Present-Day Surface Deformation of the Alpine Region Inferred from Geodetic Techniques
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Present-Day Uplift of the European Alps Evaluating Mechanisms And
Earth-Science Reviews 190 (2019) 589–604 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Invited review Present-day uplift of the European Alps: Evaluating mechanisms and models T of their relative contributions ⁎ Pietro Sternaia, ,1, Christian Sueb, Laurent Hussonc, Enrico Serpellonid, Thorsten W. Beckere, Sean D. Willettf, Claudio Faccennag, Andrea Di Giulioh, Giorgio Spadai, Laurent Jolivetj, Pierre Vallac,k, Carole Petitl, Jean-Mathieu Nocquetm, Andrea Walpersdorfc, Sébastien Castelltorta a Département de Sciences de la Terre, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland b Chrono-Environnement, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France c Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IFSTAR, ISTERRE, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble 38000, France d Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Centro Nazionale Terremoti, Bologna, Italy e Institute for Geophysics, Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA f Erdwissenschaften, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland g Dipartimento di Scienze, Università di Roma III, Rome, Italy h Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy i Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino, Italy j Sorbonne Université, Paris, France k Institute of Geological Sciences, Oeschger Center for Climate Research, University of Bern, Switzerland l Geoazur, IRD, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France m Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Paris, France ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Recent measurements of surface vertical displacements of the European Alps show a correlation between vertical European Alps velocities and topographic features, with widespread uplift at rates of up to ~2–2.5 mm/a in the North-Western Vertical displacement rate and Central Alps, and ~1 mm/a across a continuous region from the Eastern to the South-Western Alps. -
Maps of Aegidius Tschudi
146 The Alpin~ Maps of Aegidius Tschudi. We arrived at 4.30 at the tents and after hot drinks soon recovered our strength. Also Kesar's eyesight became normal again. At 7.30 we arrived down at Camp I, evacuated everything to the Base Camp on 22nd, and on 27th arrived at Tapoban. p ACHMARHI, INDIA, C.P. 2-10-33. DEAR DocTOR LoNGSTAFF, The mistake about times was due to my carelessness in the account I sent you. I suppose I did not look it through with thoroughness. The actual times were these: Left Camp II (ca. 19,000 ft.) . 7.45 A.M. At the site we meant to have Camp III (about 11.15 , 21,000 ft.) 11.30 " Summit 2.45 P.M. • • • • • • • • 2.52 " ' Camp III ' (ca. 21,000 ft.) . 4.30 " • . 5.00 '' Camp II . • • • . .. 6.00 " ' Camp I (ca. 17,000 ft.) • • . 7.30 '' This gives my times: Of. [T. G. L.] ' A.J.' 24, 120 : Up: 4500 ft. in 7 hrs. 6000 ft. in 10 hrs. 650 ft. per hour. 600 ft. per hr. Down : 6500 ft. in 4! hrs. 7000 ft. in 3 hrs. 1440 ft. per hour. 2333 ft. per hr. These times are incI uding rests. Ditto. p. R. OLIVER . • [Lieut. Oliver followed our 1907 route except perhaps at the commencement. There is no doubt at all that he attained the summit, which is the first (N.) . small flattish dome : the very slightly lower and corniched S. top, across a small gap, would have been invisible in such weather. -
Rapid Formation and Exhumation of the Youngest Alpine Eclogites: a Thermal Conundrum to Barrovian Metamorphism
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 306 (2011) 193–204 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth and Planetary Science Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Rapid formation and exhumation of the youngest Alpine eclogites: A thermal conundrum to Barrovian metamorphism Andrew J. Smye a,⁎, Mike J. Bickle a, Tim J.B. Holland a, Randall R. Parrish b, Dan J. Condon b a Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK b NERC National Isotope Geoscience Laboratories, Kinglsey Dunhem Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK article info abstract Article history: Eclogite facies metamorphic rocks provide critical information pertaining to the timing of continental collision Received 15 December 2010 in zones of plate convergence. Despite being amongst Earth's best studied orogens, little is understood about Received in revised form 28 March 2011 the rates of Alpine metamorphism within the Eastern Alps. We present LA–MC–ICPMS and ID–TIMS U–Pb Accepted 29 March 2011 ages of metamorphic allanite from the Eclogite Zone, Tauern Window, which when coupled with rare earth Available online 30 April 2011 element analysis and thermobarometric modelling, demonstrate that the European continental margin was – fi Editor: R.W. Carlson subducted to between 8 and 13 kbar (30 45 km) by 34.2±3.6 Ma. These data de ne: (i.) an upper limit on the timing of eclogite facies metamorphism at 26.2±1.8 kbar (70–80 km) and 553±12 °C, (ii.) plate velocity −1 Keywords: (1–6 cm·a ) exhumation of the Eclogite Zone from mantle to mid-crustal depths, and (iii.) a maximum eclogite duration of 10 Ma (28–38 Ma) for juxtaposition of Alpine upper-plate and European basement units and Barrovian metamorphism subsequent conductive heating thought to have driven regional Barrovian (re)crystallisation at ca. -
Bare Bedrock Erosion Rates in the Central Appalachians, Virginia
W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 5-2009 Bare Bedrock Erosion Rates in the Central Appalachians, Virginia Jennifer Whitten College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Whitten, Jennifer, "Bare Bedrock Erosion Rates in the Central Appalachians, Virginia" (2009). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 326. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/326 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BARE BEDROCK EROSION RATES IN THE CENTRAL APPALACHIANS, VIRGINIA A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelors of Science in Geology from The College of William and Mary by Jennifer Whitten Accepted for ___________________________________ (Honors, High Honors, Highest Honors) ________________________________________ Gregory Hancock, Director ________________________________________ Christopher Bailey ________________________________________ James Kaste ________________________________________ Scott Southworth Williamsburg, VA April 30, 2009 Table of Contents Abstract......................................................................................................................................................3 -
The Eastern Alps: Result of a Two-Stage Collision Process
© Österreichische Geologische Gesellschaft/Austria; download unter www.geol-ges.at/ und www.biologiezentrum.at Mil. Cteto-r. Goo GOG. ISSN 02hl 7-193 92 11999; 117 13-1 Wen Jui 2000 The Eastern Alps: Result of a two-stage collision process FRANZ NEUBAUER1, JOHANN GENSER1, ROBERT HANDLER1 8 Figures Abstract The present structure and the Late Paleozoic to Recent geological evolution of the Alps are reviewed mainly with respect to the distribution of Alpidic, metamorphic overprints of Cretaceous and Tertiary age and the corresponding ductile structure. According to these data, the Alps as a whole, and the Eastern Alps in particular, are the result of two independent Alpidic collisional orogenies: The Cretaceous orogeny formed the present Austroaipine units sensu lato (extending from bottom to top of the Austroaipine unit s. str., the Meliata unit, and the Upper Juvavic unit) including a very low- to eclogite-grade metamorphic overprint. The Eocene-Oligocene orogeny resulted from an oblique continent-continent collision and overriding of the stable European continental lithosphere by the combined Austroalpine/Adriatic continental microplate. A fundamental difference seen in the present-day structure of the Eastern and Central/ Western Alps resulted as the Austroaipine units with a pronounced remnants of a Oligocene/Neogene relief are mainly exposed in the Eastern Alps, in contrast to the Central/Western Alps with Penninic units, which have been metamorphosed during Oligocene. Exhumation of metamorphic crust, formed during Cretaceous and Tertiary orogenies, arose from several processes including subvertical extrusion due to lithospheric indentation, tectonic unroofing and erosional denudation. Original paleogeographic relationships were destroyed and veiled by late Cretaceous sinistral shear, Oligocene-Miocene sinistral wrenching along ENE-trending faults within eastern Austroaipine units and the subsequent eastward lateral escape of units exposed within the central axis of the Alps. -
Sedimentological Constraints on the Initial Uplift of the West Bogda Mountains in Mid-Permian
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Sedimentological constraints on the initial uplift of the West Bogda Mountains in Mid-Permian Received: 14 August 2017 Jian Wang1,2, Ying-chang Cao1,2, Xin-tong Wang1, Ke-yu Liu1,3, Zhu-kun Wang1 & Qi-song Xu1 Accepted: 9 January 2018 The Late Paleozoic is considered to be an important stage in the evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Published: xx xx xxxx Belt (CAOB). The Bogda Mountains, a northeastern branch of the Tianshan Mountains, record the complete Paleozoic history of the Tianshan orogenic belt. The tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the west Bogda area and the timing of initial uplift of the West Bogda Mountains were investigated based on detailed sedimentological study of outcrops, including lithology, sedimentary structures, rock and isotopic compositions and paleocurrent directions. At the end of the Early Permian, the West Bogda Trough was closed and an island arc was formed. The sedimentary and subsidence center of the Middle Permian inherited that of the Early Permian. The west Bogda area became an inherited catchment area, and developed a widespread shallow, deep and then shallow lacustrine succession during the Mid- Permian. At the end of the Mid-Permian, strong intracontinental collision caused the initial uplift of the West Bogda Mountains. Sedimentological evidence further confrmed that the West Bogda Mountains was a rift basin in the Carboniferous-Early Permian, and subsequently entered the Late Paleozoic large- scale intracontinental orogeny in the region. The Central Asia Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is the largest accretionary orogen on Earth, which was formed by the amalgamation of multiple micro-continents, island arcs and accretionary wedges1–5. -
Ivrea Mantle Wedge, Arc of the Western Alps, and Kinematic Evolution of the Alps–Apennines Orogenic System
Swiss J Geosci DOI 10.1007/s00015-016-0237-0 Ivrea mantle wedge, arc of the Western Alps, and kinematic evolution of the Alps–Apennines orogenic system 1 1 1 2 Stefan M. Schmid • Eduard Kissling • Tobias Diehl • Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen • Giancarlo Molli3 Received: 6 June 2016 / Accepted: 9 December 2016 Ó Swiss Geological Society 2017 Abstract The construction of five crustal-scale profiles related to the lateral indentation of the Ivrea mantle slice across the Western Alps and the Ivrea mantle wedge towards WNW by some 100–150 km. (4) The final stage of integrates up-to-date geological and geophysical informa- arc formation (25–0 Ma) is associated with orogeny in the tion and reveals important along strike changes in the Apennines leading to oroclinal bending in the southern- overall structure of the crust of the Western Alpine arc. most Western Alps in connection with the 50° counter- Tectonic analysis of the profiles, together with a review of clockwise rotation of the Corsica-Sardinia block and the the existing literature allows for proposing the following Ligurian Alps. Analysis of existing literature data on the multistage evolution of the arc of the Western Alps: (1) Alps–Apennines transition zone reveals that substantial exhumation of the mantle beneath the Ivrea Zone to shal- parts of the Northern Apennines formerly suffered Alpine- low crustal depths during Mesozoic is a prerequisite for the type shortening associated with an E-dipping Alpine sub- formation of a strong Ivrea mantle wedge whose strength duction zone and were backthrusted to the NE during exceeds that of surrounding mostly quartz-bearing units, Apenninic orogeny that commences in the Oligocene. -
Mapping of the Post-Collisional Cooling History of the Eastern Alps
1661-8726/08/01S207-17 Swiss J. Geosci. 101 (2008) Supplement 1, S207–S223 DOI 10.1007/s00015-008-1294-9 Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2008 Mapping of the post-collisional cooling history of the Eastern Alps STEFAN W. LUTH 1, * & ERNST WILLINGSHOFER1 Key words: Eastern Alps, Tauern Window, geochronology, cooling, mapping, exhumation ABSTRACT We present a database of geochronological data documenting the post-col- High cooling rates (50 °C/Ma) within the TW are recorded for the tem- lisional cooling history of the Eastern Alps. This data is presented as (a) geo- perature interval of 375–230 °C and occurred from Early Miocene in the east referenced isochrone maps based on Rb/Sr, K/Ar (biotite) and fission track to Middle Miocene in the west. Fast cooling post-dates rapid, isothermal exhu- (apatite, zircon) dating portraying cooling from upper greenschist/amphibo- mation of the TW but was coeval with the climax of lateral extrusion tectonics. lite facies metamorphism (500–600 °C) to 110 °C, and (b) as temperature maps The cooling maps also portray the diachronous character of cooling within documenting key times (25, 20, 15, 10 Ma) in the cooling history of the Eastern the TW (earlier in the east by ca. 5 Ma), which is recognized within all isotope Alps. These cooling maps facilitate detecting of cooling patterns and cooling systems considered in this study. rates which give insight into the underlying processes governing rock exhuma- Cooling in the western TW was controlled by activity along the Brenner tion and cooling on a regional scale. normal fault as shown by gradually decreasing ages towards the Brenner Line. -
An Overview of Glacier Lakes in the Western Italian Alps from 1927 To
Geogr. Fis. Dinam. Quat. DOI 10.4461/GFDQ.2016.39.19 39 (2016). 203-214, 9 figg., 3 tabb. CRISTINA VIANI (*), MARCO GIARDINO (*,**), CH RISTIAN GLHUG E (***), LUIGI PEROTTI (*,**) & GIO VANNI MORTARA (**) AN OVERVIEW OF GLACIER LAKES IN THE WESTERN ITALIAN ALPS FROM 1927 TO 2014 BASED ON MULTIPLE DATA SOURCES (HISTORICAL MAPS, ORTHOPHOTOS AND REPORTS OF THE GLACIOLOGICAL SURVEYS) ABSTRT AC : VIANI C., GIARDINO M., HUGLG E C., PEROTTI L. & MOR- Alps (Monte Rosa Group). Moreover, in a dedicated database, we collect- TARA G., An overview of glacier lakes in the Western Italian Alps form ed information (descriptions, photos, maps) about glacier lakes from the 1927 to 2014 based on multiple data sources (historical maps, orthophotos reports of the annual glaciological surveys published by the Italian Gla- and reports of the glaciological surveys). (IT ISSN 0391-9839, 2016) ciological Committee (CGI) since 1928. Finally, we reported two cases of glacier lakes at the Tzére Glacier (Monte Rosa Group, Pennine Alps) Since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA, ca. 1850 AD) a general and at the Ban Glacier (Monte Leone-Blinnenhorn Chain, Lepontine and progressive retreat of glaciers started in the European Alps, causing Alps), in order to demonstrate the importance of integrating data from a important environmental changes in this high mountain region. The ap- diversity of sources (historical maps, orthophotos and reports of the gla- pearance of glacier lakes is one of the most evident environmental effects ciological surveys) for better detailed reconstructions of the condition of in the Alps as well as in newly deglaciated areas worldwide. -
Monitoraggio Dei Pops Sul Territorio Alpino Monitoring Pops in the Alps
Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente della Lombardia Dipartimento di Sondrio C. A. Belis - T. Magnani Editors C. A. Belis - T. Magnani C. A. Belis - T. Monitoraggio dei POPs S P sul territorio alpino IN THE AL Monitoring POPs RING POPS O in the Alps NIT O M - - O IN P AL O RI ATTI DELLA CONFERENZA O Monitoraggio degli inquinanti organici persistenti sul territorio alpino: uno sguardo sulla situazione europea, italiana e lombarda UL TERRIT UL S PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE S Monitoring persistent organic pollutants in the Alps: An overview on the situation in Europe, Italy and Lombardy DEI POP DEI O ISBN 978-88-903167-0-8 RAGGI O NIT O 9 788890 316708 > M 31 ottobre 2007 - Bormio (SO) - 31st october 2007 C. A. Belis - T. Magnani Editors Monitoraggio dei POPs sul territorio alpino Monitoring POPs in the Alps Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente della Lombardia Dipartimento di Sondrio Copyright © 2007 Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente Lombardia ISBN 978-88-903167-0-8 Finito di stampare nel mese di ottobre 2007 dalla Tipografia Polaris di Sondrio INDICE GLI INQUINANTI ORGANICI PERSISTENTI IN UNA PROSPETTIVA NAZIONALE ED EUROPEA Le Alpi e i progetti transnazionali 7 Environmental protection and transnational cooperation in the alpine space: results and perspectives 11 Present and future in the risk assessment of chemicals with PBT properties 13 I RISULTATI DEL PROGETTO MONARPOP Synthesis of the findings of the project MONARPOP 21 Idrocarburi policiclici aromatici negli ecosistemi alpini (progetto -
A Geomorphic Classification System
A Geomorphic Classification System U.S.D.A. Forest Service Geomorphology Working Group Haskins, Donald M.1, Correll, Cynthia S.2, Foster, Richard A.3, Chatoian, John M.4, Fincher, James M.5, Strenger, Steven 6, Keys, James E. Jr.7, Maxwell, James R.8 and King, Thomas 9 February 1998 Version 1.4 1 Forest Geologist, Shasta-Trinity National Forests, Pacific Southwest Region, Redding, CA; 2 Soil Scientist, Range Staff, Washington Office, Prineville, OR; 3 Area Soil Scientist, Chatham Area, Tongass National Forest, Alaska Region, Sitka, AK; 4 Regional Geologist, Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA; 5 Integrated Resource Inventory Program Manager, Alaska Region, Juneau, AK; 6 Supervisory Soil Scientist, Southwest Region, Albuquerque, NM; 7 Interagency Liaison for Washington Office ECOMAP Group, Southern Region, Atlanta, GA; 8 Water Program Leader, Rocky Mountain Region, Golden, CO; and 9 Geology Program Manager, Washington Office, Washington, DC. A Geomorphic Classification System 1 Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 5 I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 6 History of Classification Efforts in the Forest Service ............................................................... 6 History of Development .............................................................................................................. 7 Goals -
Paleotectonic Evolution of the Central and Western Alps
BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA VOL. 71, PP. 843-908, 14 FIGS.. 2 PLS. JUNE 1960 PALEOTECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE CENTRAL AND WESTERN ALPS BY RUDOLF TRUMPY ABSTRACT This paper deals with the general features of Mesozoic and Tertiary rock sequences and paleogeography in the Alps. It seeks to outline the paleotectonic significance of the rocks and to discuss the structural evolution of the Alpine geosyncline up to the main deformation, with special reference to the sector between the rivers Rhine and Durance. Accent is placed on the relative independence of Alpine structures involving the pre-Triassic basement rocks and of cover nappes consisting only of Mesozoic and Tertiary formations. Normal shallow-water deposits of platform or miogeosynclinal type were laid down over the whole area before eugeosynclinal conditions set in. The typical eugeosynclinal sediments in the central, Penninic belt of the Alps are the Schistes lustres and Bundner- schiefer, with sills and submarine lava flows of basic volcanic rocks (ophiolites). Before metamorphism they consisted mainly of shales and of impure arenaceous and argillaceous limestones. The bathymetric environment of radiolarian cherts and associated rocks is examined, and their deep-water origin is upheld for the Alpine occurrences. Marine polygenic breccias are characteristic of geosynclinal slopes (commonly fault scarps) and not of a particular depth zone. The Alpine Flysch is a particularly significant sediment. Flysch is a thick marine deposit of predominantly detrital rocks, in part turbidites, generally without volcanic rocks, and laid down during compressional deformation of the geosyncline. Of the many different kinds of Flysch some represent transitions to either Bundnerschiefer or Molasse.