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Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) Molecular Phylogenetics and Taxonomic Revision of Ponerine Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Schmidt, Chris Alan Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 23:29:52 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194663 1 MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND TAXONOMIC REVISION OF PONERINE ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE: PONERINAE) by Chris A. Schmidt _____________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the GRADUATE INTERDISCIPLINARY PROGRAM IN INSECT SCIENCE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2009 2 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Chris A. Schmidt entitled Molecular Phylogenetics and Taxonomic Revision of Ponerine Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4/3/09 David Maddison _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4/3/09 Judie Bronstein _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4/3/09 Molly Hunter _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4/3/09 Michael Sanderson _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4/3/09 Philip Ward Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 4/3/09 Dissertation Director: David Maddison 3 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Chris A. Schmidt 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research described in this dissertation would not have been possible without the gen- erous contributions of many people. I would like to especially thank my major advisor, David Maddison, for his extraordinary guidance, support, encouragement, and inspiration throughout my doctoral studies. Philip Ward was an invaluable source of advice and ma- terial support in many aspects of this study and kindly agreed to join my dissertation committee as an external member. Martha Hunter, Judith Bronstein, Michael Sanderson, Diana Wheeler, and Michael Worobey provided generous support and guidance as mem- bers of my committee and are much appreciated. I give special thanks to Sharon Richards of the Center for Insect Science for her untiring work in support of the students of the Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Insect Science; she truly made my graduate studies enjoyable. I thank the members of the Maddison lab for their companionship and advice: Wendy Moore, Jeff Oliver, Alex Swanson, Alex Wild, Kojun Kanda, and Paul Marek. I would also like to thank the staff, faculty and students of the University of Arizona De- partment of Entomology and GIDP Insect Science, with particular thanks to Bruce Ta- bashnik, Nicholas Strausfeld, and to Mark Asplen, Dave Bellamy, Kim Franklin, Cara Gibson, and Jesse Hardin for their friendship and humor. Many ant researchers influenced my thinking through countless fascinating discussions, but I would like to especially acknowledge Barry Bolton, Seán Brady, John Lattke, Jack Longino, Christian Peeters, Steve Shattuck, Phil Ward, and Alex Wild. Brian Fisher and Ted Schultz kindly facilitated my trips to the California Academy of Sciences and Smith- sonian Institution, respectively. Numerous people contributed the ponerine specimens which made this work possible, and I am deeply indebted to them: Nugroho Budiang- goro, Lloyd David, David Donoso, Bhaktiar Effendi, Katsuyuki Eguchi, John Fellowes, Brian Fisher, Kim Franklin, Anne Hartmann, Bob Johnson, Mike Kaspari, David King, Paul Krushelnycky, John Lattke, Jürgen Liebig, Jack Longino, David Maddison, John Mangold, Joachim Moog, Wendy Moore, Corrie Moreau, Maruyama Munetoshi, Jeff Ol- iver, Omid Paknia, Chantal Poteaux, Christian Rabeling, Airlan San Juan, Justin Schmidt, Chris Smith, Marcus Stüben, Andy Suarez, Phil Ward, Alex Wild, Seiki Yamane, and Masashi Yoshimura. Funding for this research was provided by the University of Arizona GIDP Insect Science, Center for Insect Science, and Department of Entomology, as well as Sigma Xi, NSF (via the AToL Formicidae group of Phil Ward, Seán Brady, Ted Schultz, and Brian Fisher, who helped fund the development of CAD), and by Andy Suarez and Neil Tsutsui (who helped fund the Anochetus/Odontomachus study). Finally, this work would not have been possible without the support and patience of my wonderful family, especially my wife Marci and daughters Casey and Maya. 5 DEDICATION This work is dedicated with complete adoration to Marci, Casey and Maya 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 11 PRESENT STUDY ........................................................................................................... 13 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 15 APPENDIX A: RECONSTRUCTING THE EVOLUTION OF PONERINE ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE: PONERINAE) ..................................................... 17 I. Abstract ................................................................................................................... 18 II. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 18 III. Materials and Methods ........................................................................................ 20 IV. Results and Discussion ......................................................................................... 28 V. Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................. 50 VI. References ............................................................................................................. 50 VII. Supplementary Material .................................................................................... 55 APPENDIX B: REVISION OF HIGHER TAXONOMY IN THE ANT SUBFAMILY PONERINAE (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE), WITH A REVIEW OF PONERINE ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR ........................................................................................ 72 I. Abstract ................................................................................................................... 73 II. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 73 III. Materials and Methods ........................................................................................ 74 IV. Keys to Ponerine Genera ..................................................................................... 82 V. Subfamily Ponerinae ............................................................................................. 93 i. Tribe Platythyreini .............................................................................................. 94 a. Platythyrea ....................................................................................................... 95 ii. Tribe Ponerini .................................................................................................... 99 a. Harpegnathos Group .................................................................................... 101 1. Harpegnathos ............................................................................................ 101 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS – Continued b. Hypoponera Group ....................................................................................... 106 1. Hypoponera ............................................................................................... 106 c. Odontomachus Group .................................................................................. 111 1. Anochetus .................................................................................................. 112 2. Asphinctopone ..........................................................................................
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