Ectatomma, Gnamptogenys, Leptogenys, always behave in the same ways and ecological Neoponera, Odontomachus, Pachycondyla and interactions may vary in time and space, so Paraponera. Also among the Diptera, the genus classifying them accurately can be a complicated Bengalia (Calliphoridae) has been recorded task. Furthermore, these behaviours have not been exhibiting cleptoparasitic behavior, stealing prey fully clarifi ed, so there is clearly a need for work on from the workers of the genus Bothroponera that the biology of the interactions between organisms were foraging outside the colony. In relation to the and the poneromorph ants. As knowledge of the Hymenoptera, members of two superfamilies have interactions among the various groups increases, been reported as natural enemies that establish types this may raise questions about the co-evolution of of parasitic relationships with the poneromorph these organisms, their biological and behavioural ants: Chalcidoidea and Vespoidea. According aspects and in some cases their use in biological to records made up to 2012, the Chalcidoidea control. 404 | Th alles Platiny Lavinscky Pereira, Juliana Martins da Silva-F Freireittasas,, FFrereddyddy RubRubenen BraBravvoo Quijano PPoneromorfasoneromorfas ddoo BBrasil_miolo.inddrasil_miolo.indd 440404 113/01/20163/01/2016 111:52:381:52:38 Introdução exsudatos açucarados (honeydew) e secreções glan- dulares nutritivas que podem ser consumidos pelas As comunidades de formigas (Hymenop- formigas e em troca recebem proteção das mesmas tera: Formicidae) são componentes notáveis da contra parasitas e predadores. fauna terrestre que se fazem presentes nos mais Ecto/endoparasitas: são os parasitas que vi- diversos tipos de habitats (WILSON, 1971). Exis- vem na superfície do corpo de seus hospedeiros, tem espécies de hábitos arborícolas, as que vivem ou perfuram superfi cialmente o exoesqueleto e exclusivamente dentro do solo e/ou que expandem permanecem sugando a hemolinfa; podem ainda seus ninhos para dentro dos troncos apodrecidos; penetrar mais profundamente os tecidos e perma- as que residem em grandes troncos de árvores necer dentro dos corpos de seus hospedeiros. mortas e aquelas que fi xam-se em pequenos ga- Este capítulo trata principalmente dos orga- lhos resultantes da fragmentação de ramos caídos nismos contidos nesta última classe, isto é, aqueles das árvores (PASSERA; ARON, 2005). que são capazes de permanecer nos ninhos, po- Com tal diversifi cação de habitats, não é de dendo ser parasitas ou parasitoides das formigas.
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