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Smooth Words Women, Proverbs And JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF THE OLD TESTAMENT SUPPLEMENT SERIES 356 Editors David J.A. Clines Philip R. Davies Executive Editor Andrew Mein Editorial Board Richard J. Coggins, Alan Cooper, J. Cheryl Exum, John Goldingay, Robert P. Gordon, Norman K. Gottwald, John Jarick, Andrew D.H. Mayes, Carol Meyers, Patrick D. Miller Sheffield Academic Press A Continuum imprint This page intentionally left blank Smooth Words Women, Proverbs and Performance in Biblical Wisdom Carole Fontaine Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 356 For my Implied Reader Copyright © 2002 Sheffield Academic Press A Continuum imprint Published by Sheffield Academic Press Ltd The Tower Building, 11 York Road, London SE1 7NX 370 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10017-6550 www. SheffieldAcademicPress. com www.continuumbooks.com All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Typeset by Sheffield Academic Press Printed on acid-free paper in Great Britain by Bookcraft Ltd, Midsomer Norton, Bath ISBN 0-82646-024-0 CONTENTS List of Illustrations vi Acknowledgments vii Abbreviations xi To the Reader xiii Chapter 1 W/WISDOM THE SlGNIFIER 1 Chapter 2 TEXTUAL WOMEN: THE SOCIAL ROLES OF WOMEN IN THE PRIVATE, PUBLIC AND COSMIC DOMAINS 12 Chapter 3 WOMEN USING WISDOM: PERFORMING THE TRADITION 150 Chapter 4 THE WISDOM OF NEWTONS 242 Chapter 5 CONCLUDING SEMI-SCIENTIFIC POSTSCRIPT 263 Bibliography 272 Index of Proverbs and Instructions 286 Index of References 289 Index of Authors 294 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES Illustrations Figure 1. The Sage Wife 21 Figure 2. Spinning Woman 31 FigureS. The Teaching Mother 33 Figure 4. Girl's Scribal Palette 55 Figures. The Fool 57 Figure 6. Mourning Women 83 Figure 7. Women Musicians 85 Figure 8. Social Roles of Women in the Private and Public Domains 89 Figure 9. Twin or 'Girlfriend' Goddesses 123 Figure 10. Hybrid Female Dragon 125 Figure 11. Goddess Tree 145 Figure 12. Tree Woman 146 Figure 13. Sources of Characterization of Woman Wisdom and Woman Stranger 148 Figure 14. The Performance Arena for Proverbs 159 Figure 15. Hittite Mother-Goddess (Sun-Goddess of Arinna) 188 Figure 16. Immanent Referentiality: Sheba's Lion/Lair Proverb 222 Tables Table 1. Sheba Variants: Biblical and Early Post-biblical period 212 Table 2. Sheba Variants: Midrashim 213 Table 3. Sheba Variants: Islamic and Ethiopian Sources 214 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS No project of this size and length comes to fruition without considerable sup- port and assistance from others, and this is especially true when the regular challenges of life and health continually raise barriers to its completion. First of all, I must thank my long-suffering publisher, Professor David Clines, who allowed me the time and space needed to do my work at my own pace, despite innumerable setbacks and delays in the process. This book was begun during the death of both parents, and took me through several bouts of illness, as well as other family and institutional stresses. Through it all, David was a gentle, supportive presence who kept on waiting for results without a hint of chagrin or impatience—though he was entitled to both! The research presented here was also supported in substantive ways by two institutions and a granting agency. Andover Newton Theological School not only assisted me through the vehicle of two sabbatical semesters, but also made travel funds available so I might present the Queen of Sheba materials from Chapter 3 at the International Meeting of the Society of Bib- lical Literature in Dublin, Ireland, in 1996. Major portions of Chapters 3 and 4 were done while on leave as a Research Fellow at the University of Amsterdam, in the Department of Humanities/Theology, arranged through the gracious auspices of Professor Athalya Brenner. Travel funds for this and an ongoing project were made available through funding provided by the Luce Foundation to the Theology and the Arts Program at Andover Newton Theological School. I extend my special thanks to the Andover Newton professors in Theology and the Arts who made the travel possible for me, as part of my projects as Artist-in-Residence at Andover Newton. President Benjamin Griffin and Dean Elizabeth Nordbeck both provided me with ongoing encouragement, understanding and often, direct substantive support of my work, and I would like to express my gratitude to them both. Our small, 'free-standing' seminary is not always an easy place in which to nurture 'pure' scholarship, yet they have managed to do just that. Portions of Chapter 2 appeared earlier in 'The Social Roles of Women in the World of Wisdom', in Athalya Brenner (ed.), A Feminist Compan- ion to Wisdom Literature (FCB, 9; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, viii Smooth Words 1995), pp. 24-49, and are reprinted here with the publisher's permission. Section Three of Chapter 2, 'Cosmic Domain', began its life as 'The Per- sonification of Wisdom', in J.L. Mays (ed.), Harper's Bible Commentary (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1988), pp. 501-503, which was later omitted in the second edition, and appears here with permission of the publisher, changed out of all recognition. In fact, both earlier pieces have been so substantially revised and enlarged that it is more appropriate to say that they give theme and direction to what appears here, rather than simply repeating what has already been said in another place. There are several persons whose influence on my work and life deserve special acknowledgment here. Professor Claus Westermann was a primary conversation partner in the formation of this work, and had planned to write the Preface to it; my own snail's pace did not allow for completion of the manuscript before his death in June 2000, at the age of 90. How- ever, he read the work as it progressed, both urging me to greater authorial voice as a woman and rejoicing in my strength when I found it. His impact on my scholarly life is felt throughout this work, but most particularly in the proverbial critique of the 'fool' in Chapter 2, which he felt to be a 'feminist' voice in the text whose potential female authorship ought not to be discounted. For his care as a reader, his helpful responses to my work on the Queen of Sheba, his delight in 'The Wisdom of Newtons', as well as so much else, I can only remain astonished by his generosity and grate- ful for his role in my development as a scholar. There are other professors, of course, whose work in the field of wisdom literature was a constant companion as I thought and wrote: Father Roland Murphy, my former dissertation director, has never deserted his slowest student, and his continuing work on Proverbs and the Song of Song set a high standard for his 'daughter' to emulate. The recent commentaries of Michael Fox and Richard Clifford have likewise been critical for some portions of this study, as have the works of many other wisdom scholars. And then there are the Women—a sort of scholarly Matriarchate with- out whose work, as well as encouragement, chiding, joshing and material support for mine has made all the difference. Professor Athalya Brenner of the University of Amsterdam, a wise woman extraordinaire and human dynamo, has had a role in my emergence as a feminist writer that cannot be underestimated. It was she who prodded me to work in the midrash on the Queen of Sheba, even though I considered it outside my field; she several times arranged opportunities to give papers on that topic, and pro- vided an ongoing life-support during the times my family struggled with deaths, unemployment or changes in my health. Her presence 'in' my Acknowledgments ix computer in the middle of the night via e-mails sent when we were both on-line, half a world away, reminded me over that years that I am not alone, and that the passion for feminist analysis is best experienced in the company of friends. For all this, I offer my deep thanks. The work and friendship of Professor Claudia Camp of Texas Christian University has been an ever-present companion to me for well over 20 years, since we first met in graduate school in the 1970s at Duke Uni- versity. In many respects, this work might be thought of as a companion volume to her study, Wise, Strange and Holy: The Foreign Woman and the Making of the Hebrew Bible (Sheffield Academic Press, 2000). Her work on the missing and estranged sisters of the Hebrew Bible admirably fills the gap I found in Proverbs on the topic of real, rather than metaphori- cal, sisters. I advise the reader to become friends with this whimsical yet explosive look at how gender ideology shaped the whole program of 'scripture-making'. The work of other women, less well known to me personally perhaps but no less important to me as a scholar, needs to be mentioned here: Gerlinde Baumann, Barbara Geller, Judith Hadley, Christ! Maier, Carol Meyers, Carol Newsom, Susan Niditch, Sylvia Schroer and Gale Yee all added their voices to the synthesis found here, and my work would be weaker had I not had theirs upon which to build. Outside of my scholarly world, there were many others whose presence in my life and on this project have made a critical difference. Producers Tracey Benger and Mila Marvizon, both of whom I met when they were working for the production company Film Roos, have impacted my feminist research by asking me crazy questions no student would dream of putting to the esteemed professor.
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