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Rights Reserved by Authors Jews and Judaism between Bedevilment and Source of Salvation: Christianity as a Cause of and a Cure against Antisemitism Maxine Grossman (University of Maryland) and Armin Lange (University of Vienna) Copyrighted text, not to be quoted for other purposes than the conference “An End to Anti-Semitism!” Footnotes on this document are incomplete and should not be considered definitive. We begin our talk today with a set of images that are both appalling to modern eyes and strangely consistent with one another: they present Jews and Judaism as intimately linked with the devil, as demonic in their fundamental nature and their individual and collective intentions. While such accusations sound medieval at best, they are widespread even in the present day: as recently as June, 2016, Mahmoud Abbas repeated the accusation that Jews poison wells in a speech to the European parliament. The association of Jews with the devil appears in Christian, Muslim, and other contexts, as the images on the first slide suggest. The Christian examples here include an antizionist blog,1 a Protestant white supremacist website (to which we will return later),2 and a CatholicAll ritualizationrights of the reservedStations of the Cross at Kalwaria by Zebrzydowska authors in Poland.3 1 See https://zionistcrime.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/the-devils-recipe-book.jpg, https://zionistcrime.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/thedevilsrecipebook/, accessed January 31, 2018. This is a one-page site with little external information on the designer’s geographic or cultural location. 2 See http://smoloko.com/?p=11866. This site is much more extensive than the previous one. 3 http://freerepublic.com/focus/news/1622635/posts?page=35 Another example is explicitly neo-Nazi,4 authors by while the last is from an Iranian news agency.5 reserved rights All 4 https://www.stormfront.org/forum/t1042495/. While the imagery in this cartoon is not explicitly demonic, it accompanies a response to circumcision (and the practice of metzitzah b’peh, drawing out a drop of blood by mouth), that states, „This bizarre ritual is not a Covenant with God, it is a pact with the Devil. God doesn't want ritual amputation of infant body parts, no blades, no blood. Jews are in a pact with Satan.” Posted May 20, 2014, by forum member Wulfrick; accessed January 31, 2018. 5 Cartoon by Taher Shabani, published by FARS News Agency; accessed through the UK Media Watch website, whose primary objective is “combatting antisemitism and promoting accurate reporting about Israel in the UK media.” See https://ukmediawatch.org/2012/09/23/jewish-reaction-to- thousands-of-antisemitic-arab-cartoons-no-riots-no-injuries-no-deaths/; accessed January 31, 2018. Why do so many different people and groups slander Jews and Judaism in the same way? Why can the same slander be found in so many different contexts?6 In addressing this question, we hope to provide some basic insights into the nature of antisemitism that will allow us to further develop effective strategies to restrain, combat, and end it. For this purpose, we will make some introductory remarks, discuss examples of the bedevilment and demonization of Jews from antiquity until the present day, and present some suggestions for future action against antisemitism. 1. Introduction Philosophers will tell you that cognition is guided by antecedent ideas, and that cognition about particular objects relates back to prior experience or assumptions about them. The phenomenon of antecedent ideas is illustrated by the following joke: What is the difference between an English retiree, a French retiree, and a German retiree? The English retiree reads The Times while eating breakfast and then goes to the golf club. authors The French retiree drinks a glass of wine for breakfast. And the German retiree takes a blood pressure tablet andby sets off to work.7 This small joke illustrates nicely how a prejudice directs the way counterparts are perceived. In this case, the stereotype is that Germans are workaholics. We will leave the judgement as to whether this is true to you. For us, it is more important that our joke shows how generalized categories facilitate understanding through the use of antecedent ideas. It was Karl Jaspers who pointed to the insurmountable divide between the understanding subject and the object of understanding, or what might be classified as the subject-object divide. I, as a subject, view another person as an object of my understanding. To achieve cognition of this object, my preconceptionsreserved – based on cultur al or religious memories, prior experiences, and things I have seen or been told – equip me to draw conclusions without attention to specifics. Thus, for our joke to work, listeners must already assume – or know that some people around them assume – that all Germans are workaholics. Preconceptions based on prior experience are not necessarily bad.8 The assumption that it is dangerous to driverights through an intersection when the light is red, because we have seen other All 6 This paper joins an extensive conversation on the origins of antisemitism. On ancient antisemitism and its origins, key treatments include esp. John G. Gager, The Origins of Anti-Semitism: Attitudes Toward Judaism in Pagan and Christian Antiquity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985); Peter Schäfer, Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997). On the history of scholarly approaches to (ancient) antisemitism, see Schäfer, “Introduction,” in Judeophobia, 1-11. 7 Adapted from http://www.learn-german-language-online.com/german-jokes.html. 8 Gadamer controversially argued for the value of a concept he identified as “prejudice” (Vorurteil) in his classic of hermeneutics, Wahrheit und Methode (in English, see Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method [2d revised ed.; London and New York: Continuum Press, 1989], 267- 304). The implications of this understanding of prejudice were addressed in a series of publications people do this (or done so ourselves), is a product of past experience that can keep us, and the drivers around us, safe and out of trouble. Similarly, in interpersonal engagements, preconceptions underlie our earliest rounds of communication, in which we experience an unfamiliar other – sympathetically or not – as an object of understanding and cognition. Such preconceptions are a given in any interaction, but they have the capacity to become problematic very quickly, if our prior sense of understanding is treated as an objective and comprehensive truth, unchangeable in the face of new evidence for the ordinary complexities of lived experience. In light of these observations with regard to preconceptions, our talk today considers the question of the extent to which Christian religious texts form and transmit negative antecedent ideas of Jews and Judaism, which in turn may determine or provide support for antisemitic perceptions of the Jewish other. As we will argue today, antisemitic prejudices and the fixed understandings they generate contribute to the cultivation of a symbolic system that is so potent and self-enforcing – if also utterly irrational – that it provides an antisemitic believer with a nearly unbreakable Truth, a paradigm of Jew-hatred as religious conviction. authors To describe anti-Semitism as “religious” may be incongruousby or even offensive to many. Many or most of us associate the word “religion” with something very positive, while most certainly we all agree that the word antisemitism designates the pinnacle of evil. What, if anything, then could antisemitism have to do with religion? As an initial answer, we would like to direct your attention towards statistic, namely towards the “Uniform Crime Reporting” of the FBI. For the years 2011-2016, crimes committed against Jews account for more than fifty percent of the FBI’s list of hate crimes arising out of religious bias. To put it another way, religiously motivated hate crimes against Jews occur more often in the U.S. than all other religious hate crimes combined! reserved The table on the slide includes hate crimes arising out of anti-Jewish, anti-Islamic, and anti- Catholic bias, because for most years these biases head the FBI’s list.9 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 (1,480 (1,340 (1,223 (1,140 (1,402 (1,584 victims)rights victims) victims) victims) victims) victims) anti-Jewish 63.2% 62.4% 60.3% 56.8% 52.1% 54.2% (936 (836 (737 (648 (731 (862 All victims) victims) victims) victims) victims) victims) (the “Gadamer-Habermas Debate”), including Jurgen Habermas, KEY TITLES; Paul Ricoeur, KEY TITLES. 9 Statistics retrieved from https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2011/narratives/victims; https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2012/topic-pages/victims/victims_final; https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate- crime/2013/topic-pages/victims/victims_final; https://ucr.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate- crime/2014/topic-pages/victims_final; https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2015/topic-pages/victims_final. For a fuller picture of the statistics, see also http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/statistics-on-religious- hate-crimes. anti- 12.5% 11.6% 13.7% 16.1% 21.9% 24.8% Islamic anti- 5.7% 6.4% 6.1% 6.1% 4.3% 4.1% Catholic The extent to which these statistics provide evidence for the amount of anti-Semitism in the U.S. is a matter of debate. But the numbers leave little doubt that in the U.S., religious hatred targets Jews more often than any other religious group, even Muslims. The FBI’s statistics are also significant for another reason. They serve to demonstrate that in the U.S. – as in Austria and elsewhere – hatred of Jews can be, and often is, religiously motivated. Given the subject of this panel, we will frame our plenary talk on antisemitism specifically as it engages with the Bible and Christianity.
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