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Notes Introduction 1. See Peter R. Neumann and M.L.R. Smith, The Strategy of Terrorism: How It Works and Why It Fails (London: Routledge, 2008), pp. 5–9. 2. Dipak K. Gupta, “Exploring the Roots of Terrorism,” in Tore Bjørgo (ed.), The Roots of Terrorism: Myths Realities and Ways Forward (London: Routledge, 2007), p. 17. 3. For further information on the nature of strategic theory, see the work of Thomas C. Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966); The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980); Choice and Consequence: Perspectives of an Errant Economist (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984). 4. See Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1949). 5. The principle associated with logician and English Franciscan friar, William of Ockham (1228–c.1348) 6. Eric Voegelin, Modernity without Restraint: The Political Religions, The New Science of Politics and Gnosticism (ed. and intro. Mannfred Henningsen) (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2000); Science, Politics and Gnosticism (Chicago: H. Regnery, 1968); The New Politics of Science: An Introduction (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1952). See also Barry Cooper, New Political Religions or an Analysis of Modern Terrorism (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2004). 7. Eric Voegelin, “The Political Religions,” in Manfred Heningsen (ed.), Modernity without Restraint: The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin, vol. 5 (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2000), p. 64. 8. Cooper, New Political, p. 6. 9. Ibid., p. 7. 1 History Restarted: Jihadist Terror and Liberal Democracy 1. See Eric Voegelin’s “Modernity without Restraint,” in Manfred Heningsen (ed.), The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1952) pp. 27–71. 2. As Australian Attorney General Mark Dreyfus observed: “under Australia’s (post 2001) terrorism framework, four major terrorist attacks on Australian soil have been disrupted.” (Nino Bucci, “Fine Tuning Push on Terror Laws,” Sydney Morning Herald, 14 May 2013. In the UK, MI5 have brought 23 major cases to court between 2002 and 2013 that would have otherwise led to a 200 Notes 201 major terror attack in the UK. See MI5 Terrorist Attacks in the UK. http: www. mi5.gov.uk.home/ 3. See James M. Lutz and Brenda J. Lutz, Global Terrorism (London: Routledge, 2013), p. 277. 4. Both the Tsarnaev brothers in Boston and Michael Adebolajo and Michael Adebowale in London respond in this radically unpredictable way. 5. Louis Beam, Leaderless Resistance. http: www.crusader.net/texts/bt/bt04.html, p. 4. 6. A strategy congenial to other militant single-issue extremist groups like the Animal Liberation Front. 7. See Ayaan Hirsi Ali, “The Problem of Muslim Leadership,” The Wall Street Journal, 27 May 2013. 8. See Philip G. Cerny, “Plurality, Pluralism and Power: Elements of Pluralist Analysis in an Age of Globalization,” in Rainer Eisfeld (ed.), Pluralist Developments in the Theory and Practice of Democracy (Opladen and Farmington Hills: Barbara Budrich Publishers on behalf of the International Political Science Association Research Committee) No. 16, Socio Political Pluralism (2006), pp. 81–111. 9. Michael Oakeshott, On Human Conduct (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 136. 10. Walter Russell Mead, Power, Terror, Peace and War America’s Grand Strategy in a World at Risk (New York: Knopf, 2004), p. 74. 11. Philip, Bobbit, “Everything We Think about the War of Terror Is Wrong,” The Spectator, 20 May 2006, p. 14. 12. Danilo Zolo, “The Singapore Model Democracy, Communication and Globalization,” The Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology (London: Wiley, 2004), chapter 38. 13. In terms of understanding developments within Western academe, like the post-colonial discourse theory currently promulgated by academic commentators like Zaiuddin Sardar and Tariq Ramadan (the latter termed the 7/7 attack an “intervention”), they have, by a specious reductionism, obscured the study of oriental society, languages, history and culture. Following Edward Said, such studies have been pejoratively designated “orientalist.” 14. Ernest Gellner, Conditions of Liberty Civil Society and Its Rivals (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1994). 15. Olivier Roy, “The Jihad Within,” The National Interest, 71 (Spring 2003), p. 70. 16. Mead, Power Terror Peace and War. 17. Oliver Wright and Jerome Taylor, “Cameron: My War on Multiculturalism,” The Independent, 5 February 2011. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/ politics/cameron-my-war-on- multiculturalism-2205074.html 18. Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1953). See also K.R. Minogue, “Remarks on the Relation between Social Contract and Reason of State in Machiavelli and Hobbes,” in Roman Schnur (ed.), Staatsrason (Berlin: Duncker and Humblot, 1975), p. 272. 19. See J.H. Hexter, The Vision of Politics on the Eve of the Reformation (London: Allen Lane, 1973), pp. 167–171. 202 Notes 2 The Politics of Homeland Insecurity: The Cybercaliphate and the Unbearable Lightness of Being British 1. Quoted from an Al-Qaeda training manual recovered by police in Manchester following the search of a suspect’s home in 1998 and translated from Arabic into English, Translation UK/BM-7. United States District Court: District of Massachusetts, United States of America vs. Richard Colvin Reid, 17 January 2003, p. 5. 2. Part of the statement claimed: “The heroic mujahideen have carried out a blessed raid in London. Britain is now burning with fear, terror and panic in its northern, southern, eastern, and Western quarters.” BBC News, “Statement Claiming London Attacks,” 7 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/ hi/uk/4660391.stm. 3. Ramadan’s words were: “Des banlieues françaises aux sociétés musulmanes, vous ne trouverez pas de soutiens, sauf infimés, aux interventions de New York, Bali ou Madrid.” “Islam et Occident: Interview Tariq Ramadan,” Le Point, 22 April 2004, p. 68. 4. “Major Incident – Travel Update,” leaflet produced by the Mayor of London and Transport for London, July 2005. 5. According to the Russian anarchist writer Peter Kropotkin, the violent polit- ical action “does more propagandizing in a few days than do thousands of pamphlets.” Peter Kropotkin, Paroles d’un Revolté (Paris: Marpon and Flammarion, 1885), p. 286. 6. “Terror Attack ‘A Matter of Time’,” BBC News, 17 June 2003. http://news.bbc. co.uk/1/hi/uk/2997146.stm, accessed 21 November 2005. 7. Rosie Cowan, “Attack on London Is Inevitable,” The Guardian, 17 March 2004. 8. “Queen Condemns Bombing ‘Outrage’,” BBC News, 8 July 2005. http://news. bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4665537.stm, accessed 2 October 2005. 9. Joseph Conrad, The Secret Agent (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983) (originally published 1907), p. 312. 10. Tony Blair, “Work Together to a Brave New World,” speech to Labour Party Conference, The Times, 3 October 2001. 11. David Cameron, “State Multiculturalism Has Failed.” http//www.bbc.co.uk/ news/uk-politics-12371994 12. See Anthony Heath and David Sanders, Ethnic Minority British Electoral Survey (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012); Anthony Heath, “Has Multiculturalism Failed in the UK? Not Really,” The Guardian, 2012. http:// www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/10/multiculturalism-uk- research 13. See the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain – The Parekh Report (London: Profile Books/ The Runnymede Trust, 2000). The Runnymede Trust set up a Commission on the Future of Multi-ethnic Britain in 1997. According to the Trust’s summary, the “Commission’s remit was to analyse the current state of multi-ethnic Britain and propose ways of countering racial discrimination and disadvan- tage and making Britain a confident and vibrant multicultural society at ease with its rich diversity.” The degree to which the Commission received official recognition and endorsement is indicated by the fact that the report was formally launched by then-Home Secretary Jack Straw on 11 October 2000. Notes 203 14. Audrey Gillan, “Detained Muslim Cleric Is Spiritual Leader to Militants, Hearing Told,” The Guardian, 20 November 2003. 15. See James Corbett, “London’s New Villains,” Al-Ahram Weekly, 31 October–6 November 2002. 16. The stated aim of Hizb ut-Tahrir is “to resume the Islamic way of life and to convey the Islamic da’wah [call: refers to the call to the “Truth”] to the world. This objective means bringing the Muslims back to living an Islamic way of life in Dar al-Islam [realm of Islam/sphere of faith] and in an Islamic society such that all of life’s affairs in society are administered according to the Shari’ah [Islamic law] rules, and the viewpoint in it is the halal [that which is lawful and permitted in Islam] and the haram [that which is unlawful and not permitted in Islam] under the shade of the Islamic State, which is the Khilafah [Caliphate] State ... The Party, as well, aims at the correct revival of the Ummah [community of Muslims] through enlightened thought. It also strives to bring her back to her previous might and glory such that she wrests the reins of initiative away from other states and nations, and returns to her rightful place as the first state in the world, as she was in the past, when she governs the world according to the laws of Islam. It also aims to bring back the Islamic guidance for mankind and to lead the Ummah into a struggle with Kufr [those who disbelieve in Allah], its systems and its thoughts so that Islam encapsulates the world.” http://www.hizb ut-tahrir.org/english/ english.html, accessed 22 August 2005. 17. See “40% of British Muslims Want Shari’ah Law – ICM,” UK Polling Report, 20 February 2006. http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/blog/archives/146, accessed 23 June 2009. 18. Brian Brady, “Hooked at Last,” Scotland on Sunday, 30 May 2004. 19. See Richard Willing, “Radical Cleric Fighting Extradition to USA on Terror Charges,” USA Today, 27 May 2004.
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